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语
法
讲
义虚拟语气
第七讲
第一
.
虚拟语气应用范围概述
虚拟语气 用来表示一种假设的情况或主观的愿望,
是一种表示非真实
情况或主观设想的动词形式。
按照不同的时间,
主从句中动词的形式
发生变化。以动词
do
或
b e
为例。
.
虚拟语气在带有条件从句的复合句中的构成和用法
时间
现在
过去
将来
从句
did/were
主句
would/should/could/might do
would/should/could/might have done
had done
did/were to do/
would/should/could/might do
should do
第二
.
几种从句中的虚拟语气用法
2.1.
主语从句中的虚拟语气
当虚拟语 气用在主语从句中时,
用于该句型主语谓语的动词主要是表示
说话人的态度或愿望的词。常用于 这类形容词或分词有:
essential,important,natural,pre ferable,required,suggested,
demanded,desired,n ecessary,urgent,advisable,desirable,
imperative,proper
, mandatory,obligatory,vital,
compulsory, crucial,fitting,better
,best,appropriate,
recommended, requested
等。该类虚拟语气的句型为:
essential
It is/was+
urgent
+that +
主语
+(should)+
动词原形
suggested
It is urgent that a new law (should)be enacted to protect children.
目前迫切需要制定一项法律来保护儿童。
[
例
]It is recommended that the project
until all the preparations have been
made.
[a]not be started
[b]will not be started
[c]is not started
[d]is not to be started
[
例
]It is most desirable that he
the conference.
[a]attends
[b]is to attend
[c]will attend
[d] should attend
2.2.
同位语从句及表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议、命令、主张、目的、愿望等名词后面的表语从句和
同位语从句中,谓语要用虚拟语气, 即“
should+
动词原形”
。这类名
词常见的有
suggestion, proposal,motion,order
,pray,request,
recommendation, requirement, idea,aim,wish,plan,
demand,decision,preference ,necessarity,resolution,desire
等。
Any proposals that John should be dismissed must be resisted.
必须抵制任何开除约翰的提议。
Our suggestion is that we (should)put on a play at the English evening.
我们建议在英语晚会上演一个剧。
[
例
]John
W
agner
’
s
most
enduring
contribution
to
the
study
of
AfroAmerican
poetry
is
his
insistence
that
it
in
a
religious,
as
well
as
worldly,
frame
of
reference.
[a]is to be analyzed
[b]be analyzed
[c]has been analyzed
[d] should have been analyzed
[
例
]The final recommendation was that the employee on probation
a special
night class for one semester
.
[a] has attended
[b]attended
[c]attends
[d]attend
2.3.
宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用在表示愿望、请求、建议、命令等动词的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
英语 中有些表示“提议、主张、要求、命令、需要”等概念的词语,
本身隐含说话者主观的意见,认为某事“ 该(如何)
”或“不该(如
何)
。因此,这些词语后面的
that
从 句应采用“
虚拟语气”
,而且“
that
从句”
中以
sho uld
表示这种语气。
但在实际应用中
(尤其是美国英语中)
,
“< br>that
从句”
should
常被省略,因此从句中的动词短语可能只出现原形动词。
其句型
为:主语
+suggest(ed)/insist(ed)+that+主语
+(should)+
动词原形
.
I suggest that we (should) adopt a different policy.
常用于该句型主句谓语的动词主要有:
表示“提议”的动词
suggest, propose, recommend, move
等
表示“主张”的动词
insist, maintain, hold, urge
等
表示“要求”的动词
ask,request,require, demand, desire
等
表示“命令”的动词
order, command
等
表示“忧虑”的动词或短词:
dread, fear, tremble, be afraid
等
{
注
}
:该句型中的主句的谓语动词无论采用
“现在式”
或
“过去式”
,
其后的
“
that
从句”固定以“
should+
动词原形”
[
例
]W
e desire that the tour leader
us immediately of any change in plans.
[a] inform
[b]informs
[c]informed
[d]has informed
[
例
]He asked he
an opportunity to explain his case.
[a]be given
[b] gives
[c] is given
[d] should give
2.3.1.
动词
wish
后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
wish
后宾语从句中的虚拟语气。在这种句型中,宾语从句表示与主句 谓语动
词同时存在或先于主句谓语动词存在的与事实相反的情况,
或将来不太可能实现
的愿望。其句型为:
S+wish+
过去式(
be
动词用
were
)
……
同时的情况
had+
过去分词
……
先于的情况
would
+
动词原形
……
将来的愿望
should
could
might
I wish that he weren
’
t so lazy.
I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.
但愿那时他对这件事不那么大惊小怪。
I wish that the rain would stop.
要是雨能停下来就好了。
[
注
]
在“
It is wished
that”
句型以及
wish
做名词所引导的表语和同位语从句也
要求虚拟语气,形式同以上句 型。
[
例
] I wish I
longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
[a] have slept
[b]slept
[c]might have slept
[d] could have slept
[
例
]I wish you
like that .
[a]don
’
t talk
[b]won
’
t talk
[c] wouldn
’
t talk
[d]not to talk
[
例
] I wish you
with us tomorrow.
[a]would go
[b] did go
[c] had gone
[d]will go
that +S+
that +S+
that+S+
rather
,
had
rather,
would(just)
as
soon,
would
sooner
,would prefer,
等后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather
, had rather
, would(just) as soon, would sooner
, would prefer
等后
宾语从句中的虚拟语气
.
该句型中的虚拟语气实质上是“
had,would
rather
”
等词
代替了
wish.
该宾语 从句往往省略
that
,从句的主语和主句的主语不是同一个
(些)
人时,< br>该句型表示希望或婉转的责备,
从句动词用过去式表示
当时或将来的情况;
用过 去完成时表示过去的情况,
意味
“宁愿某人
做某事”
I
’
d rather you posted the letter right away.
我倒希望你把这封信立即寄出。
I would prefer he didn
’
t stay there too long.
我倒希望他不要在那儿待得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.
我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
此外,该句型还用于以下情况:
1
.
接动词原形时,表示现在或将来时间,表示一种主观愿望或选择。
I’
d rather do it today.
我宁愿今天做这件事。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender
.
刘胡兰宁死不屈。
2
.
接不定式完成式,表示过去的某种选择不恰当。
I
’
d rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.
我宁愿没有告诉他那消息,她真是长舌妇。
[
例
] I
’
d much rather that you
tomorrow than today.
[a]came
[b]will come
[c]had come
[d]is coming
2.4.
状语从句中的虚拟语气
2.4.1.
目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
在
for fear that , in order that ,
so that, lest, in case (that)
引导的目的状语从
句 中,谓语动词一般用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词用
should(could, might)+
动词原
形。在以
lest
引导的从句中,谓语动词用“
(should)+< br>动词原形”
。
I reminded her twice of it lest she should forget.
我提醒她两次,怕她忘了。
I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb him.
我不会做声的,以免打扰他。
He put his coat over his son in case he should catch cold.
他把大衣盖在儿子身上以免他着凉。
[
注
]
:如果
in
order
that
和
so
that
前的主句是现在时,其后的从句有时亦可用
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