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第八章
独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是 句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在
结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格 结构（
Absolute
Construction
）
。其实，所谓“独立 主格结
构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
一、
非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you
，
you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你
,
你迟早一定会成功的。
（
such an able man
和
to help you
之间存在着主谓关系）
= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。
（
seating himself at the desk
拥有了自己的逻辑主语
he
，注
意是“主格”
）
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙，
他只好步行去学校。
（
lost
的逻辑主语是
the key
，
lost
也可以用完成式
having been
lost
）
= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
A
．
不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语
+
动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上 的主谓关系。这
种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
1
．动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come tonight
，
he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来
,
他正在忙着准备饭菜。
（
= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
）
——
will you go to the comcert tonight
你今晚去听音乐会吗？
——
many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time.
对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
（＝
Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.
）
The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
（＝
The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.
）
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly- built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的
树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。
(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly- built
school will look even more beautiful.)
B
．
-ing
形式“独立主格结构”
动词的
-ing
形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went home.
由于生病
,
他回家了。
（
= As he was very ill, he went home.
）
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。
（
= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
）
1
．
表示时间的
-ing
形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
（相当于一个时间状语从句
When everyone was
ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。
（相当于一个时间状语从句
after everyone was seated
）
2
．
表示原因的
-ing
形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，
我们没有困难就找 到
了那奇怪的洞。
（相当于一个原因状语从句
Because the boy led the way
）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.
许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。
（相当于一个原因状
语从句
As many eyes were watching him
）
必背：
含有
being
的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today
，
the streets are very crowded.
今天是国庆节
,
街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3
．
表示条件的
-ing
形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。
（相当于一个条件状语从句
If time
permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。
（相当于一个条件状语从句
If my health allows
）
4
．
表示方式的
-ing
形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。
（相当于一个并列分句
and each wears a card in
front of his chest
）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
（相当于一个并列分句
and his eyes were looking at the sky
）
C
．
-ed
形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语
+
动词的
-ing
形式一样，如果
-ed
形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用
-ed
形
式的独立主格结构。< br>
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
= As the book was written in simple English
，
English beginners were able to read it.
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
The task completed,he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。
（
=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.
）
比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或 即将发生，动词
-ed
形式表示动作已经结束，动词
-ing
形式往往表示动
作正在进行。
The manager looks worried
，
many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急
,
有这么多的事情要处理。
（事情还没
有处理， 而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式
to settle
）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，
经理看上去很轻松。
（事情已 经
处理好了，用动词
-ed
形式
settled
表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV
.
小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。
（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.
饭做好了，小孩去睡了。
（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才
去睡觉的）
二、
动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语
+being+
其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语
+
动词
-ing
形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，
being
往往可以被省去，这 种省去
being
的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”
。
A
．逻辑主语
+
名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛， 年纪最小的是个
12
岁的男孩。
（
the
youngest
和
a boy of 12
之间省去了
being
）
注意：
独立主格结构中的
being
在下列 两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“
There being +
名词”结构中，二是
在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.
因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
B
．逻辑主语
+
形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。
（
his eyes
和
sleepy
之间省去了
being
）
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。
（
his mouth
和
wide open
之间省去了
being
）
= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
C
．逻辑主语
+
副词
School over, we all went home.
放学了，我们都回家了。
（
school
和
over
之间省 去了
being
）
= School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。
（
his shoes
和
off
之间省去了
being
）
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
D
．逻辑主语
+
介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。
= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
新老师面带微笑走了进来。
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom
，
a rule in his hand.
老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。
= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.
提示：
在“逻辑主语
+
介词短语 ”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里
的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
音乐老师站在门口
,
手里拿着一把小提琴。
（
= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.
）
三、
withwithout
引导的独立主格结构
介词
withwithout
+
宾语
+
宾语的补足语可以 构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况
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