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Ⅰ
.
阅读理解
While
residents
of
wealthy
nations
tend
to
have
greater
life
satisfaction,
new
research
shows
that
those
living
in
poorer
nations
report having greater meaning in life.
These findings, published in
Psychological Science
, a journal of the
Association for Psychological science, suggest that meaning in life may be
higher in poorer nations as a result of greater religiosity(
笃信宗教
). As
countries become richer, religion becomes less central to people
’
s lives
and they lose a sense of meaning in life.
“Thus far
, the wealth of nations has been almost always associated
with
longevity,
health,
happiness
or
life
satisfaction,
”explains
psychological
scientist
Shigehiro
Oishi
of
the
University
of
Virginia.
“Given that meaning in life is an important aspect of overall well
-being,
we wanted to look more carefully at differential patterns, correlates(
相
关物
), and predictors for meaning in life.
”
3
2
Oishi
and
colleague
Ed
Diener
of
the
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana-Champaign
investigated
life
satisfaction,
meaning,
and
well- being
by
examining
data
from
the
2007
Gallup
World
Poll,
a
large-scale survey of over
140,
000
participants
from
132
countries.
In
addition
to
answering
a
basic
life
satisfaction
question,
participants
were
asked:
“Do
you
feel
your
life
has
an
important
purpose
or
meaning?
”and“Is
religion
an
important part of your daily life?
”
The data revealed some unexpected trends:
“Among Americans
, those who are high in life satisfaction are also
high in meaning in life,
”says Oishi
.
“But when we looked at the societal
level
of
analysis,
we
found
a
completely
different
pattern
of
the
association between meaning in life and life satisfaction.
”
When looking across many countries, Oishi and Diener found that
people
in
wealthier
nations
were
more
educated,
had
fewer
children,
and expressed more individualistic attitudes compared to those in poorer
countries
—
all
factors
that
were
associated
with
higher
life
satisfaction
but a significantly lower sense of meaning in life.
”
The
data
suggest
that
religiosity
may
play
an
important
role:
Residents
of
wealthier
nations,
where
religiosity
is
lower,
reported
less
meaning in life and had higher suicide rates than poorer countries.
According to the researchers, religion may provide meaning to life
3
2
to
the
extent
that
it
helps
people
to
overcome
personal
difficulty
and
cope
with
the
struggles
of
working
to
survive
in
poor
economic
conditions.
“Religion
gives
a
system
that
connects
daily
experiences
with
the
coherent
whole
and
a
general
structure
to
one
’
s
life . . .
and
plays
a
critical
role
in
constructing
meaning
out
of
extreme
hardship,
”the
researchers write.
Oishi
and
Diener
hope
to
reproduce
these
findings
using
more
comprehensive measures of meaning and religiosity, and are interested
in
following
countries
over
time
to
track
whether
economic
prosperity
gives rise to less religiosity and less meaning in life.
【文章大意】
这篇短文通过研究说明
:
富裕国家的居民往往有更大的
生活满意度
,
新的研究表明
,
那些生活在贫穷国家的报告有更大的人
生的意义。
1.
The
wealth
of
nations
has
always
been
related
to
all
the
following
EXCEPT______.
A. longevity
B. health
C. happiness
D. a life of purpose
【解析】
选
D
。细节理解题。根据短文第三段
“Thus far, th
e wealth of
nations
has
been
almost
always
associated
with
longevity,
health,
3
2
happiness or life satisfaction”
的描述可知选
D
。
2. Which of the following questions couldn
’
t have been answered by the
participants?
A. Does your life have a purpose or meaning?
B. Do you have relatives living abroad?
C. Are you satisfied with your everyday life?
D. Is religion involved in your daily life?
【解析】
选
B
。细节理解题。根据第四段的描述和题 干可知选
B
。
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.
Those
who
have
higher
life
satisfaction
usually
have
lower
sense
of
meaning in life.
B. People in wealthier nations are more
educated,
have fewer children
and
express
less
individualistic
attitudes
compared
to
those
in
poorer
countries.
C.
Religion
may
provide
meaning
to
life
in
that
people
can
get
strong
support from it in face of hardship.
D. Wealthy people are more likely to commit suicide than poor people.
【解析】
选
C
。细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的 描述可知宗教可以为
人们提供生活的意义
,
在面对困难时
,
人们可以从宗教得到强有力的
支持。
4. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The poorer a country is, the more religious its people are.
3
2
B. Economic prosperity gives rise to less religiosity and less meaning in
life.
C. If you want to find meaning in life, you must practice a religion.
D. Meaning in life doesn
’
t have much to do with the amount of wealth
one possesses.
【解析】
选
D
。细节理解题。根据最后一段和对全文的描述可知人生
的意义与一个人拥有财富的数量没大关系。
5.
The
main
purpose
of
the
passage
is
to
explain
the
possible
reason
why______.
A. greater life satisfaction leads to lower sense of meaning
B. residents of poorer nations enjoy greater meaning in life
C. residents of poorer nations are so religious
D. residents of wealthy nations have greater life satisfaction
【解析】
选
B
。写作意图题。根据第一段和全文的描述可知生活在贫
穷国家的居民享有更大的 生活意义。
Exercise seems to be good for the human brain, with many recent
studies suggesting that regular exercise improves memory and thinking
skills. But an interesting new study asks whether the apparent cognitive
benefits
from
exercise
are
real
or
just
a
placebo
effect
—
that
is,
if
we
think
we
will
be“smarter”after
exercise
,
do
our
brains
respond
3
2
accordingly? The answer has significant implications for any of us hoping
to use exercise to keep our minds sharp throughout our lives.
While
many
studies
suggest
that
exercise
may
have
cognitive
benefits,
recently
some
scientists
have
begun
to
question
whether
the
apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo
effect. So researchers at Florida
State University in Tallahassee and the
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana
—
Champaign
decided
to
focus
on
expectations, on what people anticipate that exercise will do for thinking.
If people
’
s expectations jibe(
吻合
)closely with the actual benefits, then
at
least
some
of
those
improvements
are
probably
a
result
of
the
placebo effect and not of exercise.
For the new study, which was published last month in PLOS One, the
researchers recruited 171 people through an online survey system, they
asked half of these volunteers to estimate by how much a stretching and
toning regimens(
拉伸运动
)performed three times a week might improve
various measures of thinking. The other volunteers were asked the same
question, but about a regular walking program.
In actual experiments, stretching and toning program generally has
little
if
any
impact
on
people
’
s
cognitive
skills.
Walking,
on
the
other
hand, seems to substantially improve thinking ability.
But the survey respondents believed the opposite, estimating that
the
stretching
and
toning
program
would
be
more
beneficial
for
the
3
2
mind than walking. The estimates of benefits from walking were lower.
These data, while they do not involve any actual exercise, are good
news
for
people
who
do
exercise.
“The
results
from
our
study
suggest
that the benefits of aerobic exercise are not a placebo effect,
”said Cary
Stothart,
a
graduate
student
in
cognitive
psychology
at
Florida
State
University, who led the study.
If
expectations
had
been
driving
the
improvements
in
cognition
seen in studies after exercise, Mr Stothart said, then people should have
expected walking to be more beneficial for thinking than stretching. They
didn
’
t, implying that the changes in the brain and thinking after exercise
are physiologically genuine.
The findings are strong enough to suggest that exercise really does
change the brain and may, in the process, improve thinking, Mr Stothart
said.
That
conclusion
should
encourage
scientists
to
look
even
more
closely into how, at a molecular level, exercise remodels the human brain,
he
said.
It
also
should
encourage
the
rest
of
us
to
move,
since
the
benefits are, it seems, not imaginary, even if they are in our head.
【文章大意】
本文主要谈论的是运动是否对大脑认知有益。< br>研究结果
表明四肢发达的人不见得头脑简单。
6. Which of the following about the placebo effect is TRUE according to
the passage?
A. It occurs during exercise.
3
2
B. It has cognitive benefits.
C. It is just a mental reaction.
D. It is a physiological response.
【解析】
选
C
。细节理解题。第一段第二句
that is, if we think we will
be“smarter”after exercise, do our brains respond accordingly? “
那就是
,
如果我们认为我们做完运动后会更聪明
,
大脑会相应地做出反应
吗
? ”
由此可知
,
这种情况或许为积极的心理暗示带来的效应。
It is just
a mental reaction
仅仅为一种心理反应。
7. Why did the researchers at the two universities conduct the research?
A. To discover the placebo effect in the exercise.
B. To prove the previous studies have a big drawback.
C. To test whether exercise can really improve cognition.
D. To encourage more scientists to get involved in the research.
【解析】
选
C
。细节理解题。由第二段第一句可知
,
最近一些科学家
开始质疑
,
运动对思维有益的显著效果是不是一种安慰剂效 应。实验
论证运动对大脑认知的作用是两所大学实验的目的。
8.
What
can
we
know
about
the
research
Cary
Stothart
and
his
team
carried out?
A. They employed 171 people to take part in the actual exercise.
B.
The
result
of
the
research
removed
the
recent
doubt
of
some
scientists.
C.
The
participants
thought
walking
had
a
greater
impact
on
thinking
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