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非谓语动词
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词 。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动
名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）
不定式
一、
不定式的作用
1
、
作主语
不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用
it
作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：
It took us two hours to finish the job.
It is impossible for us to get there on time.
It is very kind of you to help us.
注意：（
1
）其他系动词如
look, appear
等也可用于此句型。
（
2
）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用
It is …to…
的句型。试比较：
It is to negate my own idea to believe him.
（错）
To believe him is to negate my own idea .
（对）
（
3
）
It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth.
结构中，
当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，
用
of,
否则
用
for.
2
、
作宾语
（
1
）
动词
+
不定式。如：
He managed to escape from the fire.
I find it hard to get along with him.
（
it
作形式宾语）
注：
下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：
want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin,
start, learn, agree, choose, get
等
（
2
）
动词
+
疑问词
+to , “
特殊疑问句
+
不定式
”
相当于名词，作宾语。如：
I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
I can’t decide when to go there.
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用
it
作形
式宾语。如：
I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
3
、
作宾语补足语
（
1
）
动词
+
宾语
+
不定式（
to do
）。如：
He warned me to be careful.
I want you to speak to Tom.
What makes you think so?
（不带
to
的不定式）
注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：
ask,
tell,
order
,want
,get,
would
like,
like,
advise,
invite,
allow,
help,
wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage
（
2
）
表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词
+
宾语
+ to be
的不定式结构。如：
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be useful.
（被动语态）
(3)
There +
不定式。如：
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.
我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
注意：（
1
）有些动词需用
as
短语作补语，像
regard, think, believe, take, consider
。如：
We regard Tom as our best teacher.
我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father.
玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
（
2
）在动词
feel
（一感），
hear, listen to
（二听），
have, let, make
（三让），
notice, see, watch, observe, look at
（五看）
(
即：吾看三室两厅一感觉
)
等后面的补足语中，不定 式不带
to
，但变为被动语态后，必须带
to
。如：
They saw the boy fall off the tree.
The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
(3)help
后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带
t o,
也可以不带
to.
I often help him
（
to
）
clean the room.
I helped him (to) find his things.
4
、
作定语
不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主 谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾
关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：
I have a lot of work to do.
（动宾关系）
He is looking for a room to live in.
（动状关系）
He is the first person to think of the idea.
（主谓关系）
He has got a chance to go abroad.
（同位关系）
注意：
1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如：
Do you have anything else to say?
2.
如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如：
I need a pen to write with .
(I will wirte with the pen ) (
我需要一直钢笔写字
)
I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (
我有一个婴儿要照看
)
作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如
in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as
to, ….enough to, too…to
等。
（
1
）
做目的状语，
to, only to
（仅仅为了）
, in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…
（如此
·
·
·
以便
·
·
·
）如：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
He came to the school to see his son.
（
2
）
作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：
He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
（
3
）
做原因状语。如：
We were very excited to hear the news.
I’m glad to see you.
（
4
）
做条件状语。如：
To turn to the left , you could find a post office.
5
、
作表语
不定式可放在
be
动词后面，构成表语。如：
The question is how to put it into practice.
My question is when to leave.
His dream is to be a doctor.
Her work is to look after the babies.
注意：
1.
不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。
2.
当助于是不定式时，表语不能用
Ving
形式，可用不定式。
如：
To see is to believe.
（眼见为实）
6
、
独立结构。如：
To tell you the truth, I don’t agree with you.
To make matters worse, it began to rain.
二、
不定式的时态和语态
1
、
不定式的时态
（
1
）
现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again.
（
2
）
完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：
I’m sorry to have gi
ven you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
（
3
）
进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：
He seems to be eating something.
（
4
）
完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
2
、
不定式的语态
当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：
He was seen to enter the hall.
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
三、
省
to
的动词不定式
1
、
情态动词（除
ought
外，
ought to
）
2
、
Would rather, had better.
3
、
感官动词
see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel
等后作宾补，省略
to.
注意：在被动语态中
to
不能省略掉。如：
I saw him dance.
He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
They were made to work the whole night.
4
、
使役动词
let, have, make.
5
、
由
and, or
和
than
连接的两个不定式，第二个
to
可以省去。如：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
6
、
Help
可带
to ,
也可不带
to, help sb. (to) do sth.
7
、
Why…/Why not…
8
、
But
和
except
前是动词
do
时，后面出现的动词用不带
to
的动词不定式。试比较：
He
wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
9
、
通常在
discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand
等词后，可以省去
to be .
如：
He is supposed (to be) nice.
他应该是个好人。
——
I usually go there by train.
——
Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A
to try going
B
trying to go
C
to try and go
D
try going
Paul doesn’t have to be made ______ . He always works hard.
A
learn
B
to learn
C
learned
D
learning
四、
动词不定式的否定式。如：
Tell him not to shut the window.
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ______ after drinking.
A
never to drive
B
to never drive
C
never driving
D
never drive
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.
A
not to
B
not to do
C
not do it
D
do not do
The patient was warned ______
food before the operation.
A
to eat no
B
eating not
C
not to eat
D
not eating
动名词（
动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）
一、
动名词的作用
1
、
作主语
谓语用单数。
It
代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：
It’s no good/use doing···
如：
Seeing is believing.
Playing with fire is dangerous.
It’s no good waiting here.
2
、
作宾语
I enjoy listening to music.
He often practices playing the piano in the evening.
He is fond of playing basketball.
He has given up smoking.
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(1)
只能接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit
，
advise
建议，
risk
，
appreciate
，
envy
嫉妒，
avoid
避免，
consider
考虑，
delay< br>延迟，
deny
否认，
dislike
不喜欢，
enjoy< br>，
escape
逃避，
excuse
原谅、宽恕，
finish
完成，
forgive
原谅，
understand
理 解，
give
up
放弃，
imagine
想象，
keep
保持，
mind
介意、在乎，
miss
未达
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