appletproposal 的写法

2021年1月24日发(作者：invincible)
proposal
的写法

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是
Research
Proposal的写作。
它大致对应中文里
的
―
开题报告
‖
、
―
选题报告
‖
、
―
研究报告
‖
，是一项研究开始之 前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是
为了帮助自己梳理文献、
整理思路、
廓清方向，也常常是 写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和
意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助
/
认可
/
支持
/
批准？不知道是否可以说，
好的
propos al
是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的
proposal
很烂，可能根 本
就不会有开始研究的机会。

How
to
write
a
research
proposal?
能否写出漂亮的
pr opos
al
，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的
Research
Pr
oposal
自有一套
―
八股
‖
。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于，
可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质
的内容上 ，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语
native
speaker
的我们，如何理解英 文学术世
界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作
proposal
之前必备的背景知识。下 面这篇流传甚广的
Re
search
Proposal
写作指南，言简意赅 ，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给
更多的学界同仁带来便利


文章作者
Paul
T.
P.
Wong,
Ph.D.,
.
(Research
Director,
Graduate
Program
in

Counselling
Psychology.
Trinity
Western
University
Langley,
BC,
Canada).
题为：
How
to
Write
a
Research
Proposal.
全文转载如下：

Most
students
and
beginning
researchers
do
not
fully
understand
what
a
research
p
roposal
means,
nor
do
they
understand
its
importance.
To
put
it
bluntly,
one’s
rese
arch
is
only
as
a
good
as
one’s
proposal.
An
ill
-conceived
proposal
dooms
the
proje
ct
even
if
it
somehow
gets
through
the
Thesis
Supervisory
Committee.
A
high
qualit
y
proposal,
on
the
other
hand,
not
only
promises
success
for
the
project,
but
also
i
mpresses
your
Thesis
Committee
about
your
potential
as
a
researcher.
大多数学生并开始研究不充分了解研究的建议意味着什么，
也不理解其重要性。
说穿了，
一
个人的研究只是作为一个良好的建议。
不周的 建议注定的项目，
即使它在某种程度上通过监
事会的论断得到。
另一方面，
高 质量的提案，
不仅承诺为项目的成功，
但也令人印象深刻。


A
research
proposal
is
intended
to
convince
others
that
you
have
a
worthwhile
rese
arch
project
and
that
you
have
the
competence
and
the
work-plan
to
complete
it.
Generally,
a
research
proposal
should
contain
all
the
key
elements
involved
in
the
r
esearch
process
and
include
sufficient
information
for
the
readers
to
evaluate
the
pr
oposed
study.
研究提案的目的是说服别人，
你 有一个值得研究的项目和你有能力和工作计划来完成它。
一
般情况下，
研究提案应包含 在研究过程中所涉及的所有关键要素，
包括为读者足够的信息来
评估拟议的研究。



Regardless
of
your
research
area
and
the
methodology
you
choose,
all
research
pr
oposals
must
address
the
following
questions:
What
you
plan
to
accomplish,
why
yo
u
want
to
do
it
and
how
you
are
going
to
do
it.
无论您的研究领域和您选择的方法，
所有研究建议必须解决以 下几个问题：
你计划如何来完
成，为什么你想这样做，你将如何做到这一点。

The
proposal
should
have
sufficient
information
to
convince
your
readers
that
you
h
ave
an
important
research
idea,
that
you
have
a
good
grasp
of
the
relevant
literatu
re
and
the
major
issues,
and
that
your
methodology
is
sound.
建议应该有足够的信息来说服你的读者，
你要有一个重要的研究思路，
你已经把握好了相关
文献和重大问题，和你的方法是健全的。



The
quality
of
your
research
proposal
depends
not
only
on
the
quality
of
your
prop
osed
project,
but
also
on
the
quality
of
your
proposal
writing.
A
good
research
proj
ect
may
run
the
risk
of
rejection
simply
because
the
proposal
is
poorly
written.
The
refore,
it
pays
if
your
writing
is
coherent,
clear
and
compelling.

This
paper
focuses
on
proposal
writing
rather
than
on
the
development
of
research
ideas.
你的研究提案的质量不仅取决于你的建议项目的质量，
同时也对你的建议写作质量。
因为写< br>得不好的建议是一个很好的研究项目可以运行简单地排斥风险。
因此，
支付，
如 果你的写作
是一致的，明确的和令人信服的。


本文侧重于书面建议，而不是对发展的研究思路。



TITLE:
题目

It
should
be
concise
and
descriptive.
For
example,
the
phrase,
―An
investigation
of .

. .‖
could
be
omitted.
Often
titles
are
stat
ed
in
terms
of
a
functional
relationship,
because
such
titles
clearly
indicate
the
independent
and
dependent
variables.
Howev
er,
if
possible,
think
of
an
informative
but
catchy
title.
An
effective
title
not
only
pri
cks
the
reader’s
interest,
but
also
predi
sposes
him/her
favourably
towards
the
propo
sal.
（简单翻译一下了）它应当简明扼要，例如，短语
―< br>什么什么的调查
‖
标题通常表示功能的关
系。。。。


ABSTRACT:
摘要：


It
is
a
brief
summary
of
approximately
300
words.
It
should
include
the
research
q
uestion,
the
rationale
for
the
study,
the
hypothesis
(if
any),
the
method
and
the
m
ain
findings.
Descriptions
of
the
method
may
include
the
design,
procedures,
the
sa
mple
and
any
instruments
that
will
be
used.
约
300
字的简要介绍。它应包括研究问题，研究的理由，假设 （如有），方法和主要结论。
方法描述可能包括设计，程序，样品和将要使用的任何文书。


INTRODUCTION:
简介：

The
main
purpose
of
the
introduction
is
to
provide
the
necessary
background
or
co
ntext
for
your
research
problem.
How
to
frame
the
research
problem
is
perhaps
the

biggest
problem
in
proposal
writing.

If
the
research
problem
is
framed
in
the
context
of
a
general,
rambling
literature
re
view,
then
the
research
question
may
appear
trivial
and
uninteresting.
However,
if
t
he
same
question
is
placed
in
the
context
of
a
very
focused
and
current
research
a
rea,
its
significance
will
become
evident.

Unfortunately,
there
are
no
hard
and
fast
rules
on
how
to
frame
your
research
que
stion
just
as
there
is
no
prescription
on
how
to
write
an
interesting
and
informative

opening
paragraph.
A
lot
depends
on
your
creativity,
your
ability
to
think
clearly
a
nd
the
depth
of
your
understanding
of
problem
areas.

However,
try
to
place
your
rese
arch
question
in
the
context
of
either
a
current
―ho
t‖
area,
or
an
older
area
that
remains
viable.
Secondly,
you
need
to
provide
a
brief

but
appropriate
historical
backdrop.
Thirdly,
provide
the
contemporary
context
in
w
hich
your
proposed
research
question
occupies
the
central
stage.
Finally,
identify
―ke
y
players‖
and
refer
to
the
most
relevant
and
representative
publications.
In
short,
t
ry
to
paint
your
research
question
in
broad
brushes
and
at
the
same
time
bring
out

its
significance.

The
introduction
typically
begins
with
a
general
statement
of
the
problem
area,
with

a
focus
on
a
specific
research
problem,
to
be
followed
by
the
rational
or
justificati
on
for
the
proposed
study.
The
introduction
generally
covers
the
following
elements:

1.
State
the
research
problem,
which
is
often
referred
to
as
the
purpose
of
the
stu
dy.
2.
Provide
the
context
and
set
the
stage
for
your
research
question
in
such
a
way

as
to
show
its
necessity
and
importance.
3.
Present
the
rationale
of
your
proposed
study
and
clearly
indicate
why
it
is
worth

doing.
4.
Briefly
describe
the
major
issues
and
sub-problems
to
be
addressed
by
your
res
earch.
5.
Identify
the
key
independent
and
dependent
variables
of
your
experiment.
Altern
atively,
specify
the
phenomenon
you
want
to
study.
6.
State
your
hypothesis
or
theory,
if
any.
For
exploratory
or
phenomenological
res
earch,
you
may
not
have
any
hypotheses.
(Please
do
not
confuse
the
hypothesis
wi
th
the
statistical
null
hypothesis.)
7.
Set
the
delimitation
or
boundaries
of
your
proposed
research
in
order
to
provide

a
clear
focus.
8.
Provide
definitions
of
key
concepts.
(This
is
optional.)
LITERATURE
REVIEW:
Sometimes
the
literature
review
is
incorporated
into
the
introduction
section.
Howev
er,
most
professors
prefer
a
separate
section,
which
allows
a
more
thorough
review

of
the
literature.

The
literature
review
serves
several
important
functions:
1.
Ensures
that
you
are
not
―reinventing
the
wheel‖.

2.
Gives
credits
to
those
who
have
laid
the
groundwork
for
your
research.
3.
Demonstrates
your
knowledge
of
the
research
problem.
4.
Demonstrates
your
understanding
of
the
theoretical
and
research
issues
related
t
o
your
research
question.
5.
Shows
your
ability
to
critically
evaluate
relevant
literature
information.
6.
Indicates
your
ability
to
integrate
and
synthesize
the
existing
literature.
7.
Provides
new
theoretical
insights
or
develops
a
new
model
as
the
conceptual
fra
mework
for
your
research.
8.
Convinces
your
reader
that
your
proposed
research
will
make
a
significant
and
s
ubstantial
contribution
to
the
literature
(i.e.,
resolving
an
important
theoretical
issue
or
filling
a
major
gap
in
the
literature).

Most
students’
literature
reviews
suffer
from
the
following
problems:

*
Lacking
organization
and
structure
*
Lacking
focus,
unity
and
coherence
*
Being
repetitive
and
verbose
*
Failing
to
cite
influential
papers
*
Failing
to
keep
up
with
recent
developments
*
Failing
to
critically
evaluate
cited
papers
*
Citing
irrelevant
or
trivial
references
*
Depending
too
much
on
secondary
sources
Your
scholarship
and
research
competence
will
be
questioned
if
any
of
the
above
a
pplies
to
your
proposal.

There
are
different
ways
to
organize
your
literature
review.
Make
use
of
subheading
s
to
bring
order
and
coherence
to
your
review.
For
example,
having
established
the

importance
of
your
research
area
and
its
current
state
of
development,
you
may
d
evote
several
subsections
on
related
issues
as:
theoretical
models,
measuring
instru
ments,
cross-cultural
and
gender
differences,
etc.

It
is
also
helpful
to
keep
in
mind
that
you
are
telling
a
story
to
an
audience.
Try
t
o
tell
it
in
a
stimulating
and
engaging
manner.
Do
not
bore
them,
because
it
may
l
ead
to
rejection
of
your
worthy
proposal.
(Remember:
Professors
and
scientists
are
human
beings
too.)