embedding托福阅读tpo 1 Groundwater 地下水原题解析

2021年1月24日发(作者：戴文)

阅读原文：


?Groundwater
is
the
word
used
to
describe
water
that
saturates
the
ground,
filling
all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric
water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water
cycle. Ordinary
meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from
precipitation
(rain
and
snow)
and
from
lakes
and
streams.
There
it
remains,
sometimes
for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems
incredible that there can be enough space in the
all this water.

地下水是指渗入到地下并将所有岩石孔 隙填满的水。到现在为止，大气水是最丰富的地
下水资源，
是地下水在水循环中的一个环节。< br>普通的大气水会从地表、
降水以

及湖泊河流侵
入到地下。在再次冒出 地表之前，这些地下水有时会长时间留在地下。最初让人觉得难以置
信的是，在我们脚下“坚实的”土地 中竟然有足够的空间能

储存这么些水。


The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are
those among the particles
—
sand grains and tiny pebbles
—
of loose, unconsolidated
sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common.
They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed.
For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice
age
steadily
melted
away,
huge
volumes
of
water
flowed
from
them.
The
water
was
always
laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited
as the flow slowed down.

然而 ，地下水所需的储存空间多种多样。松散的砂子和砾石间有许多颗粒，如沙粒和小
石子，
它们之 间的孔隙是最常见的储存地下

水的空间。
由这些颗粒组成的水床非常普遍，
通
常位于看不见的土壤下方，在携带粗糙沉淀物的湍急的河流曾流过的地方都能找到它们的踪
迹 。
比如，
冰河时代覆盖

北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化，
大量水从那儿流 出。
水里总会携带些石
子、砾石和沙石，这些颗粒会随着水流的减速而沉淀，这就是所谓冰河期 的冰水沉积。


The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller
scale, wherever a
sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat
land,
dropping
its
load
as
the
current
slows:
the
water
usually
spreads
out
fanwise,
depositing
the
sediment
in
the
form
of
a
smooth,
fan-shaped
slope.
Sediments
are
also
dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments
are
on
a
lake
floor
or
the
seafloor
at
first,
but
will
be
located
inland
at
some
future
date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands
of meters thick.

现代也有冰水沉积，尽管规模相对较小。凡是 有携带沙石的河流或者溪流从山谷流至相
对平坦的地面时，
砂石就随着水流速度的减慢逐渐沉淀 ；
水流通常呈扇形扩散，

它们所携带
的沙石也会沉淀为光滑的扇形斜面。当 河流汇入湖泊和海洋的时候也会有沉淀，这些沉淀最


初在湖底或海底，
但将来海平面下降或者陆地崛起时，
它们就

会分布于内陆，
通常厚达几千
米。


In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the
bed
of
a
river
that
has
since
become
buried
by
soil;
if
they
are
now
below
the
water
’
s
upper
surface
(the
water
table),
the
gravels
and
sands
of
the
former
riverbed,
and
its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.

低地区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床，后续被土壤覆盖而 变成现在的样子。如果
那些过去的河床和沙洲现在位于地下水位之下，一定会有大量的地下水浸在它们的 沙子和砾
石之间。


So
much
for
unconsolidated
sediments.
Consolidated
(or
cemented)
sediments,
too,
contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the
original
grains
are
often
not
totally
plugged
with
cementing
chemicals;
also,
parts
of
the
original
grains
may
become
dissolved
by
percolating
groundwater,
either
while
consolidation
is
taking
place
or
at
any
time
afterwards.
The
result
is
that
sandstone,
for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.

以上说的都是松散的沉 积物，那些坚固的沉积物，也拥有以数万计的毛细孔来容纳水。
因为最初颗粒间的缝隙通常并未完全被黏 固的化学物质塞满，而且部分颗粒很可能在固化时
或固化后被渗入的地下水溶解；结果这些砂岩最终变得 和形成它的散沙一样多孔。


Thus
a
proportion
of
the
total
volume
of
any
sediment,
loose
or
cemented,
consists
of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is
basalt, a form of solidified
volcanic lava, which is
sometimes full
of tiny bubbles
that make it very porous.

因此，
不管沉积物是疏松还是坚固，
它们中一定有空间。
大部分结晶体岩石都非常坚硬，
但也有例外，最常见的就是玄武岩 ，它是一种固化的火山熔岩，经常充满了微小气泡，从而
变得十分多孔。


The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that
porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water
can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities
and the crevices linking them.

岩石的孔隙度就是指其中空间的比例。但需要注意的是，孔隙度与渗透率是不同 的。渗
透率衡量的是水渗透物质的难易程度，它取决于与单个空隙以及连接孔隙间裂缝的大小。


Much
of
the
water
in
a
sample
of
water-saturated
sediment
or
rock
will
drain
from
it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to
all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which


water would drain instantly from
any
wet surface, leaving it
totally dry. The total
volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting
of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.

当充满水分的沉淀物或者岩石样本被放置在适宜的干燥环境中时，
大部分的水分会流 失，
但仍有部分水会继续附着在坚实的表面上。要不是因为表面张力，这些水分也会立刻蒸发，
仅留下完全干燥的样本。因此，试验样本的含水量既包括可以流干的水，也包括不能流干的
水。


The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of
rock
or
sediment
to
another,
even
though
their
porosities
may
be
the
same.
What
happens
depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops
too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are
small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the
force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
这两种水的相对含量因岩石或沉积物种类不同而改变，即便它们有相同比例的孔隙，还
取决于孔隙的 大小。
如果孔隙很大，
其中的水会形成水滴，
太重足以克服吸引它的表面张力，
就会流走；但如果孔隙够小，水会像薄膜一样，太轻无法克服表面张力，从而稳稳地附着在
孔隙表面上 。


第
1
题：


Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that
we walk on?

A
：
It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

B
：
It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

C
：
It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

D
：
It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

解析：


以下哪一项能够从第一段推出与我们走的路地有关？（
Inference Question
）


a)
它不能长时间储存水。


b)
它阻止了大部分地下水进行水循环。


c)
它有能力储存大量的地下水。




d)
它大部分的水从河流中吸收。


根据“
ground that we walk on
”定位到段落最后一句话“
At first thought it
seemsincrediblethatthere
can
be
enough
spacein
the
“
solid
”
ground
underfootto
hold
all this water.
”意思是：一开始很难想象我们脚下的地有足够的空间容下这些水。


选项一错，倒数第二句“
There it remains, sometimesfor long periods, before
emerging at the surface again.
”
For long periods
长时间；
remain v.
保持；
emerge v.
出现；


选项二错，
段落第二句
“
By
far
themostabundanttype
of
groundwater
is
meteoric
water;
this is the groundwater that circulates as part of thewater cy cle.
”意思是：现在
最丰富的地下水类型是雨水；这些雨水是进入水循环的那部分；
by far
最；
abundant adj.
富足；
circulate v.
循环；


选项四错，段落第三句“
Ordinary
meteoric
water
is
water
that
has
soaked
into
the
groundfrom the surface,fromprecipitationandfrom lakes and str eams.
”意思是：平常
的雨水都是那些从地表、降水和河流湖泊中渗入地下的水。
soak v.
渗透；
precipitationn.
降雨，降雪；


第
2
题：


The word

A
：
confusing

B
：
comforting

C
：
unbelievable

D
：
interesting

解析：

与单词
incredible
在文章中意思最接近的是（
Vocabulary Question
）


a)Confusing
（令人迷惑的）


b)Comforting
（安慰人的）


c)Unbelievable
（难以置信的）




d)Interesting
（有趣的）


查字典
!
Incredible
adj.
难以置信的；
in-
否定前缀；< br>cred
词根，意思“信用”
；
-ible
形容词后缀；
un -
否定前缀；
believe
v.
相信；
-able
形容 词后缀；
incredible
和
unbelievable
也是常考同义词 对子。


第
3
题：


The word

A
：
far away

B
：
hidden

C
：
partly visible

D
：
discovered

解析：


与单词“
out of sight
”在文中意思最接近的是（
Vocabulary Question
）


a)Far away
（遥远）


b)Hidden
（隐藏）


c)Partly visible
（部分可见）


d)Discovered
（发现的）


sight n.
眼界；
out of sight
眼界之外；有一个俗语：
Out of sight, out of mind;
眼
不见心不烦；隐藏的肯定看不见；
far away
遥远也可以看得见，比如夜晚空中的星星；


第
4
题：


According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?

A
：
Inside pieces of sand and gravel

B
：
On top of beds of rock

C
：
In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil



D
：
In spaces between pieces of sediment

解析：


根据第二段，通常在哪里能找到地下水？（
Factual Information Question
）


a)
在沙子和沙砾碎片中


b)
在岩石床的上面


c)
在泥土下快速流动的河水中


d)
在沉积物碎片之间的空隙


根据段落前两句话“
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The
commonest
spaces
arethose
among
the
particles-sand
grains
and
tiny
pebbles-of
loose,
unconsolidated
sand
and
gravel.
”意思是：必须的空间就在那儿，尽管形 式多样。最平常
的空间是那些松散不坚固的沙子和沙砾微粒（砾子和小石子）间的空隙。
Par ticle n.
粒子；
grain n.
粒子；
pebble n.
小鹅卵石；
gravel n.
沙砾；
loose adj.
松的；
consolidate adj.
坚固的；
unconsolidated adj.
不坚固的；


选项一错，不是在
sand
和
gravel
里面，而是在 它们的缝隙里面；
those among the
particles
；
those
代表的是
space
；


选项二和三也都错在 不是空隙；
只有选项四有
spaces
，
并且段落第四句
“
They
are
found
wherever fast rivers carryingloads of coarse sedimentonce flowed.
”


第
5
题：


The phrase

A
：
fast rivers

B
：
glaciers

C
：
the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting

D
：
the particles carried in water from melting glaciers

解析：


用语
glacial outwash
在文中指（
Reference Question
）




a)
快速河流


b)
冰川


c)
冰川融化形成大量的水


d)
冰川融化的水中带的微粒


回到原句“
The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel,andsand,known as
glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
”意思是：水携带卵石、
沙砾和沙子，这些被称为
glacial
outwash
，水流缓慢时沉积下来。根据
Known
as
用语的意
思就能判断出
glacial outwash
指的是
pebbles, gravel, and sand
而这三样东西都由水携
带，水又是冰川融化而得，所以答案选第四项；


Known
as
?被称之为?
;be
laden
with
?装满。
。
。
；
deposit
v.
沉淀；
slow
down
慢下来；


第
6
题：


All
of
the
following
are
mentioned
in
paragraph
3
as
places
that
sediment-laden
rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT

A
：
A mountain valley

B
：
Flat land

C
：
A lake floor

D
：
The seafloor

解析：


以下地点在第三段中都提到作为河流沉积沉积物的地方，除了（
Negative Factual
Information Question
）


a)
山谷中


b)
平地


c)
湖底


d)
海底


段落第一句“
The same thing happens to
?
..emerges from a mountain valley onto