step by step 3000听力4 第四册_原文及答案

2021年1月24日发(作者：处女膜)
Unit1
Part I
B
Speaker 1> not remember very much about childhood / not very close / not talk very much

Speaker 2 > get on very well with mum / talk very openly

Speaker 3 >(mum) always tell me to do this and do that / (father) let me do what I want

Speaker 4-> fond memories of childhood / seemingly spoil us

Tape script:

1. I don't remember very much about my childhood, actually. My wife's always asking me
were a boy, did you use to...
talk very much, we weren't very close, or if we were, we didn't show it. I remember I used to have my
hair cut every Friday. My father and
I would go together. I had the shortest hair in the school. When
they'd finished cutting it, they'd burn the ends with a sort of candle. Oh I'll never forget that smell.

2. I got on very well with my mother. I used to tell her everything- or nearly everything -- and she'd talk
to me very openly too. Sometimes she'd say to me
go out shopping or something like that.

3.
I'm
not
a
very
tidy
person,
but
my
mother's
very
house-proud,
so
she's
always
telling
me
to
pick
things up and put them away, and do this and do that. She goes on for hours about
godliness.
I want. I think he's learned not to pay
attention.

4.
I
have
very
fond
memories
of
my
childhood.
To
me
it
represented
security.
We
used
to
do
a
lot
together as a family. I remember walks, and picnics, and going for rides on a Sunday afternoon. Every
Friday, when my father came home from work, he had a treat for each of us. My mother used to say he
was spoiling us, but why not? It didn't do us any harm.

Part III Family
A.
The Family
I. Functions of family
A. Providing necessities of life
B. Offering affectionate joys
C. Raising children to adulthood
D. Giving protection in times of emergency
II Patterns of family
A. Extended family -- uncles, aunts, cousins and in-laws
B. Nuclear family -- a husband, wife and their children
C. Polygamous household- a husband, several wives and their children
D. Divided residence -- husband and wife living separately with children raised by mother's brother
E. Nayar way of living -- brothers and sisters and sisters' children
F. Communal living group- persons not biologically related
III Factors influencing family structure
A. Economic conditions
e.g. No aid from society or state -- extended family
B. Industrialization and urbanization
e.g. Creation of many specialized jobs -- nuclear family
C. Inheritance customs
e.g. 1. Property inherited by eldest son
2. Property inherited by all of sons
Tapescript:
Throughout history the basic unit of almost every human society has been the family. The members of
the
family
live
together
under
the
same
roof,
they
share
the
economic
burdens
of
life
as
well
as
its
affectionate joys, and it is the family which has primary responsibility for the important task of raising
children to adulthood.
The
family
is
not
a
uniform
concept
in
all
societies.
In
many
places
it
is
an
extended
group
which
includes
uncles,
aunts,
cousins
and
in-laws.
The
family
head
usually
has
considerable
influence
in
arranging
marriages,
selecting
careers
and
determining
all
important
moves
and
purchases
by
any
member of the family. Particularly in conditions where society or the state does not give aid and where
consequently the responsibilities of the family are greater, this larger group provides better protection in
times of economic or other emergency.
In many other societies, including most industrialized ones, the
This term refers to a husband and wife united through marriage and their dependent children, whether
natural or adopted. Industrialization and urbanization create many specialized jobs which tend to scatter
family
members
among
different
employers
and
thus
to
separate
residences
as
soon
as
they
become
wage
earners.
The
small
family,
which
has
only
one
--
or
if
the
wife
works
also,
two
-employed
members, is better able to adapt to rapid change and to move when the job moves.
The
nuclear
family
is
almost
universal
and
the
nuclear
group
of
father,
mother
and
their
children
is
recognized
even
when
it
is
part
of
an
extended
family.
There
are
cases,
however,
which
strain
the
definition.
Polygamy,
for
example,
brings
several
wives
and
their
children
into
the
picture.
But
polygamous
households
are
not
common
in
any
society.
More
difficult
to
explain
are
the
cases
of
divided
residence.
Among
the
Ashanti
people
of
Africa,
where
the
wife
and
husband
do
not
reside
together,
the
child
gets
training
and
affection
from
the
mother's
brother
and
learns
that
his
mother's
husband
is

his
family.
An
even
stranger
situation
existed
with
the
Nayar
of
India
before
being
changed
by
outside
influence.
There
the
household
consisted
of
brothers
and
sisters
and
the
sisters'
children.
The
sisters
were
not
married
and
the
brothers
simply
took
care
of
whatever
children
their
sisters had.
Inheritance
customs
also
have
an
influence
on
the
structure
of
the
family.
In
England
the
farm
was
passed on to the eldest son in order to keep the family land intact. Younger sons had to go out and start a
new farm or join the army or move to town and take up a trade. They provided a large part of the labor
supply
during
England's
industrialization
process.
In
many
areas
of
the
European
continent
all
of
the
sons shared equally in the inheritance and more extended households were common.
Although the exact form varies from place to place and time to time, we can say that the family is the
original and the most natural social
group. The ties we develop by long intimate association with the
small
group
of
persons
who
are
biologically
related
to
us
cannot
be
matched
in
any
of
the
forms
of
communal living which are tried every now and then.

Unit
2


Part I Warming up
A.
Tapescript:
1. Organized activity on behalf of women's rights began in the mid 1800s, when both by law and by
custom, women were considered
2.
In
the
early
tg00s,
important
changes
occurred
in
the
social
and
political
climate
in
America
as
a
result of World War I.
3. In 1920 after World War t, American women gained the right to vote.
4. During World War II, large numbers of women entered the job market to do the jobs of the men who
had been drafted into military service.
5. Today, women make up 1.5% of the 200,000 professional firefighters in the U. S., and they make up
4% of airline pilots and navigators.
6. The Small Business Administration predicts that women will own nearly 40% (others Say half) of all
small businesses in the U.S. by the year 2000.
7. From 1980 to 1988, the number of business men and women-- entrepreneurs -- increased 56% overall,
but during that period, the number of female entrepreneurs grew 82%.
8. In 1969 in the U. S., only 4% of the state lawmakers were women. By 1993, this number had grown
by 500%, and 20.4% of state legislators were women.
9. Today, only 10% of American families have the traditional working father and the mother who stays
home to take care of the children.
10. The rate of women's participation in the workforce rose from 27% in 1940' to 44% in 1985.
B.
Speakers Key words
Lynne friends / child-free / respect for their choice / not my
opinion / had to have children / don't know why
Irene daughter the same / eager / get married / have children
/ thinking about / 8 or 9 years old / observe me as a
mother / other mothers
Barbara Yes, that's how I was.
Tapescript.
L-- Lynne I-- Irene B--Barbara
L.. I have many, many friends who have opted for a child-free life. I have a great deal of respect for their
choice. But therein lies the key. It was their choice. Infertility was not my choice. Is a woman less of a
woman without children? Absolutely not in my opinion, but I had to have children. I don't know why.
People
have
asked
us,
y’know,

what
was
that
just
made
you
so
obsessed
and
compelled
and
driven?
I. Well, my daughter, interestingly enough, is the same way. She's very eager as soon as she finishes law
school
to
get
married
and
have
children.
And
we
talked
about
this
and
she
said,

you
don't
understand. I've been thinking about having children since I was eight or nine years old.

C
1. The difference between men and women when they surf the Internet according to the study conducted
by Media Matricks and Jupiter Communications:
Women: as a tool
Men: tend to spend more time playing around
2. The different reasons why women use the web:
check email / chat / look for information / resources / studying search
Tapescript:
For the first time ever the number of women on the web has surpassed the number of men, pushing the
huge growth of females between the ages of 12 and 17.
Music websites like are attracting teen girls and so are sites focused on fashion and shopping.
An
unscientific
survey
of
teens,
mostly
girls
attending
Oakland
Technical
High
School
in
Oakland,
California, shows teens are using the World Wide Web for many reasons.
F. My name is Fi and I'm 16. I check my email on the net and I chat sometimes. That's all I did.
P: My name is Sonia Fay Phillips. I'm 17 years old. Mostly I use the Internet for, uh, look(ing) up for my
college information or check my email or chat. I use.., mostly use it for resources and studying because I
don't have time for play and stuff.
M: My name is Lucien Morrison. I'm 17. And I use the Internet to chat on, to get codes for play station
games, to check my email and to play games on.
M: I'm Meesha. I'm 14 years old. I usually just search on the web, just anything I'm looking for or just
search because I'm bored or anything like that.
Summer school students attending Oakland Technical High School in Oakland, California.
The Internet study released today conducted by Media Matricks and Jupiter Communications shows that
men and women use the web differently. Women use it as a tool. Men tend to spend more time online
playing around.
Among the other most popular sites reported for women on the web? for ages 35 to 44:
and
;
for
ages
55
and
up
they've
been
posting
the
second
biggest
jump
in
usage:
and genealogy, com.

Part II Working mothers
B
1. According to Beth, which do more and more women choose, to work or to have a child? both / not be
superwoman
2. According to some research, how important is a mother's role?
more important in some regards than we had thought / bonding process / lasts longer
3. What happens to children if they are separated too early from their parents? often go into shock
4. Why do people need concrete support of community? parents not close by / brothers and sisters in
another state or country
5. Does Beth think it's necessary for a mother to stay home full time to be together with her children?
important but not necessary / if not inclined
6. What is the wonderful trait that some working mothers have?
a. the ability to be attentive to multiple demands
b. the ability to think about more than one thing at a time
Tapescript:
B -- Beth I -- Irene
B.
It's
a
big
challenge
for
mothers
today,
because
oftentimes
mothers
feel
like
it's
an
either
/
or
proposition
that
they
have
to
work
or
have
a
child.
And
the
reality
is
more
and
more
women
are
choosing to do both, and also not be superwomen, so it's a tricky.., it's a tricky line to balance. But I do
have a quote that says,
your body,
no matter how old they get, but you will learn to walk those lines. And you will learn to create balance
and harmony in your life, and you'll realize that not everything you do is going to send your child to a
therapist. And that's wonderful.
I. Yes, yes. I've just always felt that if you loved them hard enough, and that you had ... your heart kind
of in the right place, which obviously is outside your own body, that there was very little that ... that you
could do wrong. I mean you ...
B. Yes. I think that's true. I think if you build a solid foundation with your child, especially in the early
years, and...
I.
How
early
are
we
talking

years
I
mean,
by
what
point
is
the
child's
personality
formed
already?
B. Well, you know there's a lot of information on that that definitely is conflicting. But there are new
studies coming out that are just fascinating about how important, extremely important it is for a child to
be with his / her mother until they're close to four years old. Now, that doesn't mean consistently. I'm not
advocating that a mother stay home full time if she's not so inclined. But there's definite research that's
coming out saying that, y'know, a mother's role is more important in some regards than we had thought,
and that the bonding process lasts quite a bit longer. In fact, children go into shock oftentimes if they are
separated too early. And that's why I think a lot of us are fighting for parental leave and family leave,
that allows both mother and father to have time with their children hopefully within the first two years,
not just the first few months.
People
need
concrete
support,
and
especially
nowadays,
I
did
write
another
meditation
about
people
needing the support of community because nowadays we oftentimes don't have our parents close by, or
brothers and sisters live in another state or even in another country. And so especially when you come
home for the first few months or the first few years, you may feel extremely isolated if you can't hook up
with
a co-op, a
babysitting co-op, or a mother's
group ... And this
is
just a wonderful
way to
remind
mothers that we have what Mary Catherine Bateson calls peripheral vision: the ability to be attentive to
multiple demands and to think about more than one thing at a time. And I think that's a very valuable
trait that mothers do have. And sometimes we think of ourselves as being scattered and airheads because
of it, and that's been oftentimes how we've been portrayed, but this is a wonderful, wonderful trait that
mothers develop especially in the first few years.
I: Well, we have eyes in the backs of our heads, right?
B. Exactly.
I. But we are also able to keep lots of balloons in the air, which means that what we do is, you get up in
the morning and
you say,
dinner besides.”

B. Exactly.
I, You get it all in order before you leave the house in the morning.
B.
Right,
and
you
can
take
your
needs
into
account
as
well
as
the
needs
of
many
other
individuals,
which is extremely important in this day and age. I mean we no longer can afford ecologically to have a
one-track mind. We can no longer afford it in the family, in the work place, and I think that's something
that women very much have to offer.
I. I think that the

Unit
3

Part I Warming up

A
Job Key words
Speaker 1

Psychologist listening / talk / problems / patients
/ progress / turn life around
Speaker 2

Camp counselor kids / problems / win trust / open up /develop confidence & self-worth / summer
Speaker 3

Firefighter burning / smoke / get people out /
dangerous
Tapescript:
1. Psychologist
Maybe the biggest challenge for me is listening to people talk about all their problems. At the end of the
day,
I'm
usually
pretty
worn
out.
At
times,
it
can
be
depressing
as
well.
On
the
other
hand,
I
do
see
patients making real progress. It's great to see someone really turn their life around and get on top of a
problem that they thought they never could deal with.
2. Camp counselor
As a camp counselor, it's difficult to find a way to get through to kids with problems and win their trust.
Sometimes kids are very suspicious and find it hard to trust an adult -- even a young adult. So getting
them to open up is the hardest part. Once you've done that, they almost become different people. One of
the
things
I
find
most
rewarding
is
seeing
kids
develop
confidence
and
a
sense
of
self-worth.
It's
especially great to see that happen in a kid who started out the summer with low self-esteem.
3. Firefighter
It sounds pretty obvious, but in my job, the biggest challenge is going into a burning building that's full
of smoke when you can barely see a few inches in front of you. It's really difficult
-- especially when
you know there
are people in
there,
and it's
your job
to
get
them out.
Once
you do
get
someone out
safely, then you feel really great and you forget about how dangerous the work is.
B
Speaker 1 (Justin)
forming his own music group
recording album / making music video
breaking into music scene in a big way
Speaker 2(Sophia)

being a doctor
working first overseas then back home
in a hospital
Speaker 3 (Rachel)
being a model
starting her own modeling agency
Tapescript:
1. Justin
What do I hope I'll have achieved by the time I'm 30? Well, I hope I'll have made a successful career in
the music industry. Right now, I play in a band and I'd love to be able to do that professionally. I plan to
form a group of my own in a few years. Once we get known, we'll record an album- and make music
videos, of course- and try to break into the music scene in a big way.
2. Sophia
I plan to be a doctor. When I've graduated from med school and finished with my interning, I want to
work
overseas
for
a
few
years.
I'll
probably
work
in
a
developing
country
with
an
organization
like
UNICEF. After that, I'll come back home and work in a hospital. I don't really care if I make a lot of
money or not, but I do want to work somewhere where I feel I can make a difference.
3. Rachel
I'm planning to be a model. I've already had some modeling experience, and after I graduate, I'm going
to see if I can get a job with an agency in New York or Los Angeles. I'll probably work as a model for
ten years or so, and then I hope to start a modeling agency of my own.
Part II Americans at Work
B.
Americans at Work
I. Introduction
II American workforce
A. Distributions
B. Working women
1. Working females aged 16 and over -- 58%
2. Mothers with children under 18 -- 67%
III. Work ethic
A. Definition of strong work ethic
B. Most Americans -- with a strong work ethic
C. Reason for not working harder -- not feeling they will benefit from the work
Tapescript.
The topic of work in the United States is an interesting one because the statistics do not always agree
with
popular
general
impressions
about
American
workers
and
the
American
economy.
I
will
try
to
reconcile these impressions with what we know from some recent statistics. To get you warmed up, let
me give
you a few questions to think about before I start the first point of our lecture today: Do you
think most Americans work in factories that produce goods for domestic use and exportation? Do you
think most American women are housewives, or do most of them work outside the home? Do you think
people
in
the
United
States
work
hard?
If
time
permits,
I'll
deal
with
each
of
these
points
in
today's
lecture.
So, then, where do most people in the United States work? If you thought in the manufacturing sector, in
other words in factories, you were wrong.
It is true that the United States is, and is seen as, a strong
industrial
power,
but
the
statistics
reveal
that
another
branch
of
the
economy
is
even
stronger
than
manufacturing. Instead of dealing with the large figures required when discussing a total U.S. workforce
of 125 million people, let's take a look at 100 hypothetical workers and See where they're employed. Of
those
100
workers,
16
work
in
manufacturing,
that
is,
in
producing
goods.
Another
4
work
in
construction, and 3 work in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. And 1 out of 100 workers is employed in
mining. You might find the figures for manufacturing and agriculture surprisingly low, and in a sense
they are. The United States is in fact a leading producer of manufactured goods and agricultural products
in the world; however, a surprisingly small number of workers, 16 out of'100 for manufacturing, and
only 2 per hundred for agriculture alone, is responsible for this output. The above figures account for 24
of the 100 hypothetical workers we started with. Where do the other 76 work?
Well, a full
76 are employed in
what
are
called
the service industries.
By
the way, the term
industry
often applies purely to
production, or manufacturing. Today, however,
I
will use industry in
its more
general
sense,
any
general
business
activity.
Service
industries,
then,
include
a
wide
variety
of
businesses that provide services rather than produce goods. You know the difference between goods and
services, don't you?
Let's
take
a
look
at
the
different
sectors
of
the
service
industries
now.
Of
76'workers
in
the
service
industries,
25
are
employed
in
community,
social,
and
personal
services.
Community,
social,
and
personal
services
include
doctors'
offices,
private
hospitals,
hotels,
computer
programming
and
data
processing companies, restaurants, repair shops, engineering companies, and private research facilities.
The next largest sector in the service industries, wholesale and retail trade, employs 23 of the 76 people.
Wholesale trade involves purchases directly from the producer, while retail trade is more familiar to us.
purchases from department stores, supermarkets, automobile dealerships, and so on.
The next largest sector in the service industries, the government, employs 17 of those 100 hypothetical
workers we started with. The best-known government workers are teachers, police, and postal workers,
but
this
sector
also
includes
government
officials
and
administrators,
of
course.
The
next
sector
is
finance, insurance,' and real estate, in other words, banks and the stock market, some 5,500 insurance
companies, and companies involved in the buying and selling of property. Six of every 100 workers are
employed in finance, insurance, and real estate. The last service sector is transportation, communication,
and utilities. What does the phrase
you
thought
of
airlines,
roads,
and
railroads
for
transportation,
you
are
correct.
Communication,
of
course, includes newspapers, magazines, and books as well as TV and radio broadcasting. And utilities,
as
you
probably
know,
are
companies
that
provide
us
with
gas,
water,
and
electricity.
In
the
United
States, these jobs are not part of the government services as they are in many countries; transportation,
communication, and utilities are provided by private companies and account for 5 of the 100 workers we
began with. Before we leave our first topic, let's check to make sure you have all the figures for the 76
workers in the service industries; 25 in community, social, and personal services; 23 in wholesale and
retail
trade;
17
in
government;
6
in
finance,
insurance,
and
real
estate;
and
last,
5
in
transportation,
communication, and utilities.
Before
I
discuss
the
work
ethic,
I'd
like
to
make
a
slight
digression
and
get
back
to
the
question
of
working women. Would you be surprised if I said that most of the female population aged 16 and over
work? As a matter of fact, the actual figure is 58 percent. The figure for mothers with children under 18
years
of
age
is
even
higher.
67
percent.
That
two
thirds
of
mothers
are
employed
certainly
has
an
economic impact on the country and no doubt influences to some extent the character of the American
family. But we'll look at that in a later lecture.
Now that we've taken care of that digression, let's talk about our last topic: the work ethic. I asked You
earlier if you felt people in the United States worked hard. Well, I'm not sure what your opinion is, but a
strong work ethic means that workers take their work seriously. Workers with a strong work ethic feel
an
obligation
to
work
hard,
expect
little
time
for
recreation,
and
take
pride
in
doing
their
job
well.
According to surveys, most Americans do have a strong work ethic, that is, they feel they should work
hard. The problem is that they do not always do so. And the reason they give for not working harder is
that they don't feel they
will benefit from the work. Others
-- like the owners of the company
-- will
benefit instead.
Part III Stress management
Program. Talk of the Day
Today's topic: Stress and how to manage it
Guest
speaker:
Dr.
Elizabeth
Sander
(a
medical
doctor
&
writer)
Definition
of
stress.
A
physical
or
psychological response to the demands that we're placing on ourselves
Caller: Judy
Question 1: Any warning signs?
Answer: Some of the most common warning signs:
fatigue
/
listlessness
/
sleeping
problems
/
a
loss
of
appetite
/
sudden
stomach
disorders
/
heart
palpitations
Question 2: Ways to make life less stressful?
Answer: Taking effective steps:
Becoming aware of potentially stressful situations and avoiding them
Reducing workload and organizing the work in a better way
Getting proper rest and exercise
Finding a balance between work and play
Tapescript:
H -- Host D -- Dr. Sander J -- Judy
H: Good morning, and welcome to
more in a day than is humanly possible? Do you have trouble falling asleep at night because you can't
stop
thinking
about
yesterday's
activities
or
planning
tomorrow's?
Do
you
find
yourself
spending
too
much
time
at
work
without
enough
time
for
leisure
activities?
Today
our
topic
is
stress
and
how
to
manage it. Tell us about the level of stress in your life and how you cope with it, or call us with your
questions.
With
us
to
help
answer
some
of
the
questions
you
may
have
is
Dr.
Elizabeth
Sander,
a
medical
doctor
and
writer
of
a
best-selling
book
on
stress
management.
She
has
also
conducted
numerous
workshops
designed to
teach people how to
identify and prevent
stress.
Good morning Dr.
'Sander and thank you for joining us today.
D: Thank you for having me.
H.. Dr, Sander, before we take our first call, perhaps
you could just tell us what exactly we mean by

D: Yes, that's a very good question. Actually, stress can be either a physical or psychological response,
or both, to the demands that we're placing on ourselves. An increased level of stress affects us physically
by producing certain changes in the body such as increased heart or breathing rate, dilation of the pupils,
or our blood pressure and sugar level can go up. These are normally responses that are designed to help
us, for example, when we're in danger, but which under other circumstances, for example, when we have
a deadline to meet for a project at work, don't really benefit us. Psychologically, we respond to these
demands by becoming nervous, irritable, depressed, or even angry.
H: Yes, it seems these days we're constantly listening to each other complain about being stressed out
and feeling a variety of these responses which you've just mentioned. Well, let's see what kind of stress
level our callers have. Let's take a call from Judy in Fallbrook.
J. Yes, hello, thank you for taking my call. This is a great topic. You know, I have so many friends who
are always complaining about being stressed out. I just don't understand it. I just don't understand what it
means to be stressed out. And it seems that I'm just as busy as they are if not more so, Maybe I'm really
stressed and just don't realize it. Are there certain warning signs that I can be on the lookout for that will
tell me I've reached a dangerous level of stress?
D. That's a great question and yes, many people are at dangerous levels of stress without realizing it or
they just don't want to admit it because they're afraid that they would have to change something in their
life. Some of the most common warning signs are fatigue, listlessness, sleeping problems -- either you
can't fall asleep at night or you wake up throughout the night; you may have a loss of appetite or sudden
stomach disorders, and heart palpitations are quite common. So one of the key issues is to help people
realize that they are experiencing some of these problems associated with too much stress.
J. Well, as I said, many of my friends are aware of their situation, but it seems they never do anything
about it. Are there ways that they can make their life less stressful?
D.
Of
course.
There
are
steps
that
we
can
take
to
lower
the
amount
of
stress
in
our
lives,
but
unfortunately many people are so caught up in the cycle of activity and stress that they don't stop to take
these
important
steps.
The
most
important
step
is
that
we
become
aware
of
potentially
stressful
situations and avoid them. We can also simply reduce our workload and organize the work that we do
have in a better way. Another important step is to get the proper rest and exercise. If you're under a lot of
stress to begin with, very often sleep or exercise can help to release some of that stress and prepare you
to take on more. One of the worst things that can happen is to allow the stress to build up. Finally, one of
the most effective steps we can take is to find a balance between work and play. In the U.S. it's been
recently discovered that the average American is working more now than we did 20 years ago. We have
become almost obsessed with work and we have a hard time enjoying ourselves anymore.
J: Yeah, that's definitely true. Thank you. That information is really helpful.
H. O.K. Let's take another call, from Lori in Ramona.

Unit
4


Part I Warming up
A
Tapescript:
1.
In
a
study
done
by
the
National
Association
of
Colleges
and
Employers,
only
4%
of
employers
surveyed said they reneged on job offers, and only 30% of colleges claimed some of their students were
hired then let go. Other companies like Pricewater House Coopers are pushing back start dates for new
hires.
2. In a study done by the National Association of Colleges and Employers last fall, companies surveyed
planned to hire 25% more college grads this year. In an updated study this spring, those same companies
reduced projections to 18%, still a significant increase.
3. A 4. 5% unemployment rate is still very good news for upcoming college graduates. College students
are
younger
and
cheaper,
and
companies
love
that
kind
of
thing.
So
the lay-offs
may
not
necessarily
affect your job prospects if you are an upcoming college graduate.
4. Depending on your major. Liberal arts grads including English, and psychology majors once snapped
up by marketing firms and dot coms will now likely have a tougher time finding work. But majors like
computer science, nursing, accounting and
finance are still hot,
and salaries for those jobs
are on
the
rise.
B.
Employment situation
People graduating last year getting jobs / six, seven different positions
Keren Aloya's brother boom / did well
Sociology majors graduating this year
no job / have job offers rescinded
Companies in tech sector slow college recruiting / renege on
(Intel, Dell, etc. ) job offers
Tapescript:
M -- Michael Hallkas K -- Keren Aloya
C Chris Peterson B -- Bill Coleman
M. I remember people graduating last year and they were already getting jobs coming at them like six,
seven different positions at once and now it's like people are scrounging for what they can get.
K. My brother got out of college just a few years ago, and that's when the boom was still going and he,
he did pretty well. I just kind of imagined it escalating and getting easier, and easier and easier. But no
such luck.
C. Sociology major Keren Aloya graduates from Rutgers this year with a four-year degree and no job,
an
unwelcome
and
growing
trend
among
her
classmates
nationwide,
some
of
whom
are
even
having
their job offers rescinded.
B. This year is a little bit different for college grads because the economy has changed and it's changed
dramatically during the course of the recruiting season,
C. Companies in the battered tech sector like Cisco., Intel, and Dell has slowed college recruiting. They
have also reneged on job offers made to college grads, offering the suddenly un-hired apology bonuses
instead.
Part II Education then and now
A
9-year-olds 13-year-olds 17-year-olds
Science slightly better grasp today scores have stalled
Math a. better (add, subtract, multiply, divide) than 30 years ago
b. more skilled in basic geometry as they get older
Reading a. the 1970s and '80s: scores improved
b. the 1990s: scores dropped & stayed flat
Leading statement:
Today's students are doing better than students from 30 years ago when put in on the same field.
Supporting details:
1. More students taking tougher courses now
a. More 13-year-olds taking algebra
b. More 17-year-olds enrolling in calculus, biology and chemistry
2. More homework now
4. Sex difference / difference between boys and girls
a. In math: gap disappearing
b. In science:
(1) At the age of 13 and 17: boys better than girls
(2) At the age of 9: no difference
C.
1. What is the information from the tests compared to?
A national report card on student's academic progress.
2. From the reading scores for students in all three age groups in 1990s, what conclusion can be drawn?
They may have trouble locating and identifying facts from stories or summarizing and explaining what
they read.
3. Which three more important reports will come in the near future?
a. new fourth grade reading scores
b. a state by state breakdown of math scores
c. the first batch of science scores
Tapescript:
For
nearly
30
years
now,
the
U.S.
government
has
tested
nine-,
thirteen-,
and
seventeen- year-olds
in
reading, math, and science. The information that researchers gleaned from these tests is the closest thing
this
country
has
to
a
national
report
card
on
students'
academic
progress.
Today
the
Education
Department released a lengthy study detailing how students have been doing since 1969.
The government's test results are pretty mixed. Today's nine-, thirteen-, and seventeen- year-olds can add,
subtract, multiply, and divide better than they could 30 years ago. As they get older, today's students are
more skilled in basic geometry, using decimals, percentages, and fractions. In reading, scores improved
during the 1970s and '80s. Then they dropped and stayed flat for most of the 1990s. This means kids in
all three age groups may have trouble locating and identifying facts from stories or summarizing and
explaining
what
they
read.
Nine-year-olds
today,
however,
do
have
a
slightly
better
grasp
of
science
than they did
in
1969 when the first
science test
was
given nationwide.
But
again,
science scores
for
thirteen- and seventeen-year-olds have stalled.
So are students today smarter, better educated than they were 30 years ago? In some way, it's like asking
whether baseball players today are better than they were in the past.

students are doing better.'
The report points out that a much greater percentage of students today are taking tougher courses. The
percentage
of
thirteen-year-olds
taking
algebra
is
up.
So
is
the
percentage
of
seventeen-year-olds
enrolled in calculus, biology, and chemistry. Kids are even doing more homework than they did 30 years
ago.
In
math,
the
gap
between
boys
and
girls
has
all
but
disappeared.
In
science,
thirteen-
and
seventeen-year-old boys still do better than girls, but at age nine there's no difference.
Private
school
students
outperformed
public
school
students,
but
math
and
science
scores
for
private
school students have remained flat since 1980. Education Department officials say three more important
reports
are
due.
New
fourth
grade
reading
scores
will
be
released
in
February.
A
state
by
state
breakdown of math scores will be ready by May. And a fresh batch of science scores will follow.

Unit
5
Part I Warming up

Problems in 1940s Problems now

1. talking in class drug abuse

2 chewing gum alcohol abuse

3 making noise teen pregnancy

4 running in the halls suicide

5 cutting in line rape

6 dress code violations robbery

7 littering assault

Tapescript:

In the 1940s, the top seven problems for the U. S. schoolchildren were:

1. talking in class;

2. chewing gum;

3. making noise;

4. running in the halls;

5. cutting in line;

6. dress code violations;

7. littering.

Today's youngsters in the U.S. schools face a set of seven problems that are much more shocking:

1. drug abuse; 2. alcohol abuse; 3. teen pregnancy; 4. suicide; 5. rape;

6. robbery; 7. assault.

C.

1. Despite a 20% decline in the number of malnourished children in the world by 2020, 132 million will
still be underfed.

2. The cost of cutting child malnutrition in half by 2020 would be an extra 10 billion dollars a year.

3.
Twenty-five
billion
dollars
are
now
invested
in
developing
countries
annually
to
boost
farm
productivity,
secure
clean
water
sources,
develop
world
infrastructure,
and
improve
education
and
health.

4. Latin America will virtually eliminate child malnutrition by 2020. China will cut child malnutrition in
half.

5. India will continue to have one third of the world's underfed children by 2020. And Africa will see an
18% increase unless action is taken.

Tapescript:

A new food policy study predicts slowing progress against child's malnutrition over the next 20 years
unless governments take more aggressive action.

The International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington says international efforts to reduce the
number of malnourished children in the world have been awfully inadequate. It predicts that despite a 20
percent decline in the number of malnourished children by 2020, 132 million will still be underfed. The
cost of cutting child malnutrition in half by 2020 would be an extra 10 billion dollars a year. Twenty-five
billion
dollars
are
now
invested
in
developing
countries
annually
to
boost
farm
productivity,
secure
clean water sources, develop world infrastructure, and improve education and health. Ten billion dollars
more is a scant amount.

Not all regions face equally bleak food futures, Latin America will virtually eliminate child malnutrition
by 2020, and China will cut it in haft. But the Food Policy Organization says India will continue to have
one third of the world's underfed children. And Africa will see an 18 percent increase unless action is
taken.



Part II Anti AIDS campaign

1. As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic has claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living
with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system

2. Accounting
for more
than 3 million
deaths
in the past
year alone, the AIDS
virus has become the
deadliest micr6be in the world.

3. There are 34 developing countries where the prevalence of this infection is 2% or greater.

4. Fortunately, the AIDS story has not been all gloom and doom. Less than two years after AIDS was
recognized, the guilty agent- HIV- was identified. 14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed in
the U.S. and Western Europe.

5. By the year 2025, AIDS will be the major killer of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to as
low as 40
years in
some countries
and single-handedly
erasing
the public health
gains
of the past
50
years.

6. It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest impact on the global spread of
AIDS. The magnitude of the pandemic could range from 100 million to 1 billion, depending largely on
what happens in India and China.

7. HIV infection will continue to fester in about 0.5% of the population in the U. S.

8. A cure for AIDS by the year 2025 is not inconceivable. But even if an AIDS vaccine is developed
before
2025,
it
will
require
an
extraordinary
effort
of
political
will
among
our
leaders
to
get
to
the
people who need it most.

Tapescript:

Predicting the future is
risky business
for a scientist.
It
is
safe to
say, however, that
the
global AIDS
epidemic will get much worse before it gets any better. Sadly, this modern plague will be with us for
several generations, despite major scientific advances.

As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic has claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living
with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system. I Accounting for more than
3 million deaths in the past year alone, the AIDS virus has become the deadliest microbe in the world,
more lethal than even TB and malaria. There are 34 developing countries where the prevalence of this
infection is 2 percent or greater. In Africa nearly a dozen countries have a rate higher than 10 percent,
including four southern African nations in which a quarter of the people are infected. And the situation
continues
to
worsen;
more
than
6
million
new
infections
appeared
in
1999.
This
is
like
condemning
16,000 people each day to a slow and miserable death.

Fortunately,
the
AIDS
story
has
not
been
all
gloom
and
doom.
Less
than
two
years
after
AIDS
was
recognized, the guilty agent- human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV -- was identified. We now know
more about HIV than about any other virus, and 14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed in the
U. S. and Western Europe.

The epidemic continues to rage, however, in South America, Eastern Europe. and sub-Saharan Africa~
By the year 2025, AIDS will be by far the major killer of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to
as low as 40 years in some countries and single-handedly erasing the public health gains of the past 50
years.

It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest impact on the global spread of AIDS.
The magnitude of the pandemic could range from 100 million to 1 billion, depending largely on what
happens
in
India
and
China.
Four
million
people
have
already
become
HIV-positive
in
India,
and
infection is likely to reach several percent in a population of 1 billion.

An explosive AIDS epidemic in the U.S. is unlikely. Instead, HIV infection will continue to fester in
about 0.5 percent of the population.

A
cure
for
AIDS
by
the
year
2025
is
not
inconceivable.
But
constrained
by
economic
reality,
these
therapeutic advances will have only limited benefit outside the U.S. and Western Europe.

A vaccine is our only real hope to avert disaster unparalleled in medical history. A large, concerted effort
of research was launched three years ago in the U.S. and hints of promising strategies are emerging from
experiments
in
monkeys.
But
even
if
an
AIDS
vaccine
is
developed
before
2025,
it
will
require
an
extraordinary effort of political will among our leaders to get to the people who need it most.

B.

B1.

1. By the 12th grade, 90% of all public school students have taken at least two sex education courses.

2.
Beginning
in
the
7th
and
8th
grades,
over
half
of
the
1,500
junior
high
and
high
school
students
surveyed said they were taught how to deal with peer pressure to have sex, where to get and how to use
contraception, how to talk to a partner about safe sex, and where to get tested for sexually transmitted
diseases, including HIV Aids.

3. Although one third of the schools in the study focused exclusively on abstainers, the main message in
about 80% of all sex education courses is this: young people should wait to have sex, but if they don't,
they should use birth control and practice safe sex.

4. 40% of schools invited parents to attend sex education classes. But a surprising 22% of schools did
not notify parents at all.

5. One third of the students surveyed decided parents as a source of information about sex. 61% said that
most of what they do know about sex they learned from their friends, followed by television, movies and
magazines.

B2.

1. When does sex education usually start in the U. S. ? elementary school

2. What are some of the topics that most parents think are appropriate in a sex education class?

abstainers / basics of human reproduction / HIV Aids / sexually transmitted diseases / rape / safe sex /
condoms / birth control / abortion / homosexuality

2. What is the attitude of most parents towards sex education?

want schools to teach more

4. Why is there a surprising level of support from more sex education according to the researchers?

parents / don't talk about sex / want schools to do it

5. What is the important message that educators should know?

a need for more sex education / more practical approach to dangers and risks

Tapescript:

Most students in the nation's public schools receive some form of sex education. But it's not always clear
what schools are teaching or what educators, parents and children think about it. Kids are learning a lot
more about sex than many people think, and parents want schools to teach them even more.

Sex education usually starts in elementary school as part of a health curriculum. By the 12th grade, 90
percent of all public school students have taken at least two sex education courses.


providing messages about the importance of waiting to have sex.

Beginning
in
the
7th
and
8th
grades,
over
half
of
the
1,500
junior
high
and
high
school
students
surveyed said they were taught how to deal with peer pressure to have sex, where to get and how to use
contraception, how to talk to a partner about safe sex, and where to get tested for sexually transmitted
diseases,
including
HIV
Aids.
Although
a
third
of
the
schools
in
the
study
focused
exclusively
on
abstainers,
the
main
message
in
about
80
percent
of
all
sex
education
courses
is
this:
young
people
should wait to have sex, but if they don't, they should use birth control and practice safe sex.

But even fear of HIV Aids and sexually transmitted diseases

or getting pregnant doesn't always stop kids from having sex. Well, our parents know this?



Parents should have the right to keep their children out of sex education classes that teach things that
they don't agree with. Many schools do notify parents when their child starts sex education, but in most
cases, schools don't need the parents' permission. Instead 40 percent of schools invited parents to attend
sex
education
classes.
A
surprising
22
percent
of
schools
did
not
notify
parents
at
all.
Still
a
clear
majority
of
parents
wanted
to
see
more
sex
education
in
schools,
not
less.
And
they
don't
just
want
abstainers or the basics of human reproduction. Over 90 percent of parents want schools to cover HIV
Aids and sexually transmitted diseases, rape, safe sex. Most said condoms and birth control needed to be
discussed. They thought abortion was an
appropriate topic, and thought that homosexuality should be
included, too. Researchers say this surprising level of support from more sex education may be due to
the fact that parents don't talk to their children about sex, so they want schools to do it. We have a third
of the students surveyed decided parents as a source of information about sex. Sixty-one percent said
that
most
of
what
they
do
know
about
sex
they
learned
from
their
friends,
followed
by
television,
movies and magazines.

The
message
that
educators
should
know
is
that there
is
a
need
for
more
sex
education
not
less, and
more practical approach to the dangers and risks of sexual behavior.

Part III Innocents in danger
Summary

Internet communication can be dangerous for adults, and children are even more vulnerable. According
to Perry, the problem is that children use the Internet and far more often know more about it than their
parents do. But, the things we usually use to teach our children how to stay safe in shopping malls, and
on streets and in life, don't ordinarily apply online, because parents just don't understand it well enough
to set the rules.

One of the goals of UNESCO is to make sure all children have access to the Internet, and yet in doing
this we want to make sure they have access safely. It is a huge task. It is a worldwide problem and that is
the reason why our action has to be global and international. And there is one other aspect regarding hate
email or hate websites. The biggest danger obviously is not from information, but from people who want
to hurt children.

What we need to do is to control child pornography, to make sure that law enforcement does what they
can to clean up the criminal activities online, to help schools and teachers and libraries to get the most
out of the Internet, and to arm parents with the tools they need to educate their children and keep them
safe.

Tapescript:

Internet
communication
can
be
dangerous
for
adults,
and
children
are
even
more
vulnerable.
Amara
Selier and Perry
Afton
work with
an organization called
in
Danger.
'
It's
a world citizen's
movement to protect children from sexual abuse and pedophilia on the Internet.


abuse on the Internet.


there
are
laws
to
protect
children
from
abuse,
online
and
off
line;
they
apply
equally
in
both
places. The problem is that children use the Internet and far more often know more about it than their
parents do. But, the things we usually use to teach our children how to stay safe in shopping malls, and
on streets and in life, don't ordinarily apply online, because parents just d6n't understand it well enough
to
set
the
rules,
for
the
pedophiles
are
using
this
technology
and
the
fact
that
they
can
hide
behind
anonymity and pretend they're another child to lure our children in ways that we are not yet prepared to
teach our children to avoid.

One of the goals of UNESCO is to make sure all children have access to the Internet, and yet in doing
this
you
want
to
make
sure
they
have
access
safely.
It
sounds
like
a
huge
task
to
get
companies
and
countries involved in doing this.


has to be global and international. I think even though it's a very big task, we are little by little going to
get there, with everybody's help. '


how does that impact children?


the
pedophiles
use
child
pornography
to
desensitize
our
children.
So,
if
they're
setting
a
conversation
up,
and
they
send
a
photo
to
a
ten-year-old
of
another
ten-year- old
engaged
in
sexual
activity, that ten-year-old now thinks that perhaps it's not so unusual and it's not so contraband for them
to engage in sexual activity as well. And that's typically how it's used.




danger obviously is
not
from
information,
but
from
people who
want
to
hurt
children.
Uh,
but
there
are
hate
sites
and
bigotry
and
intolerance,
there
are
sites
where
children can order guns, and poison, and drugs, and tobacco and alcohol, there are sites that teach our
children
how
to
build
bombs
and
unfortunately
they
are
building
bombs
with
this
information,
and
there's
a
lot
of
misinformation
and
cults,
and
that
is
quite
dangerous,
I
mean,
in
addition,
we ...
our
children may be exposed to information that parents would prefer they're not exposed to. Because of this,
what we need to do is to arm parents with the tools they need to educate their children and keep them
safe, and make sure that law enforcement does what they can to clean up the criminal activities online.




control
child
pornography;
we
work
closely
with
law
enforcement;
we
get
all
of
the
Internet
service
providers and all of the Internet industry on board. And I should tell you that most of' them are there
already as part of ... as committed members of the National Action Committee. We're also committed to
helping schools and teachers and libraries to get the most out of the Internet by learning how to use it
and developing safety programs and education programs for parents so that parents will let their children
be on the Internet and help them deal with the risks they'll face day to
day from predators, and from
kooks and crackpots and misinformation and hate that they will face, so that we're here to empower the
parents to help keep the children safe.



Unit
6

Part I Warming up

A.

1. Over-scheduled syndrome -- the amount of free time for children dropping about 16% over the past
few years

2. Cultural shift in the past few years

a. The past: children taking part in extracurricular activities (ballet, gymnastics, football) in a casual way

b. The present: a real emphasis and stress on these children to be experts / prodigies in these activities

3. Solution: parents saying

Tapescript:

Market researchers estimate that the average teenager spends about $$82 of their own money a week on
clothing, food, and entertainment. But not all kids have time to
go shopping. As a matter of fact, the
amount of free time that children have has dropped about 16 percent over the last several years. Many
call it the over-scheduled syndrome.

There's been a real cultural shift in this country in the past few years. It used to be that children could
participate in ballet, or gymnastics, or football in a very casual way. Now there's a real emphasis and a
real
stress
on
these
kids
to
be
experts.
The
children
are
expected
to
become
prodigies
in
whatever
extracurricular activity it is that they choose.

Is it all necessary if the goal is simply to get into a selective college? Administration officers at Harvard
University
says,

Only
one-third
of
the
students
they
select
are
academic
or
extracurricular
prodigies. The rest are quote

What we're finding is that many parents now are starting to say
back. We've found parents who are pulling their children out of all of their activities. It's just too much
stress on the children, too much time away from homework, time away from sleeping, time away from
eating and enough, and a lot of parents now are just saying stop!




Part II British youth

Tapescript:

-- What scares me most about my future is not knowing what I want to do or where I am going.

-- Not having any money.

-- Not being able to do things I want to do.

-- Young people are witty, young people are creative.

-- I think the old ways are possibly changing and the kids who can cope with change are going to be the
kids that succeed.

-- I think they need a hand. I think somebody needs to understand them a bit better.

-- They seem a lot more open- minded, they don't seem to be able to be led as much today as maybe kids
of my age group -- the sixties and seventies.

--
Young
people
need
more
than
anything
an
opportunity
these
days.
They
need
a
chance
to
take
on
personal challenges.

Tapescript:

The word
their
own
fashions,
magazines,
music
and
style.
This
was
the
birth
of
what
we
now
know
as
youth
culture.

It
reached
its
heyday
in
the
60s
with
the
advent
of

London
bands
like
the
Beatles,
the
Rolling
Stones,
and
of
course
the
mini-skirt.
Through
the
70s
there
was
flower
power,
hippies,
teenyboppers and Punk. The 1980s brought the new romantics, dance music
-- and we also started to
think
about
the
future,
ecology
and
all
that ...
What
about
the
future? Where
do
they
see
themselves
going? How do they feel about living in the Britain of today?

1. What's the bright side and the dark side for young people according to this passage?

Bright side: dancing, clubs, music, fashion and fun

Dark side: fights, trouble, hooliganism; drugs and anarchy

2. What does the young Asian person say about being accepted in Britain?

not accepted ten years ago / gradually accept now / more people coming / different culture backgrounds

3. What's the purpose of setting up the organization in Britain?

a. To give advice

b. To help raise finance

c. To help raise finance ---

so as to help young people who would like to set up their own business with no money of their own

4. How many volunteers does the organization have?

Over 5,500.

5. How many new businesses will they start up this year?

About 3,700.

Tapescript:

-- What scares me most about my future is not knowing what I want to do or where I am going.

-- Not having any money.

-- Not being able to do things I want to do.

-- Young people are witty, young people are creative.

-- I think the old ways are possibly changing and the kids who can cope with change are going to be the
kids that succeed.

-- I think they need a hand. I think somebody needs to understand them a bit better.

The word
their
own
fashions,
magazines,
music
and
style.
This
was
the
birth
of
what
we
now
know
as
youth
culture.

It
reached
its
heyday
in
the
60s
with
the
advent
of

London
bands
like
the
Beatles,
the
Rolling
Stones,
and
of
course
the
mini-skirt.
Through
the
70s
there
was
flower
power,
hippies,
teenyboppers and Punk. The 1980s brought the new romantics, dance music -- and we also started to
think
about
the
future,
ecology
and
all
that ...
What
about
the
future? Where
do
they
see
themselves
going? How do they feel about living in the Britain of today?

When
you
think
about
young
people,
you
might
picture
dancing,
clubs,
music,
fashion
and
fun.
But
there is an equally well-known dark side: fights, trouble, hooliganism, drugs and anarchy. Is this a true
picture or is there another more positive side that the media do not show?

I think the young of today are having a hard time. First of all, throughout the ages back since the 40s, the
50s, young people have been portrayed very badly by the press. The press say the young ... don't believe
in anything, they don't want to do anything, they don't want to work, they don't want to get a job, they
don't want to provide any help for anybody else. This, I'm afraid, is absolute rubbish, but young people
are reading this all the time.

We
visited
the
City
of
Newcastle
in
the
northeast
of
England
where
there
is
a
large
multi-racial
community. 'There we met a young man of Asian extraction.

-- What's it like being a young Asian person in
Britain today in comparison to a few years ago? Is it
some easier to keep a separated cultural identity yet at the same time to be accepted ?

-- It didn't ten years ago or something, but gradually just started accepting it. It's probably because there
are more and more people from different culture backgrounds coming to this country. So people in this
country are accepting it ...