句子残缺

2021年1月24日发(作者：l1)
句子残缺考点小结

→句子缺少谓语

→过去分词
/
现在分词代替谓语动词

→句子缺少主句

一、考点详解

1.
句子缺少谓语

一般情况下，
英语句子都是由主语和谓语这两部分组成，
相比之下，
谓语显得更为重要，
因为谓语 是陈述主语的所发出的动作、
状态以及与其他成分的关系。
在汉语的表达中常会出
现省 略谓语动词的情况，
特别当谓语动词为系动词时，
如
“
你的想法真不错。”
受到汉语的影
响，学生，特别是初学者，会用
Your idea very nice
类似的错误句子来表达。这种汉英
的差异给学生学习英语带来很多问题。英语要求每一 个句子都必须出现谓语动词。

阅读以下例句，找出其中问题。

例句
1
：
The idea of a safer cigarette not new, and Tobacco groups have toyed with th
e ideafor 50 years but with no serious breakthroughs from either a health or a
business
perspective
.
例句
1
是由
and
连接的两个简单句，前半部分缺少系动词连接主语
The idea of a safer cigarette
和表语
not new
。所以应改为
The idea of a safer cigarette is not new.
2.
过去分词
/
现在分词代替谓语动词

在
SAT
试题 中，往往出现一些形式类似谓语动词的结构，出现在谓语位置上，比如现
在分词或过去分词等。

阅读以下例句，找出其中问题。

例句
2
：
Although he only taught SAT for a week, he surprisingly scored 2350.
例句
2
是一个非常简单的主从复合句，表面看来从句谓语动词为
taught
，主句为< br>scored
，两句都不缺乏任何部分，但该句的意义就明显不符合逻辑：
“
尽 管他只教了
SAT
一个星期，他却出乎意料地考了
2350
分。
”< br>根据该句所要表达的意义，我们可以推测出应
该是，
“
他只学了
SAT
一个星期
”
，而
taught
实际上是
teach
的过去分词，缺少了
be
动
词形成被动，所以该句应该改为：
Althoug h he was only taught SAT for a week, hesurprisingly scored 2350.
此
类问题比较隐蔽，
因 为有些动词的过去式与过去分词是相同的，
需要通过句子意义与逻辑去
判断。

阅读以下例句，找出其中问题。

例句
3
：
a) Betty Ford eulogized as trailblazer who helped millions
b) Betty Ford, whose
frank
talk about her travails of breast cancer, alcoh
olism and pill
addiction
made her for a time one of the nation's most
popular
women, was eulogized as a
courageous
trailblazer Tuesday in this desert
oa
sis
where she and her late husband, formerpresident Gerald Ford, lived after
the White House.
例句
3
为刊登在
USA today
上的一篇文章的标题和首段，我们先看一下标题
a)
，
eul ogized
是不是标题的谓语动词呢
?
我们可以与
b)
相比较，< br>b)
句的主干为
Betty Ford was eulogized as a courageous
trailblazer
，
显而易见，
eulog ized
只是
过去分词，需要
be
动词构成被动语态。标题中没有出现
be
动词主要是因为英文中的文章
标题并不需要时一个完整的句子，使用名词短语就可以，< br>eulogized as trailblazer whohelped millions
在标题中充当的是一个定语，
即过去分词
作定语。

阅读以下例句，找出其中问题。

例句
4
：
Responsible for running the biggest country in the world, Russia
’s
45-year-old
president seeming to exercise
limited

control
over it.
该例句中， 很显然没有正确的动词形式来充当谓语，
seeming
放在主语
Russia’s< br> 45-year-old president
后理应要做谓语，但是其形式为现在分词，无法 扮演该
角色，所以应该改为
seems/seemed
。

3.
句子缺少主句

句子残缺还表现在复合句中缺乏主句这一情况。

阅读以下例句，找出其中问题。

例句
5
：
The
surge
in silver prices which has attracted investors the world over, from
Chinaand India to the US, where the metal has become the investment of cho
ice for Americansdistrustful of the actions of the government and central bank
.
在阅读长难句时，首先要从分句
(
clause
：分句 的基本结构为：
NP+ VP)
层面观察，
因为复杂句都是由主要分句
(主句
)
和次要分句
(
从句
)
构成，
主句是必须 出现的，
而从句可以
选择出现。例句
5
中有两个分句，第一个为
wh ich has attracted investors the world over, from China and India to the US;
第二个为
wherethe metal has become the investment of choice for Americans distrustfu
l of the actions of thegovernment and central bank.
两个分句都是次要分句
(
从句
)
，
所以该句缺少主句。
这样的句子残缺问题，
一般只 要把其中一个从句改成主句就可以，
例句
5
只要把第一个从句的
which< br>删除，就可以变为主句。

二、真题再现

1. Research has shown that children, born with the ability to learn any hu
man language,even several languages at the same time.
(A) children, born with the ability to learn
(B) children, when born with the ability for learning
(C) children, they are born with the ability to learn
(D) children born with the ability to be learning
(E) children are born with the ability to learn
解析：该句子主句完整没有问题，但其宾语从句中缺少谓语动词，
born
为过去分词不
能单独做谓语。

2. In 1882 there were only seven female doctors practicing in France, wh
en in 1903 thenumber rising to 95.
(A) when in 1903 the number rising
(B) but by 1903 the number had risen
(C) its number rising in 1903
(D) there in 1903 the number rose
(E) however, in 1903 when the number had risen
解析：
该句子主句完整没有问题，
但其状语从句中缺少谓语动词，
rising
现在分词不能
单独做谓语。

3. In 1980 a scholar who was examining (A) a fifteenth-century letter-wri
ting
manual
discovering (B) fragments from (C) love letters exchanged (D) be
tween a famous twelfth-century couple, Abelard and Heloise. No error (E)
解析：
该句子去掉 定语从句等不相干成分，
就会发现主句不完整，
discovering
现在分
词无法做该主句的谓语。

4. Sometimes loud and frequently
annoying
, crows spending a lot of tim
e spreading trashacross suburban lawns.
(A) crows spending
(B) crows to spend
(C) crows spend
(D) crows, which spend
(E) crows, they spend
解析：该句子去掉不相干成分，就会发现主句 不完整，
spending
现在分词不可以做谓
语。

5. Although most people think of Egyptian
papyrus
as the earliest paper,
during the HanDynasty, the Chinese developing a process to create paper fro
m individual plant fibers that wasmuch closer to techniques used in modern p
apermaking.
(A) the Chinese developing a process to create paper from individual plan
t fibers that
(B) the Chinese developing a process and creating paper from individual p
lant fibers that
(C) the Chinese that developing a process to create paper from individual
plant fibers, it
(D) the Chinese developed a process to create paper from individual plant
fibers, it
(E) the Chinese developed a process to create paper from individual plant
fibers that
解析：
Althou gh
后面是个完整的从句，但在主句中虽然主语
Chinese
出现了，但没
有谓语动词与之相配。
分词结构式不能做谓语的，
即
developing
不 能单独做谓语。
划线部
分的后面是
that
引导的定语从句，整个句子还是没 有主句。