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Pocket英语语法(崔荣容)-视频笔记

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-24 23:58
tags:

-

2021年1月24日发(作者:shots)
v1.0
可编辑可修改

Pocket
英语语法
(
崔荣容
)-
视频笔记



第一讲

语序和五种基本句式

He learns English every day.

他每天学习英语。

(中英语序不同)


英语五种基本句式

一、主
+


二、主
+

+



系动词:起到联系作用的动词,连接主语与表语。

表语:描述主语的身份、性质、特征、状态

三、主
+

+


主语:动作发出者

谓语:作出的动作

宾语:动作的对象

四、主
+

+
间宾
+
直宾

间宾:通常是人

直宾:通常是物

五、主
+

+

+
宾补


宾补:对宾语的补充说明


一、主
+


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The universe remains.


宇宙长存


中英文语序一致

二、主
+

+


The food is delicious.


这个食物很好吃


中英文语序一致

三、主
+

+


He took his bag and left.

left
是第二个谓语)

他拿着他的包离开了

中英文语序一致

四、主
+

+
间宾
+
直宾

Her father bought her a dictionary.
buy sb sth
(双宾语)

她爸爸给她买了一本词典


her

a dictionary
,两个宾
语,一个是人、一个是物)

中英文语序一致

五、主
+

+

+
宾补

We made him our monitor.

我们选他当班长




him

our monitor
,都是指同一个人,
our monitor
是对
him
的补充说明)

中英文语序一致

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Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!

有志者事竟成!




第二讲
be
动词的形式和用法

一、
be
动词的形式:
be

am

is

are

was
were

being

been

1


2


3


4


5


6


The man is back.

They are back.

He was back.

They were back.

They have been back.

I

ll be back.

上述“
back
”是副词,构成主系表结构。


二、
be
动词的用法:起到
联系前后的作用
(
一 般翻译为“是”

或无实意而不作翻译
)
,多用于主系表结构。后面接名词、 形容
词、地点副词或短语作补足语成分。

1


2



The man is a teacher. a teacher
是名词

Mary

s new dresses are colorful. colorful
是形容
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3


My mother was in the kitchen. in the kitchen
是地
点副词。

4


I am 20.
数词也可做表语

5


It

s me.
代词也可做表语


三、
be
动词的练习

1


他们是老师

They are teachers.

2


他曾是一名老师

He was a teacher before.

3


他已经当了
3
年的老师

He has been a teacher for 3 years.



第三讲
be
动词的否定
/
提问
/
回答

一、
be
动词的否定


am

is
are

was

were
后面加
not< br>
缩略式
am not

isn

t,aren
t,wasn

t,weren

1


The man isn

t back.

2


I am not back.

3


They aren

t back.

4


He wasn

t back.

44

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5


They
weren’t
back.


二、使用
be
动词提问和回答

Is he a teacher

Yes,he is./No,he isn

t.


Are you a teacher

Yes,I am./No,I am not.


Were they teachers

Yes,they were./No,they weren

t.


三、
be
动词的练习:

1


他是医生吗

Is he a doctor


不,他不是

No,he isn

t.

2


他们昨天在教室吗

Were they in the classroom yesterday

Yes,they were./No,they weren

t.


3


他们昨天不在教室

They weren

t in the classroom yesterday.

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第四讲

代词的主格和宾格

主格代词:
I he she it you we they

1

I am a teacher.

2

He is a teacher.

3

You are teachers.


宾格代词:
me him her it you us them

1


He likes me.

2


We like her.

3


I like them.


练习

1


我喜欢它

I like it.

2
、他们认识他

They know him.



第五讲

名词性
/
形容词性物主代词

形容词性物主代词:
(后接名词)

单数形式:
my your his/her/its one

s

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复数形式:
our your their

1


This is
my
book.

2


We love
our
motherland.

3


Those are
your
socks.


名词性物主代词:

单数形式:
mine yours his/hers/its one

s

复数形式:
ours yours theirs

1


The book is ours.

2


The apple is hers.


练习

1


我的老师是中国人

My teacher is Chinese.

2


这个电脑是他们的

This computer is theirs.

3


我们的书在书架上

Our book is on the shelf.


主格

宾格

形容词性物




反身代词

主代词

I

you

me

you

my

your

77

主代词

mine

yours

myself

yourself

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he

she

it

we

you

they



him

her

it

us

you

them

his

her

its

our

your

their

his

hers

its

ours

yours

theirs

himself

herself

itself

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

第六讲

反身代词

单数
myself yourself himself herself itself

复数
ourselves yourselves themselves


反身代词的用法:
(指某人自己,通常是主语的“自己”


1


Please help yourself to some fish.
请随便吃些鱼吧

yourself
在动词
help

作宾语


2


We enjoyed ourselves last night.
我们昨晚玩得很开心

ourselves
在动词
en joyed

作宾语


3


The thing itself is not important.
这件事本身不重要

反身代词
itself
在名词
The
thing
后作
同位语,
起到解释、
说明名词的作用。


练习

1


Take good care of

yourself


照顾好……

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2


She gained control of (herself )
控制住了……



第七讲

实意动词的特征

实意动词
come go read watch play fly


1

He comes from Shenyang.


实意动词
comes
作谓语,后接介词短语
from
Shenyang
作宾语


动词
come
有一般现在时“单三”的变化


2

She is reading story books.


实意动词
reading
作谓语,后接动词
story books
作宾语


动词
read
有现在进行时的变化


3

They went to America yesterday.


动词
go
有一般过去时“
went
”的变化


4

We have watched the game for three times.


动词
watch
有现在完成时“
watched
”的变化


现在完成时:动作已经发生或对现在造成影响


5

My mother will fly back to China next month.


一般将来时:
will+
动词原形

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总结:实意动词有时态与数量(三单)上的变化


练习:

1
、他昨天来上海了

He came to ShangHai yesterday.

2
、我们正在写作业

We are writing homework.


3
、他们读这本书已经读
3
遍了

They have read this book three times.



第八讲

实意动词的否定
/
提问
/
回答

(
一般现在时与一般过去时
)

使用助动词进行否定

在助动词
do does did
后面加
not

do not/don

t

does not/doesn

t

did not/didn

t


例句:

don

t go to school by bus.

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doesn

t watch TV everyday.

didn

t swim last night.


使用助动词进行提问

1.

He often plays golf.

Does he often play golf

Yes,he does./No,he doesn

t.




2.

They go to school by bus.

Do they go to school by bus

Yes they do./No,they don

t.


3.

Sam had breakfast yesterday.

Did Sam have breakfast yesterday

Yes,he did./No,he didn

t.


练习:

1.

他每天都学英语吗

Does he learn English everyday

是的,他每天都学英语

Yes,he does.


2.

Tom
昨天没吃早饭

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Tom didn

t have breakfast yesterday.


第九讲

使用疑问词进行提问和回答(
1


(
一般现在时与一般过去时
)

使用疑问词进行提问

when,where,who,what,how

时间、地点、人物、干什么、怎样


例句

He bought three books yesterday.

1 2 3

1.

Who bought three books yesterday

对主语提问,原语序不变

2.

What did he buy yesterday

对宾语提问时,将助动词提前,并还原动词。

3.

When did he buy three books

对状语提问时,将助动词提前,并还原动词。



They wanted to go to ShangHai by air.

1 2 3

1.

Who wanted to go to ShangHai by air

2.

Where did they want to go by air

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3.

How did they want to go to ShangHai


第十讲

使用疑问词进行提问和回答(
2



使用疑问词进行提问

how long, how far, how often, why

多长时间,多远,

多长时间一次,为什么


1.

They have been in China for three years.

How long have they been in China
对时间状语提问


is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing to Xi

an.

How far is it from Beijing to Xi

an


come to visit me once a week.

How often do they come to visit me


4.

She came late, because she missed the bus.

Why did she come late


练习:

1.

他们学汉语多长时间了

How long have they learned Chinese

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2.

你多长时间看一次电影

How often do you watch movies

3.

你的家离学校多远

How far is it from your house to your school



第十一讲

名词

代表事物的词,包括具体和抽象的事物

名词分两类:

1


可数名词:
是指数得过来的概念。

app lepencilstudent

可数名词有单数和复数之分

apple-apples

pencil-pencils

tomato-tomatoes


2


不< br>可








的< br>数








sa ltcoffeewater
(historylove
抽象
)

不可数名词无复数,只用单数表示

salt-salt

coffee-coffee

water-water


3


可数名词变复数规则:

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1


一般末尾加后缀
-s

friend-friends


2



szxchsh
结尾的词,在该词末尾 加后缀
-es

bus-buses


3


辅音字母
+y
结尾的名词,将
y
改变为
i,
再加
es

candy-candies (

a e i o u
以外的字母为辅音
字母
)


4



-o
结尾的名词,
如果不是外来词或缩写,
就加
-es.
tomato-tomatoes,
hippo-hippos
缩写

(
从非英语国家引进的词汇为外来词,如
madam

从法国引进的外来词
)


3


可数名词前可加
a(an)
或量词,有复数变化

以元音开头的名词 前加
an

以辅音开头的名词前加
a

表示一个。

apple
——
an apple
——
apples


——
a box of apples
量词

Tomato
——
a tomato
——
tomatoes


——
a bag of tomatoes
量词


4


不可数名词前不可加
a(an)

没有复数,
但前面可以加量词。

Coffee
——
a cup of coffee


练习:

He bought me (a box of chocolate )
一盒巧克力

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(a bike)
一辆自行车



第十二讲

代词:指示代词和不定代词

指示代词(特指)
:标识人或事物的代词,用来代替前面已提到
的名词。

常用的:
thisthesethatthose

This is his book.

Those apples were his.


不定代词(泛指)
:指代不确定的人或事物。

常用的:
onethe othersomeanysomethingnothing

例:

No one knows where he is.
没人知道他在哪儿

Some
of
the
boys
want
to
go
to
Shanghai,but
the
others
want
to go to Xi

an.
一些男孩想去上海,其他人想去西安

Each of
the students has
got a
book.
每个学生都有一本书。


练习

1.

These

teachers are from China.


这些教师都是中国来的。

know(nothing )about this person.


我对这个人一无所知

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have (something)to tell you.


我有事要告诉你



第十三讲

形容词

1
、形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、 性质、大小等,
通常用在
名词前,
be
动词后

beautiful-beautiful girl

The girl is beautiful.


2

The+
形容词
=
复数名词(表示一类)

作主语时,后面的动词
使用复数的相应格式。

old-the old
老的—老年人(一类人、复数名词)

young-the young
年轻的—年轻人(一类人、复数名词)

The old need more care than the young.

The old
是复数名词,后面的动词
need
不能用三单的格式。


3
、练习:



1

She is a ( good )student.


她是一个好学生。

(2)This bike is ( expensive )


这辆自行车很贵



3


The
rich

sometimes
complain
their
empty
life.

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富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活



第十四讲

副词

1
、副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及其他结构。一般
表程度。

He runs fast.

She is very beautiful. very
修饰形容词
beautiful

They work very hard.


副词的位置


1


根据情况,放在助动词之后,实意动词之前或之后


2


形容词之前,其它副词之前或之后


3


多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后

He speaks very fast.

fast
在实意动词< br>speak
之后
,
在其它副词
very
之后。

They have already left.

already
在助动词
have


They have already been repaired.

already
在第一个助动词
have



2


常用的频度副词


alwaysusua llyoftensometimesnever
……)
的位置通常放
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在实意动词前面,
be
动词后面,助动词和实意动词之间。

They always come early.

Sam often writes homework at 7:00.


练习:

1

Please write the word( slowly)(
慢慢地
)

2

They (sometimes)come here. (
有时
)

3

The tree is ( very )tall.(
非常
)


第十五讲

不定量表达法(
1


不确定数量的表达法,用不确定的数量词来限定名词

Some any most every all


1


some ,any
都表示
“一些”

后面接可数名词复数、
不可数名
词单数。
some
主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定回答时,也
可用在疑问句中。
any
主要用在否定和疑问句中。

I

d
been
expecting some letters the
whole morning,but
there weren

t any for me.


2.

most
作形容词时表示“大部分的”
,后面接复数名词

Most people here are from China.


3.

every
表示“每一个、所有”,后面接单数名词。

1919

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Every one likes the film.


4.

all
表示“所有”
,后面接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。

All the cars are parked in the parking lot.

All the coffee is served on time.


练习:

1.

Some boys went camping yesterday.(
一些
)

2.

All the children like to play football.(
所有的
)

3.

Most teachers want to work here.
(大多数)


第十六讲

不定量表达法(
2


1.

both
表示“两者都”
,可作形容词、代词和副词,
either
是“两者之一”

neither
是“两者都不”


Both his eyes were severely burned.

There are trees on either side of the street.

Neither answer is correct.


2.

many
修饰可数名词,
表示
“许多”;
much
修饰不可数名词,
表示“许多”

a lot of(lots of)

plenty of
均可修饰可
数与不可数名词。

many books much water

a lot of/lots of books/water

2020

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练习:

1.

Both the hands are washed.(
两个都
)

2.

Xiaowang drank much (a lot of )coffee last night.(


)



第十七讲

不定量表达法(
3


few,为肯定含义“几个”

few
,为否定含义“没几个”
,以
上两 个词均和可数名词复数连用。

A few books are put into the box.

Few books are put onto the box.


little
为肯定含义
“一点儿”

little< br>为否定含义
“没多点”

以上两个词均可和不可数名词连用。

There is a little water in the bottle.

There is little water in the bottle.


3.

none

no
one
的意思相同,主要 作代词,翻译为“一个也
不,一点也不”
,用法稍有区别。

none
可以接
of
短语,动词可用单数也可用复数。

no one
不能接
of
短语,动词只能用单数。

No one knows the answer.

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None of us have(has)arrived.


练习:

A few books are put into the box. (
几本
)

There is a little water in the bottle. (
一点儿
)

None of us have(has) arrived. (
没有一个
)



第十八讲
There/Here be
句型

Here+be

根据上下文,
有多种翻译方法,
可以翻译成
“有”

“是”

b e
动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化。

There is a book on the bookshelf.
有……

There are some books on the bookshelf.
有……

Here is the bus stop.
这儿是……

Here are your books.
这儿是……


Here are your books
的正常语序为
Your books are
here
,主语是
Your
books

are

be
动词,
here
就表语,所以,
There/Here+be
为倒装句,实质为主系表结构。


练习:

1.

There is a lot of water in the bottle.(

)

2.

Here is your car.(
这是
)

3.

There are many students in the room.(

)

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第十九讲

一般现在时和现在进行时

1.
一般现在时:表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的 状态或动作。
主语是单数第三人称,动词有单三的变化,主语是非第三人
称单数时,动词为原形 。

They often get up at 7:00.

He often gets up at 7:00.






一般现在时,动词的单三变化
:

(1)
在动 词尾直接加
-s
,如:
play

plays

(2)
以字母
s

x

ch

o
结尾的动词加
-es
,如
:guess

guesses

(3)
以辅音字母
+y
结尾的动词,先变
y

i,
再加
-es
,如:


Study

studies



一般现在时否定和疑问句用
do

does
帮助构成

He doesn't like the car.

Does he like the car

Yes,he does./No,he doesn't.


They don't like the car.

Do they like the car

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Yes,they do./No,they don't.


2.
现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句中通常 有
now
等时间副词呼应,基本构成形式为
be+doing


They are watching TV.

He is watching TV.

I am watching TV.


动词现在分词的变化规则:


1
)一般情况下,直接在动词后加< br>-ing
,如
work-working

(2)
动词以不 发音的
-e
结尾,
要去
e

ing

如< br>take-taking

(3)



















-ing


:cut- cutting

(4)

-ie
结尾的动词,变
y
再加
-ing
,如
:lie-lying


现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时,将
be
动词否定或提前。


1

They aren't watching TV.

Are they watching TV

(2)He isn't watching TV.

Is he watching TV

(3)Am I watching TV

Yes,you are./No,you aren't.


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练习:

1.

He works (work) very late every day.

2.

Do you study English yourself

Yes, I do.

3.

They are playing (play)soccer now.



第二十讲

一般过去时和过去进行时

1.
一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习
惯性、经常性的行为。

基本结构:
主语
+
动词过去式
+
其他,
一般动词在 动词后面加
ed
,还有一些不规则动词有不规则变化。

Play

played come

came

1.

He worked very hard last night.

2.

They came here by car.





动词一般过去时变化规则:


1


一般在动词后加
-ed
。如:
p lay

played


2


在以字 母
e
结尾的动词后,只加
-d
。如:
like

l iked


3


在以
“辅音字母
+y

结尾的动词后,

y

i,
再加
-ed


如:
supply

supplied


4


在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词
后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加
-ed
。如:
plan

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planned



2.
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发
生的动作。其形式为
was/were+doing

They were waiting for you.

He was talking with his friends just now.


练习:

1.

They went (go)swimming yesterday.

2.

Sam was watching (watch)TV at 7:00 last night.



第二十一讲

将来时

一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态, 或将来某一
段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。
常常和表示将来的时间状语连
用。


如:
tomorrow
(明天)

next week
(下周)

in the future (
将来
)


1.
“助动词
will
或< br>shall+
动词原形”
,表示将要发生的事情。


1


They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.

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2


We shall leave for Shanghai next month.
离开去上海





2.

be
going
t o+
动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将
要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事, 意为“打算、就
要”


They are going to play football this afternoon.

She is going to learn French next year.


3.

be doing
”表示位置转移的动词。如:
go,come,leave,
start,arrive,
可用现在进行时表示将来时




1

They are leaving for Japan.
离开去日本

(2)She is arriving tomorrow.



练习:

1.

They are coming (come)here soon.

2.

Sam is going to learn (learn)Chinese next month.

will learn
也可以

3.

Peter and Mike will finish(finish) the job tomorrow
moring.

第二十二讲

完成时

1.

现在完成时(
have+.

,动作过去发生,已经 完成,对现在
造成影响或后果,动作可能还会持续,可使用的时间状语
为:
alrea dy(
已经
)

yet
(还)


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1


They have already arrived in Shanghai.


2


She has played soccer for 3 hours.


3


She hasn

t finished the homework yet.


2.

过去完成时(
had+.
)< br>,表示句中的动词发生在过去之前,
即过去的过去,已经完成,对过去造成了一定的影响或后果。


1


They had arrived in Shanghai.


2


She had played soccer for 3 hours.


3


She hadn

t finished the work yet.



练习:

1.

He has stopped (stop)the car outside.

2.

She hasn

t been (not be)to Sichuan yet.

3.

Have they planned (plan) to stay here



第二十三讲

动词的用法

1.
动词根据功能分为四类:

实意动词(
Notional Verb

:有实际意义的动词

系动词(
Link Verb

:起联系作用的动词

助动词(
Auxiliary Verb

:帮助构成句子成分的动词

情态动词(
Model
Verb

:有情态含义的动词,后接实意动词
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原形。



1
)动词有
数量和时态
的变化,时态通常有三大时态:现在、
过去和将来时。


2
)根据动作进行的状态可分为:一般时、进行时和完成时
< br>(
3
)使用动词时通常将(
1
)和(
2
)结合,如< br>:
一般现在时、
一般过去时、一般将来时;现在进行时、过去进行时;现在完成
时、过去完成时………

He goes to school every day.

He went to hospital last night.


动词形态变化总结:

动词原形

单三

现在分词

过去式

过去分词

play plays playing played played

have has having had had

go goes going went gone



第二十四讲

情态动词(
1

can/could/may/might

1.

can/could
:①“能怎样”
,表示“现在
/
过去”的能力,可用
be able to
代替;②“可能怎样”
,表示客观 可能性(
can

可能性大)
;③“可以怎样”
,通常用“
can/could I
”表示请
求和允许的语气,
could
更委婉。

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He can/could/is able to swim.


He can/could come tomorrow.
可能来

Can/could I stay here
可以留下吗

Can he sing an English song

Yes,he can./No,he can

t.


2.

may/might
:①表示可能性(
may
的可能性大)
;②通常用

may/might I
”表示请求、允许的语气,
might
更委婉。

口语中常用的回答:

(1)May I smoke here

Yes, please.

No, you can

t/mustn

t.
(禁止、不准)

(2)He may/might come here by bus.

(3)May/might I join you

Yes, please./No, you can

t./No, you mustn

t.






may/might I
开头的提问,肯定回答时,通常用“
Yes,
please.

。否定回答时,通常用


can

t(
不能
)

,
慎用禁止性
的“
mu stn

t(
不准
)

,一般不用“
may not
(可能不)表猜测,
语气很弱”




3.

练习:

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1


She could speak French before, but now she can

t.


2


Might/May/Could/Can
(按语气程度排序)
I come in

Yes, please.



第二十五讲

情态动词(
2

must/have to/should/ought to

1.

must/have
to

“必须 怎样”
,表示必须、必要(
must
主观多
一些、
have to
客观多一些,表“不得不”


have to
有时态和数量的变化,而
must
无此变化。

Must

have to
二者的否定意义不大相同。

如:
You mustn

t go.

不准
去。

You don

t have to go.
你不必去。

You
needn’t
go.
你不必去。



1


You must get up early.
主观必须


2


It

s going to rain, I have to go home now.

不得不



must

have to
提问的否定回答,须用“
needn

t


don

t have to

,
表示“不必”


Must I come here early tomorrow

No, you needn

t./No,you don

t have to.


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