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非谓语动词与从句的相互转换
一、如何把复合句改为简单句呢
?
首先,分清主从复合句,先要取消从句,一般要把引导从句的连词去掉。例
如:
When he was waiting for the bus, he saw a dog.
→
Waiting for the bus, he saw a dog.
其次,如果从句的谓语动词是主动式,就要把谓语 动词改为现在分词
;
如果
从句的谓语动词是被动式就要把谓语动词改为过去分词
;
并且要注意时态的变
化。
例如:
1. After he had finished his homework , he went home.
→
Having finished his homework, he went home.
2. Because I have promised to meet my friend at the airport, I can
’
t accept your
invitation.
→
Having
promised
to
meet
my
friend
at
the
airport,
I
can
’
t
accept
your
invitation.
3. As he was deeply moved by the story, he couldn
’
t keep back his tears.
→
Deeply moved by the story, he couldn
’
t keep back his tears.
4.
As
he
was
born
into
a
tenant
farmer
family,
he
had
only
two
years
of
schooling.
→
Born into a tenant farmer family, he had only two years of schooling.
另外,
还要注意在用分词短语作状语时,
它逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语
一致。如果主从句的主语不一致,在取消掉从句变为
-ing
或
-ed
形式时,要把
从句的主语保留,其它部分和以前的改法一样。
例如:
As it was hot, we went swimming.
→
It being hot, we went swimming.
注意:
在用分词短语作状语时,
它也可以 有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,
这种
结构称为独立主格结构。
在很多的情况下它都表示一 种伴随的动作或表示一种原
因。例如:
1. If weather permits, I will go there.
→
Weather permitting, I will go there.
2. After the shower was over, we continued to march.
→
The shower being over, we continued to march.
3.
Late
that
autumn,
when
his
work
was
finished,
he
prepared
to
return
to
his
institute.
→
Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.
4. As so many comrades were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
→
So many comrades being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
通过上面的例句我们可以看出,
v-ing
的一般式所表示的动 作大都和句子中
的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或动作正在进行。
v -ing
的完 成式表示的动作
在句子中谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生。
这时它在句子中多作状语,< br>表
示时间和原因。表示时间时,常放于句首
;
表示原因时,常放在句末或句首。
现在分词和过去分词一样,
也可以作状语,
很多都说 明动作发生的背景或情
况
;
所不同的是现在分词所表示的是主动而过去分词表示的是被 动。
综上所述,非谓语动词做状语的用法可以分为
4
类:
1. v-ed
表被动,更多的情况下也表示动作的完成,作状语时更是如此
;
2.
v-ing
表主动,其一般式所表示的动作大都和句子的 谓语动词所表示的动
作同时发生或
v-ing
所表示的动作正在进行,有时还可以表示 结果。
3.
v-ing
的完成式表示的动作在句中 谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发
生。
4.
v- ing
的被动完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前
发生,并且是被动的。
总之,尽管非谓语动词的用法非常复杂,但归纳一下,其实很简单,掌 握动
作的主动与被动,先分清是
v -ing
还是
v -ed;
然后看它所表示的动作和句子主语
的动作时间上的关系来决定是用
v -ing
的一般式还是用
v -ing
的完成式,还是用
其被动完成形式。
一、非谓语动词与从句的相互关系
(
一
)
不定式和分词作定语相当于定语从句
不定式通常位于被修饰名词后。
与该名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
如果不定
式 与所修饰名词在意思上是被动且逻辑上的主语不出现时,要用不定式的被动
式,
与所修饰名词构 成逻辑上的主谓关系。
分词作定语时,
单个分词置于名词之
前,
分词短语置于 名词之后,
与名词构成主谓关系或被动主谓关系。
定语从句和
不定式、分词作定语只是 两种不同的表达方式,本质是相同的。
【不定式作定语
时,
放在被修饰词之后,
表将要发生的事;
动名词放在被修饰的词之前,
表用途;
现在分词作定语,放在被修 饰词后,含有进行和主动的意思。可认为单个放前,
短语放后】
例如:
I have many letters to type
.
(
动宾关系
)
→
I have many letters which I should type
.
I have many letters to be typed
.
(
被动主谓关系
)
→
I have many letters which are to be typed by other
.
The standing people shouted at the dog =The people who is standing shouted at
the dog
.
(
主谓关系
)
(
二
)
不定式和分词作状语相当于状语从句
1
.不定式多作目的状语和结果状语.故可以转化为相应的目的状语从句和
结果状语从 句。
例如:
Mother got up early to catch the early bus
.
(
目的状语)
→
Mother got up so early as to(in order to)catch the early bus
.
→
Mother got up early so that(in order that)she might catch the early bus
.
【注意】
so as to
和
so that
不可放在句首。
She is too young to join the army
.
(
结果状语
)
She is so young that she cannot join the army
.
2
.分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条 件、方式和让步等,相当于相应状
语的从句。
如果分词的逻辑主语与主句主语一致,
则 用现在分词;
如果分词的逻
辑主语与主句是被动关系且主语一致时,
则用过去分词。< br>分词作状语时,
如果其
带有逻辑上的主语,
称为分词的独立主格结构。
分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语无
语法联系。
例如:
Seeing those pictures
.
he couldn't help thinking of the unforgettable days
in New York
.
(
时间状语
)
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