-
1
、
外文原文（复印件）
A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer
Th
e si
ng
le
-
ch
i
p mi
cr
oc
om
pu
ter
is
t
he
c
ul
mi
nat
i
on
o
f bo
th
t
h
e d
ev
el
op
me
nt o
f th
e d
ig
it
al com
p
ut
er an
d t
he int
e
gr
at
ed ci
rc
ui
t
a
r
gu
ab
ly
th
e
t
ow m
os
t
s
i
gn
if
ic
ant
i
nv
en
ti
on
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
0t
h
c
en
tury
[
1
].
Th
es
e to
w typ
e
s of
a
rc
hi
te
ctu
r
e ar
e fo
un
d
i
n s
in
gl
e
-
ch
ip
m
i
cr
oc
om
pu
te
r.
So
m
e
em
pl
oy
t
he
sp
l
it
p
ro
gr
am
/d
ata
me
mo
ry
o
f
th
e
H
a
rv
ar
d
ar
ch
it
ect
u
re
,
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
g.3
-5
A-
1,
o
th
ers
fo
ll
ow
t
he
p
h
il
os
op
hy
,
wi
del
y
a
da
pt
ed
f
or
ge
n
er
al
-p
ur
po
se
co
m
pu
te
rs
a
nd
m
i
cr
op
ro
ce
ss
or
s, of ma
ki
ng no lo
gi
c
al di
st
in
ct
io
n be
tw
ee
n p
ro
gram
a
n
d
da
ta
m
em
or
y a
s
i
n
th
e
Pr
in
cet
o
n
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
re,
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
g.
3
-
5
A
-2.
In
g
en
er
al
te
r
ms
a
s
in
gl
e
-
chi
p
m
ic
ro
co
mp
ut
er
i
s
c
h
ar
ac
te
ri
ze
d b
y th
e i
nc
or
po
ra
tio
n of al
l t
he uni
t
s o
f a co
mp
ut
er
i
n
to
a
s
in
gl
e
dev
i
ce
,
as
s
ho
wn
in
Fi
g3
-5
A
-
3.
Program
memory
Input&
Output
CPU
unit
Data
memory
Fig.3-5A-1
A Harvard type
memory
CPU
Fig.3-5A-2.
A conventional Princeton computer
Input&
Output
unit
External
Timer/
System
Timing
Counter
clock
components
Serial I/O
Reset
ROM
Prarallel
I/O
Interrupts
RAM
CPU
Power
Fig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputer
Read only memory (ROM)
.R
OM
i
s
u
su
al
ly
f
or
th
e
p
er
ma
ne
nt
,
n
o
n-
vo
la
ti
le
s
tor
a
ge
o
f
an
a
pp
lic
a
ti
on
s
pr
og
ra
m .
M
an
y
m
i
cr
oc
om
pu
te
rs an
d mi
cr
oc
on
tr
ol
le
r
s a
re in
t
en
de
d fo
r h
ig
h
-
v
olume
a
p
pl
ic
at
io
ns
a
nd h
en
ce
t
he
e
co
nom
i
ca
l ma
nu
fa
ct
ure
of
t
he
d
ev
ic
es
r
e
qu
ir
es
t
ha
t
the
co
nt
en
ts
o
f
the
pr
og
ra
m
me
mo
ry
b
e
co
mm
it
te
d
p
e
rm
an
en
tl
y d
ur
in
g th
e m
an
uf
ac
tu
re
o
f
c
hi
ps . Cl
ear
l
y, th
is im
pl
ies
a
ri
g
or
ou
s
a
pp
roa
c
h t
o R
OM
co
de
d
e
ve
lo
pm
en
t
s
in
ce
c
ha
ng
es
ca
nnot
b
e
m
ad
e
af
te
r
man
u
fa
ct
ur
e .T
hi
s d
e
ve
lo
pm
en
t
pr
oce
s
s
ma
y
in
vo
lv
e
e
m
ul
at
io
n us
in
g
a s
op
hi
st
ic
at
ed
dev
e
lo
pm
en
t sy
st
em
w
i
th
a
ha
rd
wa
re
e
m
ul
at
io
n ca
pa
bil
i
ty
a
s we
ll
a
s th
e
u
se
o
f po
we
rf
ul
so
ft
wa
re
t
oo
ls.
So
me
m
an
uf
act
u
re
rs
p
ro
vi
de
ad
d
it
io
na
l
RO
M
opt
i
on
s
by
i
n
cl
ud
in
g i
n th
ei
r ra
ng
e de
vi
ce
s wi
th
(
or
i
nt
en
de
d fo
r us
e with)
u
s
er pr
og
ra
mm
ab
le
m
em
or
y. Th
e s
im
p
le
st of th
es
e i
s us
ua
ll
y d
evice
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
op
er
ate
in
a
m
ic
ro
pr
oce
s
so
r
mo
de
b
y
usi
n
g
so
me
o
f
th
e
i
n
pu
t/
ou
tp
ut
li
ne
s
as
a
n
ad
dr
es
s
an
d
da
ta
b
us
f
or
acc
e
ss
in
g
e
x
t
er
na
l
m
e
mo
ry. T
hi
s t
ype
o
f d
ev
ic
e c
an b
e
ha
ve fu
nc
ti
on
al
l
y a
s t
he si
ng
le
c
h
ip mi
cr
oc
om
pu
te
r fr
om wh
ic
h i
t i
s de
ri
ve
d a
lb
eit
w
it
h r
es
tr
ic
ted
I
/
O
an
d
a
mo
di
fie
d
e
xt
er
na
l
ci
rcu
i
t.
T
he
u
se
o
f t
h
es
e
RO
Ml
es
s
d
e
vi
ce
s is
c
om
mo
n e
ve
n in
p
ro
du
ct
io
n
c
ir
cu
it
s wh
er
e t
h
e
v
ol
um
e does
n
o
t ju
st
if
y th
e d
e
ve
lo
pm
en
t co
sts
of
c
us
to
m on
-
ch
i
p RO
M[
2]
;t
he
re
c
a
n st
il
l
b
e
a
si
g
ni
fi
ca
nt
s
a
vi
ng
in
I/
O
a
nd
ot
he
r
c
hi
ps
co
mp
ared
t
o
a
c
on
ve
nt
io
nal
mi
cr
op
ro
ce
ss
or
b
as
ed
c
ir
cu
it. M
o
re
e
xa
ct
r
e
pl
ac
em
en
t fo
r RO
M
d
ev
ic
es
c
an
b
e o
bt
ai
ne
d in
t
he
f
o
rm
o
f va
ri
ants
w
i
th
'
pi
gg
y
-
ba
ck'
EP
RO
M(
Er
as
ab
le
p
ro
gr
am
ma
bl
e
ROM
)s
oc
ke
ts
o
r
d
e
vi
ce
s
w
it
h
EP
ROM
i
ns
te
ad
o
f
R
OM
。
Th
es
e
d
ev
ic
es
ar
e
na
tu
ra
ll
y
mo
re
e
x
pe
ns
iv
e
th
an
eq
u
iv
al
en
t
RO
M
dev
i
ce
,
bu
t
do
p
rov
i
de
c
om
pl
et
e
c
i
rc
ui
t
eq
ui
va
len
t
s.
E
PR
OM
b
as
ed
d
ev
ic
es
a
re
a
lso
ex
tr
em
el
y
a
t
tr
ac
ti
ve
f
or
lo
w
-
v
ol
um
e
ap
pl
ica
t
io
ns
w
he
re
t
hey
pr
ov
id
e
th
e
a
d
va
nt
ag
es
o
f
a s
i
ng
le
-
c
hi
p
de
vic
e
,
in
t
er
ms
o
f o
n
-c
hi
p
I/
O,
e
t
c.
,
wi
th
t
he
co
n
ve
ni
en
ce
o
f
fle
x
ib
le
u
se
r
progr
a
mm
ab
il
it
y.
Random access memory (RAM).
RA
M
i
s
fo
r
th
e
st
ora
g
e
of
w
or
ki
ng
v
a
ri
ab
le
s an
d
d
at
a
u
se
d
d
ur
in
g
p
ro
g
ra
m ex
ec
ut
io
n. T
he
si
z
e
of
t
his
m
e
mo
ry va
ri
es wit
h de
vi
ce ty
pe bu
t it ha
s t
he sam
e ch
ar
ac
te
ri
st
ic
w
i
dt
h
(4
,8
,1
6
bit
s
e
tc.)
a
s
th
e p
r
oc
es
so
r
,S
pe
cia
l
f
un
ct
io
n
r
e
gi
st
er
s,
s
uc
h a
s
s
ta
ck
p
oi
nt
er
o
r
ti
me
r
re
gi
ste
r
a
re
o
ft
en
l
o
gi
ca
ll
y
in
co
rpo
r
at
ed
i
nt
o
th
e R
A
M
ar
ea.
It
i
s a
l
so
c
om
mo
n
in
H
a
ra
rd ty
pe
m
ic
ro
c
om
pu
te
rs to
t
re
a
t t
he
R
AM
a
re
a as
a
c
ol
le
ction
o
f
r
eg
is
te
r;
it
is
un
ne
ce
ss
ar
y
t
o
m
a
ke
d
is
ti
nc
ti
on b
et
we
en
RA
M
and
p
r
oc
es
so
r
re
gi
ste
r
a
s
i
s
d
on
e
i
n
th
e
c
as
e
o
f
a
mi
cr
op
r
oc
es
so
r
sy
st
em
s
i
nc
e R
AM an
d r
eg
i
st
er
s a
re no
t u
s
ua
ll
y p
hy
si
ca
ll
y se
pa
ra
te
d in a
m
i
cr
oc
om
pu
te
r .
Central processing unit (CPU).
T
h
e C
PU is mu
ch l
i
ke th
at of
a
n
y
mi
cr
op
ro
ce
sso
r.
Ma
ny
a
pp
li
cat
i
on
s
of
m
ic
ro
com
p
ut
er
s
an
d
m
i
cr
oc
on
tr
ol
le
rs in
vo
lv
e t
he ha
ndl
i
ng of bi
na
ry
-c
od
e
d d
ec
im
al (B
CD)
d
a
ta (f
or nu
me
ric
a
l d
is
pl
ay
s, for
e
xa
m
p
le
) ,
he
nce
i
t i
s c
om
mo
n to
f
i
nd
t
ha
t th
e CP
U i
s we
ll
a
da
pt
ed
t
o
h
an
dl
in
g th
is
t
y
pe
o
f da
ta
.
It
i
s
a
ls
o
co
mm
on
to
fi
nd
g
oo
d
fa
cil
i
ti
es
f
or
t
es
tin
g
,
se
tt
in
g
an
d
r
e
se
tt
in
g
i
nd
iv
id
u
al
bi
ts
of
me
mo
r
y
o
r I
/O
si
nc
e m
a
ny
c
o
nt
roller
a
p
pl
ic
at
io
ns
i
nvo
l
ve
t
he
tu
rn
in
g
o
n
a
nd
of
f
o
f si
ng
l
e ou
tp
ut
li
nes
o
r
t
he
re
ad
in
g
t
he
si
ng
le
li
ne.
T
he
s
e li
ne
s
a
re
re
ad
i
ly
i
nt
er
faced
t
o
t
wo
-s
ta
te
d
evi
c
es
s
uc
h
as
s
wit
c
he
s,
t
he
rm
os
tat
s
,
so
li
d
-
st
at
e
r
e
la
ys
,
va
lv
es
, m
o
to
r,
e
tc.
Parallel
input/output.
Pa
ra
ll
el
in
pu
t
a
nd
ou
tp
ut
s
c
he
me
s
v
ary
s
o
me
wh
at
i
n
di
ffe
r
en
t
mi
cr
oc
om
put
e
r;
i
n
mo
st
a
me
c
ha
ni
sm
i
s
p
r
ov
id
ed
t
o
a
t
l
ea
s
t al
lo
w
s
om
e
f
le
x
ib
il
it
y of
ch
oo
s
in
g wh
ic
h
pins
a
r
e o
ut
pu
t
s a
nd
w
h
ic
h a
re
i
np
ut
s.
T
hi
s ma
y ap
pl
y t
o al
l or
s
om
e of
t
h
e p
or
ts. S
om
e I
/
O l
in
es ar
e s
ui
t
ab
le fo
r d
ir
ect
i
nt
er
fa
ci
ng
t
o
,
f
o
r
ex
am
pl
e,
f
luo
r
es
ce
nt
d
is
pl
ays
,
o
r
ca
n
pr
ov
ide
su
ff
ic
ie
nt
c
u
rr
en
t t
o m
ak
e in
t
er
fa
ci
ng ot
he
r c
o
mp
on
en
ts st
ra
ig
h
tf
or
wa
rd. S
ome
d
e
vi
ce
s al
lo
w an
I
/
O po
rt
t
o be
con
f
ig
ur
ed
a
s a s
yst
e
m bu
s to
a
ll
ow
o
f
f-
ch
ip
m
em
or
y a
n
d
I/
O
ex
pa
ns
ion.
T
hi
s
fa
ci
li
ty
i
s
po
t
e
nt
ia
ll
y
u
s
ef
ul
a
s
a
p
ro
du
c
t ra
ng
e
d
ev
el
op
s
, si
nc
e
s
uc
ce
ss
i
ve
e
nh
an
ce
ments
m
a
y b
ec
om
e to
o big
f
or
o
n
-
ch
ip
m
emo
r
y a
nd
i
t is
u
nde
s
ir
ab
le no
t to
b
u
il
d
on
t
he
e
xis
t
in
g
so
ft
wa
re
ba
s
e.
Serial input/output
.S
er
ia
l
c
omm
u
ni
ca
ti
on
w
it
h t
e
rm
in
al
d
e
vi
ce
s is
c
om
mon
me
a
n
s of
p
ro
vid
i
ng
a
l
in
k us
ing
a sm
al
l nu
mb
er
o
f
l
in
es.
Th
is
so
r
t
of
c
om
mu
ni
cat
i
on
c
an
a
ls
o
be
e
xp
lo
it
ed
f
or
i
n
te
rf
ac
in
g
sp
eci
a
l
fu
nc
ti
on
c
hip
s
o
r
li
nk
in
g
sev
e
ra
l
m
i
cr
oc
om
pu
te
rs
to
g
et
he
r .B
ot
h
t
he
co
mm
on
as
yn
ch
ro
n
ou
s sy
nc
hr
on
ous
c
o
mm
un
ic
at
io
n
sch
e
me
s
re
qu
ir
e
pro
t
oc
ol
s
th
at
p
rov
i
de
f
ra
mi
ng
(
s
ta
rt
a
nd
s
to
p)
i
n
fo
rm
at
io
n .T
his
ca
n be
i
mp
le
me
nt
e
d as
a
h
ar
dw
are
f
a
ci
li
ty
o
r
U(
S)A
R
T(
Un
iv
er
sa
l(
sy n
c
hr
on
ou
s)
a
sy
nch
r
on
ou
s
r
e
ce
iv
er
/t
ra
ns
mit
t
e r
)
re
li
ev
in
g t
h
e
pr
oc
es
so
r
(an
d
t
he
a
p
pl
ic
at
io
ns
pr
og
r
am
me
r)
of
t
hi
s
l
o
w
-
le
ve
l,
t
i< br>me
-c
o
ns
um
in
g,
de
ta
il.
t
i
s me
re
ly
n
ec
es
s
ar
y t
o se
le
ct
ed
a
b
au
d
-
ra
te
a
nd
p
os
si
bl
y other
o
p
ti
on
s (n
um
be
r of
st
op
b
it
s,
p
ar
it
y
, et
c.
) an
d lo
ad
(o
r re
ad
f
rom)
t
h
e se
ri
al
tr
an
sm
i
tt
er
(
or
re
ce
iv
e
r)
b
uf
fe
r.
Se
ri
a
li
za
ti
on
o
f the
d
a
ta
i
n
th
e
ap
pro
p
ri
at
e
fo
rm
at
is
th
en
h
an
dl
ed
by
th
e
ha
rd
wa
re
c
i
rc
ui
t.
Timing/counter facilities.
M
any
ap
pl
ic
at
io
n of s
in
gl
e
-
ch
ip
m
i
cr
oc
om
pu
te
rs
re
q
ui
re
a
cc
ur
at
e e
v
al
ua
ti
on
o
f
ela
p
se
d
re
al
t
i
me
.
Th
is
c
an
b
e d
et
er
mi
ne
d by
c
ar
e
fu
l as
se
ss
me
nt
o
f
t
he
e
xe
cu
tion
t
i
me
o
f
ea
ch
b
ran
c
h
in
a
p
ro
gr
am
b
ut
t
hi
s
ra
pi
dly
be
co
me
s
i
n
ef
fi
ci
en
t fo
r
a
l
l bu
t s
im
pl
es
t p
ro
gr
am
s
.
Th
e pr
e
fe
rr
ed
a
pp
roach
i
s to us
e t
im
er c
i
rc
ui
t t
ha
t c
an in
de
pe
nd
en
tl
y co
u
nt pr
ec
is
e t
ime
i
n
cr
em
en
ts
a
nd
ge
n
er
at
e
an
i
nt
err
u
pt
a
ft
er
a
p
res
e
t
ti
me
h
as
e
l
ap
se
d .
Th
is
t
yp
e of
t
im
er
i
s us
u
al
l
y ar
ra
ng
ed
t
o be
r
el
oa
da
ble
w
i
th
t
he
r
eq
ui
red
co
un
t .T
he
t
ime
r
t
he
n
de
cr
em
ent
s
t
hi
s
va
lu
e
p
r
od
uc
in
g a
n i
nte
r
ru
pt or se
tt
ing
a fl
ag wh
en the
c
ou
nt
er re
ac
hes
z
e
ro. B
et
te
r t
ime
r
s t
he
n h
av
e t
he
a
bi
li
ty to au
to
m
at
ic
al
ly re
load
t
h
e
in
it
ia
l
co
unt
va
lu
e.
T
hi
s
rel
i
ev
es
t
he
p
ro
gra
m
me
r
of
t
he
r
e
sp
on
si
bi
li
ty
of
re
lo
ad
in
g
t
he
co
u
nt
er
a
nd
as
se
ssi
n
g el
ap
se
d
t
im
e
b
e
fo
re th
e t
im
er re
st
ar
te
d ,
wh
ich
o
th
er
wi
se wo
und
b
e n
ec
es
sa
ry if
c
o
nt
in
uo
us
p
re
cis
e
ly
t
im
ed
i
nt
err
u
pt
s
we
re
r
eq
uir
e
d
(a
s
in
a
c
l
oc
k
,f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
).
So
me
ti
me
s
ass
o
c
i
at
ed
w
it
h
tim
e
r
is
a
n
ev
en
t
c
o
un
te
r.
W
it
h
thi
s
f
ac
il
it
y
th
ere
is
u
su
al
ly
a
sp
e
ci
al
i
np
ut
p
i
n
,t
ha
t
ca
n
dri
v
e
th
e
co
un
te
r d
i
re
ct
ly.
Timing
components.
Th
e
cl
oc
k
ci
rc
u
it
ry
o
f
m
o
st
mic
r
oc
om
pu
te
rs
r
e
qu
ir
es
o
nl
y
s
im
p
le
t
im
in
g
c
om
po
n
en
ts. If
ma
xi
mu
m
p
er
fo
rm
an
c
e is
r
e
qu
ir
ed
,a
c
ry
sta
l
m
us
t
be
u
se
d t
o
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
max
i
mu
m
cl
oc
k
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y i
s a
ppr
o
ac
he
d b
ut no
t ex
c
ee
de
d. Ma
ny clo
c
k c
ir
cu
it
s a
lso
w
o
rk
wi
th
a r
es
is
t
or
an
d
c
ap
ac
ito
r
as
l
o
w
-
co
st
ti
m
in
g
c
om
po
nents
o
r ca
n b
e d
ri
ve
n fr
om an ex
te
rn
al
s
ou
rc
e. Th
is la
t
te
r a
rr
an
ge
ment
i
s
u
se
fu
l
is
e
xte
r
na
l
sy
nc
hr
on
iza
t
io
n
of
t
he
m
icr
o
co
mp
ut
er
i
s
r
e
qu
ir
ed.
WORDS AND TERMS
culmination n.
顶点
spilt adj.
分离的
volatile n.
易变的
commit v.
保证
albeit conj.
虽然
custom adj.
定制的
variant adj.
不同的
piggy-back adj.
背负式的
socket n.
插座
B:PLC[1]
P
L
Cs (p
ro
gr
am
ma
bl
e lo
gi
ca
l c
on
tro
l
le
r) fa
ce ev
er m
o
re co
mp
lex
c
h
al
le
ng
es
t
he
se
d
a
ys
.
W
he
re
o
nc
e t
he
y qu
ie
tl
y re
pl
a
ce
d re
la
ys
and
g
a
ve an
o
cc
as
io
na
l re
po
rt
t
o a co
r
po
ra
te ma
in
fr
am
e
, t
he
y ar
e now
g
r
ou
pe
d in
to
c
el
ls
,
g
iv
en
n
ew
j
ob
a
n
d ne
w la
ng
ua
ge
s,
an
d ar
e fo
r
c
e
d
t
o co
mp
et
e ag
ai
ns
t a gr
ow
in
g ar
ra
y of
c
on
tr
ol
p
ro
d
uc
ts. F
or
this
y
e
ar
's
a
nn
ua
l PL
C t
ec
hn
ol
og
y up
da
te
,w
e qu
er
ie
d PL
C m
ak
er
s on
t
hese
t
o
pi
cs
a
nd
m
or
e .
Programming languages
H
i
gh
er
l
ev
el
P
LC
p
ro
gr
am
mi
ng
l
ang
u
ag
es
h
av
e
be
en
a
ro
un
d
fo
r
s
o
me ti
me ,b
ut
l
a
t
e
ly th
ei
r p
op
ul
ar
i
ty ha
s
m
us
hr
oo
mi
n
g.
s
R
ay
mond
L
e
ve
il
le
,
vi
ce
pr
e
si
de
nt
&
g
en
era
l
m
an
ag
er
,
Si
eme
n
s
En
er
gy
&
A
ut
om
at
io
n .
in
c;
P
ro
gr
am
ma
bl
e c
on
t
ro
ls ar
e b
ei
ng
u
s
ed fo
r m
or
e
and
m
o
re
so
ph
is
ti
ca
te
d
o
p
er
at
io
ns
,
la
n
gu
ag
es
ot
he
r
th
a
n l
ad
de
r
l
ogic
b
e
co
me
m
or
e
p
ra
ct
i
ca
l,
e
ff
ic
ie
nt,
an
d po
w
er
fu
l.
F
o
r ex
am
pl
e,
it's
v
e
ry
d
if
fi
cu
lt
to
wr
it
e
a
tr
ig
ono
m
et
ri
c
fu
nc
ti
on
u
si
ng
l
ad
de
r
l
o
gi
c .
La
ng
ua
ges
ga
in
in
g
ac
ce
pta
n
ce
i
nc
lu
de
B
ool
e
an
,
co
nt
ro
l
s
y
st
em
f
lo
wc
ha
rti
n
g,
a
nd
su
ch
fu
nc
t
io
n ch
ar
t
l
an
gua
g
es
a
s
G
ra
ph
ce
t
a
n
d
it
s
va
ri
at
ion
.A
nd
t
he
re
's
in
c
re
as
in
g
in
te
res
t
i
n
la
ng
ua
ge
s
l
i
ke
C
a
nd
B
AS
IC.
PLCs in process control
T
h
us
fa
r,
PL
Cs
ha
v
e n
ot
be
en
us
ed
e
xt
en
si
ve
ly
for
c
on
ti
nuous
p
r
oc
es
s
co
nt
ro
l .
W
il
l
th
is
c
on
tin
u
e?
Th
e
fe
el
ing
th
at
I
'v
e
g
o
tt
en
,
s
ay
s Ken
Ja
nn
ot
ta
, ma
nge
r
, pr
od
u
c
t pl
ann
i
ng
, se
ri
es
O
ne
a
n
d Se
ri
es
S
ix
pr
o
du
ct
,
at
G
E Fan
u
c No
rt
h Am
er
ica
,'
is
t
ha
t PL
Cs
w
i
ll
b
e
u
se
d
i
n
t
he
pr
oc
es
s
i
nd
us
try
bu
t
n
ot
ne
ce
ss
ar
i
ly
f
or
pr
oc
ess
c
o
nt
ro
l.
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