最新人教版高中英语必修五电子课本

2021年1月25日发(作者：博格特)
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必修
5
Unit
1
JOHH
SHOW
DEFEATS
“KING
CHOLERA”

John
Snow
was
a
famous
doctor
in
London
-
so
expert,
indeed,
that
he
attend
ed
Queen
Victoria
as
her
personal
physician.
But
he
became
inspired
when
he
tho
ught
about
helping
ordinary
people
exposed
to
cholera.
This
was
the
deadly
diseas
e
of
its
day.
Neither
its
cause
nor
its
cure
was
understood.
So
many
thousands
of

terrified
people
died
every
time
there
was
an
outbreak.
John
Snow
wanted
to
face

the
challenge
and
solve
this
problem.
He
knew
that
cholera
would
never
be
contr
olled
until
its
cause
was
found.
He
became
interested
in
two
theories
that
possibly
explained
how
cholera
kille
d
people.
The
first
suggested
that
cholera
multiplied
in
the
air.
A
cloud
of
dangero
us
gas
floated
around
until
it
found
its
victims.
The
second
suggested
that
people
absorbed
this
disease
into
their
bodies
with
their
meals.
From
the
stomach
the
dis
ease
quickly
attacked
the
body
and
soon
the
affected
person
died.


John
Snow
suspected
that
the
second
theory
was
correct
but
he
needed
evide
nce.
So
when
another
outbreak
hit
London
in
1854,
he
was
ready
to
begin
his
en
quiry.
As
the
disease
spread
quickly
through
poor
neighbourhoods,
he
began
to
gat
her
information.
In
two
particular
streets,
the
cholera
outbreak
was
so
severe
that
more
than
500
people
died
in
ten
days.
He
was
determined
to
find
out
why.


First
he
marked
on
a
map
the
exact
places
where
all
the
dead
people
had
liv
ed.
This
gave
him
a
valuable
clue
about
the
cause
of
the
disease.
Many
of
the
de
aths
were
near
the
water
pump
in
Broad
Street
(especially
numbers
16,
37,
38
an
d
40).
He
also
noticed
that
some
houses
(such
as
20
and
21
Broad
Street
and
8
and
9
Cambridge
Street)
had
had
no
deaths.
He
had
not
foreseen
this,
so
he
mad
e
further
investigations.
He
discovered
that
these
people
worked
in
the
pub
at
7
C
ambridge
Street.
They
had
been
given
free
beer
and
so
had
not
drunk
the
water
f
rom
the
pump.
It
seemed
that
the
water
was
to
blame.


Next,
John
Snow
looked
into
the
source
of
the
water
for
these
two
streets.
He

found
that
it
came
from
the
river
polluted
by
the
dirty
water
from
London.
He
imm
ediately
told
the
astonished
people
in
Broad
Street
to
remove
the
handle
from
the
pump
so
that
it
could
not
be
used.
Soon
afterwards
the
disease
slowed
down.
He
had
shown
that
cholera
was
spread
by
germs
and
not
in
a
cloud
of
gas.


In
another
part
of
London,
he
found
supporting
evidence
from
two
other
deaths

that
were
linked
to
the
Broad
Street
outbreak.
A
woman,
who
had
moved
away
fr
om
Broad
Street,
liked
the
water
from
the
pump
so
much
that
she
had
it
delivered

to
her
house
every
day.
Both
she
and
her
daughter
died
of
cholera
after
drinking

the
water.
With
this
extra
evidence
John
Snow
was
able
to
announce
with
certaint
y
that
polluted
water
carried
the
virus.


To
prevent
this
from
happening
again,
John
Snow
suggested
that
the
source
o
f
all
the
water
supplies
be
examined.
The
water
companies
were
instructed
not
to
expose
people
to
polluted
water
any
more.
Finally

Cholera
was
defeated.


COPERNICUS’
REVOLUTIONRRY
THEORY

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Nicolaus
Copernicus
was
frightened
and
his
mind
was
confused.
Although
he
h
ad
tried
to
ignore
them,
all
his
mathematical
calculations
led
to
the
same
conclusio
n:
that
the
earth
was
not
the
centre
of
the
solar
system.
Only
if
you
put
the
sun
t
here
did
the
movements
of
the
other
planets
in
the
sky
make
sense.
Yet
he
could

not
tell
anyone
about
his
theory
as
the
powerful
Christian
Church
would
have
pun
ished
him
for
even
suggesting
such
an
idea.
They
believed
God
had
made
the
wo
rld
and
for
that
reason
the
earth
was
special
and
must
be
the
centre
of
the
solar
system.


The
problem
arose
because
astronomers
had
noticed
that
some
planets
in
the

sky
seemed
to
stop,
move
backward
and
then
go
forward
in
a
loop.
Others
appe
ared
brighter
at
times
and
less
bright
at
others.
This
was
very
strange
if
the
earth
was
the
centre
of
the
solar
system
and
all
planets
went
round
it.


Copernicus
had
thought
long
and
hard
about
these
problems
and
tried
to
find
an
answer.
He
had
collected
observations
of
the
stars
and
used
all
his
mathematic
al
knowledge
to
explain
them.
But
only
his
new
theory
could
do
that.
So
between
1510
and
1514
he
worked
on
it,
gradually
improving
his
theory
until
he
felt
it
was
complete.


In
1514
he
showed
it
privately
to
his
friends.
The
changes
he
made
to
the
old

theory
were
revolutionary.
He
placed
a
fixed
sun
at
the
centre
of
the
solar
system

with
the
planets
going
round
it
and
only
the
moon
still
going
round
the
earth.
He
also
suggested
that
the
earth
was
spinning
as
it
went
round
the
sun
and
this
expl
ained
changes
in
the
movement
of
the
planets
and
in
the
brightness
of
the
stars.
His
friends
were
enthusiastic
and
encouraged
him
to
publish
his
ideas,
but
Coperni
cus
was
cautious.
He
did
not
want
to
be
attacked
by
the
Christian
Church,
so
he
only
published
it
as
he
lay
dying
in
1543.


Certainly
he
was
right
to
be
careful.
The
Christian
Church
rejected
his
theory,
saying
it
was
against
God's
idea
and
people
who
supported
it
would
be
attacked.
Yet
Copernicus'
theory
is
now
the
basis
on
which
all
our
ideas
of
the
universe
are

built.
His
theory
replaced
the
Christian
idea
of
gravity,
which
said
things
fell
to
ea
rth
because
God
created
the
earth
as
the
centre
of
the
universe.
Copernicus
show
ed
this
was
obviously
wrong.
Now
people
can
see
that
there
is
a
direct
link
betwe
en
his
theory
and
the
work
of
Isaac
Newton,
Albert
Einstein
and
Stephen
Hawking.
必修
5
Unit
2


PUZZLES
IN
GEOGRAPHY



People
may
wonder
why
different
words
are
used
to
describe
these
four
countr
ies:
England,
Wales,
Scotland
and
Northern
Ireland.
You
can
clarify
this
question
if

you
study
British
history.


First
there
was
England.
Wales
was
linked
to
it
in
the
thirteenth
century.
Now
when
people
refer
to
England
you
find
Wales
included
as
well.
Next
England
and
Wales
were
joined
to
Scotland
in
the
seventeenth
century
and
the
name
was
chan
ged
to

Britain
Happily
this
was
accomplished
without
conflict
when
King
Ja
mes
of
Scotland
became
King
of
England
and
Wales
as
well.
Finally
the
English
g
overnment
tried
in
the
early
twentieth
century
to
form
the
United
Kingdom
by
gettin
g
Ireland
connected
in
the
same
peaceful
way.
However,
the
southern
part
of
Irela
nd
was
unwilling
and
broke
away
to
form
its
own
government.
So
only
Northern
Ir
eland
joined
with
England,
Wales
and
Scotland
to
become
the
United
Kingdom
and

this
was
shown
to
the
world
in
a
new
flag
called
the
Union
Jack.
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To
their
credit
the
four
countries
do
work
together
in
some
areas
(eg,
the
curr
ency
and
international
relations),
but
they
still
have
very
different
institutions.
For
e
xample,
Northern
Ireland,
England
and
Scotland
have
different
educational
and
lega
l
systems
as
well
as
different
football
teams
for
competitions
like
the
World
Cup!



England
is
the
largest
of
the
four
countries,
and
for
convenience
it
is
divided
r
oughly
into
three
zones.
The
zone
nearest
France
is
called
the
South
of
England,
t
he
middle
zone
is
called
the
Midlands
and
the
one
nearest
to
Scotland
is
known
a
s
the
North.
You
find
most
of
the
population
settled
in
the
south,
but
most
of
the
i
ndustrial
cities
in
the
Midlands
and
the
North
of
England.
Although,
nationwide,
the
se
cities
are
not
as
large
as
those
in
China,
they
have
world-famous
football
team
s
and
some
of
them
even
have
two!
It
is
a
pity
that
the
industrial
cities
built
in
th
e
nineteenth
century
do
not
attract
visitors.
For
historical
architecture
you
have
to
g
o
to
older
but
smaller
towns
built
by
the
Romans.
There
you
will
find
out
more
ab
out
British
history
and
culture.



The
greatest
historical
treasure
of
all
is
London
with
its
museums,
art
collectio
ns,
theatres,
parks
and
buildings.
It
is
the
centre
of
national
government
and
its
ad
ministration.
It
has
the
oldest
port
built
by
the
Romans
in
the
first
century
AD,
the
oldest
building
begun
by
the
Anglo-Saxons
in
the
1060s
and
the
oldest
castle
cons
tructed
by
later
Norman
rulers
in
1066.
There
has
been
four
sets
of
invaders
of
E
ngland.
The
first
invaders,
the
Romans,
left
their
towns
and
roads.
The
second,
the

Anglo-Saxons,
left
their
language
and
their
government.
The
third,
the
Vikings,
infl
uenced
the
vocabulary
and
place-names
of
the
North
of
England,
and
the
fourth,
t
he
Normans,
left
castles
and
introduced
new
words
for
food.



If
you
look
around
the
British
countryside
you
will
find
evidence
of
all
these
in
vaders.
You
must
keep
your
eyes
open
if
you
are
going
to
make
your
trip
to
the
United
Kingdom
enjoyable
and
worthwhile.


SIGHTSEEING
IN
LONDON



Worried
about
the
time
available,
Zhang
Pingyu
had
made
a
list
of
the
sites
s
he
wanted
to
see
in
London.
Her
first
delight
was
going
to
the
Tower.
It
was
built
long
ago
by
the
Norman
invaders
of
AD
1066.
Fancy!
This
solid
stone,
square
tow
er
had
remained
standing
for
one
thousand
gh
the
buildings
had
expan
ded
around
it,
it
remained
part
of
a
royal
palace
and
prison
combined.
To
her
gre
at
surprise,
Zhang
Pingyu
found
the
Queen's
jewels
guarded
by
special
royal
soldie
rs
who,
on
special
occasions,
still
wore
the
four-hundred-year-old
uniform
of
the
tim
e
of
Queen
Elizabeth
I.


There
followed
St
Paul's
Cathedral
built
after
the
terrible
fire
of
London
in
166
6.
It
looked
splendid
when
first
built!
Westminster
Abbey,
too,
was
very
interesting.

It
contained
statues
in
memory
of
dead
poets
and
writers,
such
as
Shakespeare.
Then
just
as
she
came
out
of
the
abbey,
Pingyu
heard
the
famous
sound
of
the
cl
ock,
Big
Ben,
ringing
out
the
hour.
She
finished
the
day
by
looking
at
the
outside
of
Buckingham
Palace,
the
Queen's
house
in
London.
Oh,
she
had
so
much
to
tell

her
friends!

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