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不定式的定义

作者:高考题库网
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2021-01-25 04:20
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2021年1月25日发(作者:godly)
不定式的定义



在语法中,
[1]
是动词的一 种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。
它被叫做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不 被词形变化所局限。




动词不定式指由
to
加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定
性动词,但在有些情况下
to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语

、宾语、
表语、定语和状语。


动词不定式的构成与形式



动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。




动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语 法上没有
表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动
者 我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:






时态

一般式

完成式

进行式

完成进行式

主动形式


not

to
do


not

to
have
done


not

to
be
doing


not

to
have
been
doing

被动形式


not

to
be
done


not

to
have
been
done



1)
一般式:一般现在时表示的动词,有 时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发
生在谓语动词的动作之后。




He seems to know this.
他好像知道这。




I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.

我希望再见到你。




2)
完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。




I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。




He seems to have caught a cold.
他似乎感冒了。




3)
进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。




He seems to be eating something.
他似乎在吃东西。




4)
完成进行式:




She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
她知道已处于这
个问题很多年了。


不定式在句中的成分

一、作宾语



1

动词
+
不定式
afford,aim,appear ,agree,arrange,ask,be,decide,bother,care,choose,co me,dare,demand,desir
e,determine,expect,elect,e ndeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long, mean,manage,
offer,ought,plan,prepare,pretend,p romise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,wish.





The driver failed to see the other car in time.





司机没能及时看见另一辆车。




I happen to know the answer to your question.





我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。




2

动词
+
宾语
+
不定式




ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise,
want, wish…



例句:




a.

I like to keep everything clean.



我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。




b.

I like you to keep everything clean.



我喜欢你能使每件东西都保持整洁。




c.

I want to talk to Tom.



我想和汤姆谈话。




d.

I want you to talk to Tom.



我想让你和汤姆谈话。




3
)动词
+
疑问词
+
不定式




decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear,
find out, explain, tell





例句:




a.

Please show us how to do that.



请演示给我们如何去做。




b.

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind
which to buy.



有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。




c.

The question is how to put it into practice.



问题是怎样把它付诸实施。




(注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。



二、作补语



1)
动词
+
宾语
+
不定式
(to do)






advise,allow,appoint,belie ve,cause,challenge,command,compel,consider,declare ,drive,ena
ble,encourage,find,forbid,force,gues s,hire,imagine,impel,induce,inform,instruct,invite ,jud
ge,know,like,order,permit,persuade,remi-nd ,report,request,require,select,send,state,suppose,tell,think,train,trust,understand,urge,warn…



例句:




a.

Father will not allow us to play on the street.





父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。




b.

We believe him to be guilty.



我们相信他是有罪的。




Find
的特殊用法:





Find
后可用分词做宾补,
或先加形式宾语,
再加形容词,
最后加带
to
的动词不定式。
find
后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有
get

have





例句:




a.

I found him lying on the ground.



b.

I found it important to learn.



c.

I found that to learn English is important.



典型例题
:




The next morning she found the man ___ in bed

dead.





A. lying

B. lie

C. lay

D. laying





答案:

的宾语后 面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表
达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。




2) to + be
的不定式结构,作补语的动词




Acknowled ge,believe,consider,think,declare(


), discover,fancy(


),feel,find,guess,jud ge,imagine,know,


),understand



例句:




a.

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.



我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。




典型例题




Charles Babbage is generally considered

__ the first computer.





A. to invent

B. inventing

C. to have invented

D. having invented





答案:
A.

consider to dosth.
排除
B

D

.
此句只说明发明 这一个事实,不定
式后用原形即可。而
C
为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时 ,且此处也不强
调对现在的影响,因此不选
C



pro ve,see(


),show,suppose,take(



3) to be +
形容词




Seem,appear,be
said,be
supposed,be
believed,be
thought,be
known,be
reported,hope,
wish,desire,wan
t,plan,expect,mean…



例句:




a.

The book is believed to be uninteresting.



人们认为这本书没什么意思。




4)

there be+
不定式




believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,wa nt,wish,undrstand



例句:




a.

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.



我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。




有些动词需用
as
短语做补语
,如
regard, think believe, take, consider.



We regard Tom as our best teacher.

我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。




Mary took him as her father .

玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。


三、作主语



easy,difficult,ha rd,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,neces sary,better;





the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not
enough,Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever ,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate, silly
,elfish



例句:




a.

It's easy (for me) to do that.



我做这事太容易了




b.

It's so nice to hear your voice.



听到你的声音真高兴。




b.

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.



当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。




c.

It's very kind of him to help us.



他帮助我们,他真好。




d.

It was silly of us to believe him.



我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。




e.

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.



他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。




注意:




1)
其他系动词如,
l ook

appear
等也可用于此句型。




2)
不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。




3)
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,
不能用
It is… to…
的句型




(

)To see is to believe.

百闻不如一见。




(

)It is to believe to see.

四、作表语



不定式可以在句中作表语,起名词的作用。




例如:
My work is to clean the room every day.



His dream is to be a doctor.

五、作定语



不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。





To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.




My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.




What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.



当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果




(例①)
。当主语是
aim,duty,hope,idea,mista
ke,plan,purpose,suggestion
等为中心
词的名词词组




(例②)时,或以
what
引导的名词性分句




(例③)
,不定

式说明主语的内容。




(例④)
Our work is serving the people.



(例⑤)
What he likes is taking a walk after supper.



(例⑥)
The story told by is interesting.



④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如
Serving thepeople is out work,

⑥句中是现在分词作表语,
说明主语的性质、
状态,< br>现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,
另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。


六、作状语



1
)目的状语




To… only to,in order to,so as to, so (such)… as to…





例句:





He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.



他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。





I come here only to say good-bye to you.



我来仅仅是向你告别。




2
)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。





What have I said to make you angry.




He searched the room only to find nothing.



3
)表原因




I'm glad to see you.



典型例题




The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.



A. sit

B. sit on

C. be seat

D. be sat on



答案:
B.
如果不定式为不及物动词,
其后应有必要的介词。
当动词与介词连用时,
常位于

形容词
+动词不定式

结构的末尾。


不定式的特殊句型



1

so as to




1


表示目的;它的否定式是
so as not to do





Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.



汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。




Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.



轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。




2)

so kind as to ---
劳驾




Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?



劳驾,现在几点了。




2



动词原形

表达向某人提出建议





为什么不
……?
干吗不
……?



例如:




Why not take a holiday?



干吗不去度假
?



3

It's for sb.


It's of sb.




1

for
sb.
常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如
easy,
hard,
difficult,

interesting, impossible
等:




It's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。




2

of sb
的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的 形容词,

good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right





It's very nice of you to help me.
你来帮助我,你真是太好了。




for

of
的辨别方法:




用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上
通顺 用
of
,不通则用
for
。如:




You are nice.

(
通顺,所以应用
of)





He is hard.

(
人是困难的,不通,因此应用
for

)



4
、不定式的特殊句型
too…to…

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