英语国家概况

2021年1月25日发(作者：稍等一下)
名词解释：

1.

the dominant American culture
The
dominant
American
culture
is
English-speaking,
Western
European,
Protestant
and
middle-class
in
character,
with
the
basic
cultural
values
as
freedom,
equality
and
desire
to
work
hard for a higher standard of living.
美国的主流文化是讲英语的、西欧的、新教的和中产阶级的，他
们的基本文化 价值观是自由、平等和渴望为更高水平的生活而努
力工作。

2.

the Bill of Rights in 1791 (USA)
When the constitution was first drawn up in 1787, nothing was
mentioned about the rights of individuals. Then, in 1791, the first
10 amendments, the well-known Bill of Rights, were created, to
guarantee
citizens
of
America
specific
individual
rights
and
freedoms, such as freedom of speech and press and so on.
1787
宪法第一次起草时，
没有提到个人的权利。
然后，
在
1791
，
最初的
10
项修正案，即著名的权利法 案成立，以保障美国公民的
具体个人权利和自由，如言论自由和新闻自由等。

3.

the implication of
“
meltingpot
”

and
“salad bowl”

In the early years the United States is often called a “melting pot”
for that various racial and ethnic groups are assimilated into the
American
culture.
However,
it
is
regarded
as
a
“salad
bowl”
nowadays
which
means
that
immigrants
of
different
backgrounds
mix
harmoniously
while
at
the
same
time
keep
their distinct culture and customs.
在早期，美国 经常被称为“熔炉”
，
因为各种种族和族裔群体都被同
化到美国文化中。然而，它现在 被视为一个“色拉碗”
，
意味着不同
背景的移民和谐相处，同时保持其独特的文化和风 俗习惯。

4.

the ideals of American Education
The ideals of American Education include several parts: the first
ideal is that as many people as possible should have access to
as
much
education
as
they
want,
the
second
is
producing
a
society of literacy and local control; the third is about the basic
nature
of
knowledge
and
learning.
Education
is
both
an
individual
benefit
and
a
social
necessity.
Every
American
has
the right and obligation to become educated.
美国教育的理想包括几个部分：第一个理想是，尽可能多的 人能
够得到他们想要的教育，第二个是建立一个识字和地方控制的社
会；第三个是知识和学习的 基本性质。教育既是个人利益又是社
会需要。每个美国人都有权利和义务接受教育。

5.

the essence of American Puritanism
American
Puritanism
stresses
predestination,
original
sin,
total
depravity
and
limited
atonement
or
the
salvation
of
a
selected
few who would receive God’s grace.

美国清教主义强调预定、原罪、完全堕落和有限的救赎，或是少
数接受 上帝恩典的少数人的拯救。

6.

the Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Lincoln after the
Civil
War
began,
to
win
more
support
at
home
and
abroad.
It
granted
freedom
to
all
slaves
in
areas
still
controlled
by
the
Confederacy.
解放宣言是林肯在内战开始后颁布的，在国内外 赢得更多的支持。
它赋予了在邦联控制的地区所有奴隶的自由。

7.

the significance of the Magna Carta
Although made in the interest of the privileged class, the Magna
Carta
was
of
freedom
of
trade
and
self-government.
The
merchants and craftsmen appeared for the first time as a new
political force. The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation
the British Constitutions today.
虽然在特权阶级的利益，大宪章是贸易自由和自治。商人和工匠
首次作为一种新 的政治力量出现。今天大宪章被认为是英国宪法
的基础，
。

8.

the Modernism in British Literature
Modernism
prevailed
before
the
Second
World
War.
It
can
be
viewed as a departure from tradition and is characterized by the
use
of
innovative
forms
of
expressions.
Modernist
writer
expresses in their works the difficult they see in understanding
and
communicating
in
real
life.
Therefore,
modernist
writing
seems
disorganized
and
hard
to
understand.
It
often
portrays
the
action
from
the
viewpoint
of
a
single
confuse
individual
rather
than
from
the
viewpoint
of
an
all-knowing
impersonal
narrator.
现代主义盛行于第二次世界大战之前。它可以被看作是一种背离
传统，其特点是使用创新的表达形式。现代主义作家在作品中表
达了他们在现实生活中的理解和交流中所 遇到的困难。因此，现
代主义写作似乎杂乱无章，难以理解。它常常从一个混乱的个体
的角度来 描述行动，而不是从一个全知的客观叙述者的观点出发。

9.

the significance of the Hundred Year’s War

The
Hundred Year’s War
was a series of wars fought between
England and France over trade, territory, security and the throne.
It
had
a
significant
impact
on
English
society.
It
promoted
the
concept
of
English
nationalism
and
the
development
of
the
textile industry. It also raised the social position of the bourgeois
class.
百年战争是英国和法国在贸易、领土、安全和王位上进行的一系
列战争 。它对英国社会产生了重大影响。它促进了英国民族主义
的概念和纺织工业的发展。它也提高了资产阶级 的社会地位。

补充：

1.

Explain the rise and fall of the British Empire?
The British Empire began from the colonization of Newfoundland
in 1583, and more colonies in Canada, Indian, and many small
states were included by 1837. By the end of the 19
th
century, the
British Empire include about a quarter of the global population
and a quarter of the world’s landmass, and became the largest
colonial empire in the world before the World War I, however, in
the
two
world
wars,
Britain
suffered
a
great
loss
of
manpower
and
exhausted
its
reserves
of
gold,
pounds
and
overseas
investment.
What’s
more,
most
of
its
colonies
gained
independence after the Second World War, which inevitably led
to the fall of theBritish Empire.
大英帝国于
1583
从纽芬兰岛殖民开始，
包括加拿大、
印度和许多
小国的殖民地。
1837
。年底的第十九个 世纪，英帝国包括约占全
球人口的四分之一和世界
1/4
的陆地，成为最大的殖民帝国 在世
界大战之前，但是，在两次世界大战期间，英国遭受了巨大的人
力损失殆尽其黄金储备、英 镑和海外投资。更重要的是，它的殖
民地在第二次世界大战后获得了独立，这必然导致大英帝国的衰落。

2.

What is the commonwealthofNation?
The
Commonwealth
of
Nations
is
the
successor
of
the
British
Empire.
It
is
a
voluntary
association
of
independent
sovereign
states,
all
of
which
acknowledge
the
British
monarch
as
the
symbolic head of the association.
It isn’t a political union, but in
organization for countries with diverse economic backgrounds to
interact
closely
and
equally
with
all
member
states
having
full
autonomy
to
manage
their
own
internal
and
external
affairs,
It
aims
to
advocate
democracy,
human
rights,
and
to
promote
economic
cooperation
and
growth
of
its
members.
In
1949,
“British” was dropped from the title of “Commonwealth”.

英联邦是大英帝国的继承者。 这是一个由独立主权国家自愿组成
的协会，所有这些国家都承认英国君主是该协会的象征性领袖。
这不是一个政治联盟，但在不同的经济背景的国家密切和平等的
所有成员国都有充分的自主权，管理自 己的内部和外部事务的互
动组织，旨在倡导民主、人权和促进经济合作和其成员的成长。
194 9
，“英国”被从“联邦”的头衔中删除。

3.

What made the United States a powerful country by the
end of World War II?
America
kept
its
neutrality
in
the
early
stage
of
the
two
world
wars, which greatly protected the country against the wars, and
retained
their
military
force.
While
at
the
same
time,
they
continued their profitable trade with the warring countries, thus
accumulating great wealth. America entered the wars almost at
the
end
stages,
so
they
could
share
the
fruit
of
victory
with