-
四级改革后到
15
年
12
月阅读真题及答案
e One
Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21
st
century, but regardless of whether it is
or
isn
’
t
–
we
won
’
t
do
much
about
it.
We
will
argue
over
it
and
may
even,
as
a
nation,
make
some
fairly
solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less
likely they are to be observed.
Al Gore calls global warming an
“
inconvenient truth,
”
as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a
solution. But the real truth is that we don
’
t know enough to relieve global warming, and
–
without major technological
breakthroughs
—
we can
’
t do much about it.
From 2003 to 2050, the world
’
s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If
energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2)
will be 42% higher in 2050. but that
’
s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic
growth unless we condemn the world
’
s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else
‘
s living standards.
With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.
No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage,
driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they
’
re
“
doing something.
”
Consider the
Kyoto Protocol
(
京都议定书
). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn
’
t. But it hasn
’
t
reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many
signatories
(
签字国
) didn
’
t adopt tough enough policies
to hit their 2008-2012 targets.
The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only
an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking dependence on fossil fuels or dealing
with it.
The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it
’
s really an engineering one.
The inconvenient truth is that if we don
’
t solve the engineering problem, we
’
re helpless.
57. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph?
A) It may not prove an environmental crisis at all.
B) It is an issue requiring world wide commitments.
A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of.
B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences.
C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.
D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.
59. Green house emissions will more than double by 2050 because of _______.
A) economic growth
B) the widening gap between the rich and poor
C) wasteful use of energy
D) the rapid advances of science and technology
C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it.
D) Very little will be done to bring it under control.
58. According to the author
’
s understanding, what is Al Gore
’
s view on global warming?
60. The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, ________.
A) politicians have started to do something to better the situation
B) few nations have adopted real tough measures to limit energy use
C) reductions in energy consumption have greatly cut back global warming
D) international cooperation has contributed to solving environmental problems
61. What is the message the author intends to convey?
A) Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one.
B) The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technology
C) The
debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthroughs.
D) People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming.
1
Passage Two
Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Websites you
’
ve visited. Or perhaps
someone
will
casually
glance
through
your
credit
card
purchase
or
cell
phone
bills
to
find
out
your
shopping
preferences or calling habits.
In
fact,
it
’
s
likely
some
of
these
things
have
already
happened
to
you.
Who
would
watch
you
without
your
permission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will
see you in a way you never intended to be seen
—
the 21
st
century equivalent of being caught naked.
Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it
’
s important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in
stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread
crumbs
(
碎屑
) you leave everywhere make it
easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search
can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simple cannot keep a secret.
The key question is: Does that matter?
When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an
overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is
“
slipping
away, and that bothers me.
”
But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to
preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at
tollbooths
(
收费站
) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that
can
track
automobile
movements.
And
few
turn
down
supermarket
loyalty
cards.
Privacy
economist
Alessandro
Acquisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers
just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off
coupon
(
优惠券
).
But privacy does matter
–
at least sometimes. It
’
s like health: When you have it, you don
’
t notice it. Only when it
’
s gone do you wish you
’
d done more to protect it.
62. What does the author mean by saying
“
the 21
st
century equivalent of being caught naked
”
(Lines 3-4, Para.2)?
A) People
’
s personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.
B) In the 21
st
century people try every means to look into others
’
secrets.
C) People tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.
D) Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.
63. What would psychologists advise on the relationships between friends?
A) Friends should open their hearts to each other.
B) Friends should always be faithful to each other.
A) Modern society has finally evolved into an open society.
B) People leave traces around when using modern technology.
C) There are always people who are curious about others
’
affairs.
D) Many search engines profit by revealing people
’
s identities.
65. What do most Americans do with regard to privacy protection?
A) They change behaviors that might disclose their identity.
B) They use various loyalty cards for business transactions.
C) They rely more and more on electronic devices.
D) They talk a lot but hardly do anything about it.
C) There should be a distance even between friends.
D) There should be fewer disputes between friends.
64. Why does the author say
“
we live in a world where you simple cannot keep a secret
”
(Line 5, Para.3)?
66. According to the passage, privacy is like health in that ________.
A) people will make every effort to keep it
B) its importance is rarely understood
C) it is something that can easily be lost
D) people don
’
t cherish it until they lose it
2
e One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following
passage.
If
you
are
a
male
and
you
are
reading
this
,congratulations:
you
are
a
survivor .According
to
statistics .you
are
more
than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a
woman
,and
nine
times
more
likely
to
die
of
AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your
natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia,
you
will
die
on
average
five
years
before
a
woman.
There
are
many
reasons
for
this-typically,
men take more risks than woman and are more
likely
to
drink
and
smoke
but
perhaps
more
importantly, men don
’
t go to the doctor.
“
Men aren
’
t seeing doctors as often as they
should,
”
says Dr. Gullotta,
“
This is particularly
so
for
the
over-40s,when
diseases
tend
to
strike.
”
Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the
doctor
every
year
or
two.
For
those
over
45,it
should be at least once a year.
Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year- old
ma who had delayed doing anything about his
smoker
’
s cough for a year.
“
When
I
finally
saw
him
it
had
already
spread and he has since died from lung cancer
”
he says,
“
Earlier detection and treatment may
not
have
cured
him,
but
it
would
have
prolonged this life
”
According to a recent survey, 95%of women
aged
between
15
and
early
40s
see
a
doctor
once
a
year,
compared
to
70%
of
men
in
the
same age group.
“
A lot of men think they are invincible
（不
可战胜的）”
Gullotta
says
“
They
only
come
in
when
a
friend
drops
dead
on
the
golf
course
and they think
”
Geez, if it could happen to him.
Then there is the ostrich approach,
”
some
men
are
scared
of
what
might
be
there
and
would rather not know,
”
says Dr. Ross Cartmill.
3
“
Most
men
get
their
cars
serviced
more
regularly
than
they
service
their
bodies,
”
Cartmill
says
.He
believes
most
diseases
that
commonly
affect
men
could
be
addressed
by
preventive check-ups.
Regular check-ups for men would inevitably
place
strain
on
the
public
purse,
Cartmill
says.
”
But
prevention
is
cheaper
in
the
long
run
than
having
to
treat
the
diseases.
Besides,
the
ultimate
cost
is
far
greater: it is called premature death.
”
does the author congratulate his
male readers
at the beginning of the passage?
A. They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.
B.
Their
average
life
span
has
been
considerably
extended.
C. They have lived long enough to read this article.
D. They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier live.
does
the
author
state
is
the
most
important
reason
men
die
five
years
earlier
on
average
than
women?
A. men drink and smoke much more than women
B. men don
’
t seek medical care as often as women
C. men aren
’
t as cautions as women in face of danger
D. men are more likely to suffer from fatal diseases
59. Which of the following best completes the sentence
“
Geez, if it could happen to him
…’
(line2,para,8)?
A. it could happen to me, too
B. I should avoid playing golf
C. I should consider myself lucky
D. it would be a big misfortune
60what
does
Dr.
Ross
Cartmill
mean
by
“
the
ostrich
approach
”
(line q para.9)
A. a casual attitude towards one
’
s health conditions
B. a new therapy for certain psychological problems
C. refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain
involved
D.
unwillingness
to
find
out
about
one
’
s
disease
because of fear
61. What does Cartmill say about regular check-ups for
men?
may increase public expenses
will save money in the long run
may cause psychological strains on men
will enable men to live as long as women
Passage Two
Questions
62
to
66
are
based
on
the
following
passage.
High-quality customer service is preached(
宣扬
) by
many
,but
actually
keeping
customers
happy
is
easier
said than done
Shoppers
seldom
complain
to
the
manager
or
owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends,
relatives,
co- workers,
strangers-and
anyone
who
will
listen.
Store managers are often the last to hear complaints,
and
often
find
out
only
when
their
regular
customers
decide t frequent their competitors, according to a study
jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school
“
Storytelling
hurts
retailers
and
entertains
consumers,
”
said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde
group.
”
the store loses the customer, but the shopper
must also find a replacement.
”
On average, every unhappy customer will complain
to at least four other, and will no longer visit the specific
store for every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up
to
three
more
due
to
negative
reviews.
The
resulting
“
snowball effect
”
can be disastrous to retailers.
According to the research, shoppers who purchased
clothing
encountered
the
most
problems.
ranked
second
and
third
were
grocery
and
electronics
customers.
The most common complaints include filled parking
lots,
cluttered
(
塞
满
了
的
)
shelves,
overloaded
racks,
out-of- stock
items,
long
check-out
lines,
and
rude
salespeople.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved
the parking problems by getting moonlighting
（业余兼
职的）
local police to work as parking attendants. Some
hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking
spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers
to
circle
the
parking
lot
endlessly,
and
avoided
4
confrontation
between
those
eyeing
the
same
parking
space.
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning
store
layouts,
pre- stocking
sales
items,
hiring
speedy
and
experienced
cashiers,
and
having
sales
representatives on hand to answer questions.
Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic
and polite with angry customers.
“
Retailers who
’
re responsive and friendly are more
B Hiring of efficient employees
C Huge supply of goods for sale
D Design of the store layout.
66. To achieve better shopping experiences, customers
are advised to _________.
A exert pressure on stores to improve their service
B settle their disputes with stores in a diplomatic way
C voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directly
D shop around and make comparisons between stores
likely to smooth over issues than those who aren
’
t so
friendly.
”
said
Professor
Stephen
Hoch.
“
Maybe
something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance
would help.
”
Customers
can
also
improve
future
shopping
experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead
of
complaining
to
the
rest
of
the
world.
Retailers
are
hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is
wrong.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答
62.
Why
are
store
managers
often
the
last
to
hear
complaints?
A
Most
customers
won
’
t
bother
to
complain
even
if
they have had unhappy experiences.
B
Customers
would
rather
relate
their
unhappy
experiences to people around them.
C Few customers believe the service will be improved.
D Customers have no easy access to store managers.
63. What does Paula Courtney imply by saying
“
…
the
shopper must also find a replacement
”
(Line 2, Para. 4)?
A New customers are bound to replace old ones.
B It is not likely the shopper can find the same products
in other stores.
C Most stores provide the same
D Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper
some trouble too.
64.
Shop
owners
often
hire
moonlighting
police
as
parking attendants so that shoppers_____
A can stay longer browsing in the store
B won
’
t have trouble parking their cars
C won
’
t have any worries about security
D can find their cars easily after shopping
65.
What
contributes
most
to
smoothing
over
issues
with customers?
A Manners of the salespeople
5
3.
The January fashion show, called Future Fashion
, exemplified how far green design has
come. Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top
designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. Several have since made pledges to
include organic fabrics in their lines.
The
designers
who
undertake
green
fashion
still
face
many
challenges.
Scott
Hahn,
cofounder
with
Gregory
of
Rogan
and
Loomstate,
which
uses
all-organic
cotton,
says
high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to fine .
“
Most designers with existing labels
are finding there aren
’
t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you
’
re doing and shat your
customers
are
used
to,
”
he
says.
For
example,
organic
cotton
and
non-organic
cotton
are
virtually
indistinguishable
once
woven
into
a
dress.
But
some
popular
synthetics,
like
stretch
nylon, still have few eco-friendly equivalents.
Those who do make the switch are finding they have more support. Last year the influential
trade
show
Designers
&
Agents
stopped
charging
its
participation
fee
for
young
green
entrepreneurs
(
企业家
) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and
gave
special
recognition
to
designers
whose
collections
are
at
least
25%
sustainable .
It
now
counts
more
than
50
green
designers,
up
from
fewer
than
a
dozen
two
years
ago.
This
week
Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will
buy
transitional
(
过渡型的
) cotton at higher prices , thus helping
to expand the supply of a key
sustainable material .
“
Mainstream is about to occur,
”
says Hahn.
Some
analysts
(
分析师
)
are
less
sure .
Among
consumers,
only
18%are
even
aware
that
ecofashion exists, up from 6% four years ago. Natalie Hormilla, a fashion writer, is an example of
the unconverted consumer, when asked if she owned any sustainable clothes, she replied:
“
Not
that I
’
m aware of.
”
Like most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, she
’
s on the hunt for
“
cute stuff that isn
’
t too expensive.
”
By her own admission, green just isn
’
t yet on her mind. But
–
thanks to the combined efforts of designers, retailers and suppliers
–
one
day it will be.
57. What is said about Future Fashion?
A) It inspired many leading designers to start going green.
B) It showed that designers using organic fabrics would go far.
C) It served as an example of how fashion shows should be organized.
D) It convinced the public that fashionable clothes should be made durable.
58. According to Scott Hahn, one big challenge to designers who will go organic is that
.
A) much more time is needed to finish a dress using sustainable materials .
B) they have to create new brands for clothes made of organic materials .
C) customers have difficulty telling organic from non-organic materials .
D) quality organic replacements for synthetics are not readily available .
59. We learn from Paragraph 3 that designers who undertake green fashion
.
6
A) can attend various trade shows free .
B) are readily recognized by the fashion world
C) can buy organic cotton at favorable prices .
D) are gaining more and more support .
60. What is Natalie Hormilla
’
s attitude toward ecofashion?
A) She doesn
’
t seem to care about it.
C) She is doubtful of its practical value.
B) She doesn
’
t think it is sustainable
D) She is very much opposed to the idea
61. What does the author think of green fashion?
A) Green products will soon go mainstream.
B) It has a very promising future.
C) Consumers have the final say.
D) It will appeal more to young people.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Scientists
have
devised
a
way
to
determine
roughly
where
a
person
has
lived
using
a
strand(
缕
)
of
hair
,
a
technique
that
could
help
track
the
movements
of
criminal
suspects
or
unidentified murder victims .
The
method
relies
on
measuring
how
chemical
variations
in
drinking
water
show
up
in
people
’
s hair.
“
You
’
re what you eat and drink, and that
’
s recorded in you hair,
”
said Thure Cerling, a
geologist at the University of Utah.
While U.S diet is relatively identical, water supplies vary. The differences result from weather
patterns. The chemical composition of rainfall changes slightly as raid clouds move.
Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable , but traces of both elements are also
present as heavier
isotopes
(
同位素
) . The heaviest raid falls first .As a result, storms that form over
the Pacific deliver heavier water to California than to Utah.
Similar patterns exist throughout the U.S. By measuring the proportion of heavier hydrogen
and oxygen isotopes along a strand of hair, scientists can construct a geographic timeline. Each
inch of hair corresponds to about two months.
Cerling
’
s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the
regional differences. They checked the accuracy of the map by testing 200 hair samples collected
from 65 barber shops.
They were able to accurately place the hair samples in broad regions roughly corresponding
to the movement of raid systems.
7
“
It
’
s not good for pinpointing (
精确定位
),
”
Cerling said .
“
It
’
s good for eliminating many
possibilities.
”
Todd
Park,
a
local
detective,
said
the
method
has
helped
him
learn
more
about
an
unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake.
The woman was 5 feet tall. Police recovered 26 bones, a T-shirt and several strands of hair.
When Park heard about the research, he gave the hair samples to the researchers. Chemical
testing showed that over the two years before her death, she moved about every two months.
She stayed in the Northwest, although the test could not be more specific than somewhere
between eastern Oregon and western Wyoming.
“
It
’
s still a substantial area,
”
Park said
“
But it narrows it way down for me.
”
62. What is the scientists
’
new discovery?
A) One
’
s hair growth has to do with the amount of water they drink.
B) A person
’
s hair may reveal where they have lived.
C) Hair analysis accurately identifies criminal suspects.
D) The chemical composition of hair varies from person to person.
63. What does the author mean by
“
You
’
re what you eat and drink
”
(Line 1, Para.3)?
A) Food and drink affect one
’
s personality development.
B) Food and drink preferences vary with individuals.
C) Food and drink leave traces in one
’
s body tissues.
D) Food and drink are indispensable to one
’
s existence.
64. What is said about the rainfall in America
’
s West?
A) There is much more rainfall in California than in Utah.
B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland.
C) Its chemical composition is less stable than in other areas.
D) It gathers more light isotopes as it moves eastward.
65. What did Cerling
’
s team produce in their research?
A) A map showing the regional differences of tap water.
B) A collection of hair samples from various barber shops.
C) A method to measure the amount of water in human hair.
D) A chart illustrating the movement of the rain system.
66. What is the practical value of Cerling
’
s research?
8
A) It helps analyze the quality of water in different regions.
B) It helps the police determine where a crime is committed.
C) It helps the police narrow down possibilities in detective work.
D) It helps identify the drinking habits of the person under investigation.
4.
Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates
and
how
they
’
ll
change
America.
Rightly
so,
but
selfishly,
I
’
m
more
fascinated
by
Michelle
Obama
and
what
she
might
be
able
to
do,
not
just
for
this
country,
but
for
me
as
an
African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world
’
s attention. And
that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the
type of African-American woman they so rarely see.
Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be
that
we
’
re
all
hot-tempered
single
mothers
who
can
’
t
keep
a
man.
Even
in
the
world
of
make-believe,
black
women
still
can
’
t
escape
the
stereotype
of
being
eye- rolling,
oversexed
females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (
酗酒的
) mothers.
These images have helped define the way all women are viewed, including Michelle Obama.
Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her
most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simple to be herself.
It
won
’
t
be
easy.
Because
few
mainstream
publications
have
done
in-depth
features
on
regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we
face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.
Just
as
she
will
have
her
critics,
she
will
also
have
millions
of
fans
who
usually
have
little
interest in the First Lady. Many African- American blogs have written about what they
’
d like to see
Michelle bring to the White House
—
mainly showing the world that a black woman can support
her
man
and
raise
a
strong
black
family.
Michelle
will
have
to
work
to
please
everyone
—
an
impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (
沉着
),
confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that
’
s been around for far
too long.
57. Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?
A) She serves as a role model for African women.
B) She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.
C) She will present to the world a new image of African- American women.
D) She will pay closer attention to the interests of African- American women.
58. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?
A) They are victims of violence. B) They are of an inferior violence.
C) They use quite a lot of body language. D) They live on charity and social welfare.
59. What do many African- Americans write about in their blogs?
A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.
B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.
C) How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.
D) What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.
60. What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?
9
A) However many fans she has, she should remain modest,
B) She shouldn
’
t disappoint the African-American community.
C) However hard she tries, she can
’
t expect to please everybody.
D) She will give priority to African-American women
’
s concerns.
61. What do many African-American women hope Michelle Obama will do?
A) Help change the prevailing view about black women.
B) Help her husband in the task of changing America.
C) Outshine previous First Lady.
D) Fully display her fine qualities.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
When next year
’
s crop of high-school graduates arrive at Oxford University in the fall of 2009,
they
’
ll be joined by a new face; Andrew Hamilton, the 55-year-old provost (
教务长
) of Yale, who
’
ll become Oxford
’
s vice-chancellor
—
a position equivalent to university president in America.
Hamilton isn
’
t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore,
etc, have also recently made top-level hires from abroad. Higher education has become a big and
competitive business nowadays, and like so many businesses, it
’
s gone global. Yet the talent flow
isn
’
t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.
The chief reason is that American schools don
’
t tend to seriously consider looking abroad.
For
example,
when
the
board
of
the
University
of
Colorado
searched
for
a
new
president,
it
wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the university
’
s budget.
“
We didn
’
t do any global consideration,
”
says Patricia Hayes, the board
’
s chair. The board
ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist (
活动家
)
who
is
likely
to
do
well
in
the
main
task
of
modern
university
presidents:
fund-raising.
Fund-raising is a distinctively American thing, since U.S. schools rely heavily on donations. The
fund-raising ability is largely a product of experience and necessity.
Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding.
But
government
support
has
failed
to
keep
pace
with
rising
student
number.
The
decline
in
government
support
has
made
funding-raising
an
increasing
necessary
ability
among
administrators and has hiring committees hungry for Americans.
In the past few years, prominent schools around the world have joined the trend. In 2003,
when
Cambridge
University
appointed
Alison
Richard,
another
former
Yale
provost,
as
its
vice-chancellor,
the
university
publicly
stressed
that
in
her
previous
job
she
had
overseen
“
a
major strengthening of Yale
’
s financial position.
”
Of
course,
fund-raising
isn
’
t
the only
skill
outsiders offer.
The
globalization of
education
means
more
universities
will
be
seeking
heads
with
international
experience
of
some
kind
of
promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh
perspective on established practices.
62. What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage?
A) Institutions worldwide are hiring administrators from the U.S.
B) A lot of political activists are being recruited as administrators.
C) American universities are enrolling more international students.
D) University presidents are paying more attention to funding-raising.
63.
What
is
the
chief
consideration
of
American
universities
when
hiring
top-level
10
administrators?
A) The political correctness. B) Their ability to raise funds.
C) Their fame in academic circles. D) Their administrative experience.
64. What do we learn about European universities from the passage?
A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably.
B) Their operation is under strict government supervision.
C) They are strengthening their position by globalization.
D) Most of their revenues come from the government.
65.
Cambridge
University
appointed
Alison
Richard
as
its
vice-chancellor
chiefly
because
_____.
A) she was known to be good at raising money
B) she could help strengthen its ties with Yale
C) she knew how to attract students overseas
D) she had boosted Yale
’
s academic status
66.
In
what
way
do
top-level
administrators
from
abroad
contribute
to
university
development?
A) They can enhance the university
’
s image.
B) They will bring with them more international faculty.
C) They will view a lot of things from a new perspective.
D) They can set up new academic disciplines.
5.
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
You
never
see
him,
but
they're
with
you
every
time
you
fly.
They
record
where
you
are
going,how fast you're traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally.
Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a
comic
're known as the black box.
When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the
India ocean June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when
a French submarine (
潜水艇
) detected the device's homing signal five days later, the discovery
marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were
killed.
In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would
track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first mode for a black box, which
became
a
requirement
on
all
U.S.
commercial
flights
by
1960.
Early
models
often
failed
to
withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the
rear of the plane
–
the area least subject to impact
–
from its original position in the landing
wells
(
起落架舱
).
The
same
year,
the
Federal
Aviation
Authority
required
that
the
boxes,
which
were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.
Modern
airplanes
have
two
black
boxes:
a
voice
recorder,
which
tracks
pilots'
conversations,and
a
flight-data
recorder,
which
monitors
fuel
levels,
engine
noises
and
other
operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft's final moments. Placed in an
insulated (
隔绝的
) case and surrounded by a quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes
can withstand massive force and temperatures up to 2,000
℉
. When submerged, they're also able
11
to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447,
which crashed near Brazil on June 1,2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they're
still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one
plane's black boxes were never recovered.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。
57. What does the author say about the black box?
A) It ensures the normal functioning of an airplane.
B) The idea for its design comes from a comic book.
C) Its ability to ward off disasters is incredible.
D) It is an indispensable device on an airplane.
58. What information could be found from the black box on the Yemeni airliner?
A) Data for analyzing the cause of the crash.
B) The total number of passengers on board.
C) The scene of the crash and extent of the damage.
D) Homing signals sent by the pilot before the crash.
59. Why was the black box redesigned in 1965?
A) New materials became available by that time.
B) Too much space was needed for its installation.
C) The early models often got damaged in the crash.
D) The early models didn't provide the needed data.
60.
Why
did
the
Federal
Aviation
Authority
require
the
black
boxes
be
painted
orange
or
yellow?
A) To distinguish them from the colour of the plane.
B) To caution people to handle them with care.
C) To make them easily identifiable.
D) To conform to international standards.
61. What do we know about the black boxes from Air France Flight 447?
A) There is still a good chance of their being recovered.
B) There is an urgent need for them to be reconstructed.
C) They have stopped sending homing signals.
D) They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
The $$11 billion self-help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts
like
advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking?
Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says
trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply
highlight how unhappy they are.
The
study's
authors, Joanne
Wood
and
John
Lee of
the
University
of
Waterloo
and
Elaine
Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showing that when
people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If
you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you're just underlining his faults.
In
one
1990s
experiment,
a
team
including
psychologist
Joel
Cooper
of
Princeton
asked
12
participants
to
write
essays
opposing
funding
for
the
disabled.
When
the
essayists
were
later
praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written.
In
this
experiment,
Wood,
Lee
and
Perunovic
measured
68
students'
self-esteem.
The
participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15
seconds, one group of students heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to tell themselves,
Those with low self- esteem didn't feel better after the forced self- affirmation. In fact, their
moods
turned
significantly
darker
than
those
of
members
of
the
control
group,
who
weren't
urged to think positive thoughts.
The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy (
心理治疗
) that urge people to
accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only
often fail but can make things worse. Meditation (
静思
) techniques, in contrast, can teach people
to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative
thinking.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。
62. What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?
A) It is a highly profitable industry.
B) It is based on the concept of positive thinking.
C) It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.
D) It has yielded positive results.
63. What is the finding of the Canadian researchers?
A) Encouraging positive thinking many do more harm than good.
B) There can be no simple therapy for psychological problems.
C) Unhappy people cannot think positively.
D) The power of positive thinking is limited.
64. What does the author mean by
…
you're just underlining his faults
A) You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.
B) You are pointing out the errors he has committed.
C) You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent.
D) You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.
65. What do we learn from the experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic?
A) It is important for people to continually boost their self-esteem.
B) Self-affirmation can bring a positive change to one's mood.
C) Forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem.
D) People with low self-esteem seldom write down their true feelings.
66. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
A) The effects of positive thinking vary from person to person.
B) Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy.
C) Different people tend to have different ways of thinking.
D) People can avoid making mistakes through meditation.
6.
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try
their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has
always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop
13
in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions
of academia (
学术界
) outweigh any financial considerations.
Helen
Lee
took
a
70%
cut
in
salary
when
she
moved
from
a
senior
post
in
Abbott
Laboratories
to
a
medical
department
at
the
University
of
Cambridge.
Her
main
reason
for
returning
to
academia
mid- career
was
to
take
advantage
of
the
greater
freedom
to
choose
research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee
’
s
is one of them.
The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a
career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at
the
University
of
Cambridge,
spent
two
years
working
for
a
pharmaceutical
(
制药的
)
company
before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it
worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists
with
a
wealth
of
experience
in
industry
is
forcing
universities
to
make
the
transition
(
转换
)
to
academia
more
attractive,
according
to
Lee.
Industrial
scientists
tend
to
receive
training
that
academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate
contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic
role
that
will
help
students
get
a
job
when
they
graduate,
says
Lee,
perhaps
experience
in
manufacturing practice or product development.
“
Only a small number of undergraduates will
continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed
to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent
all their time on a narrow research project.
”
注意：
此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。
57. By
“
a one-way street
”
(Line 1, Para. 1), the author means ________.
［
A
］
university researchers know little about the commercial world
［
B
］
there is little exchange between industry and academia
［
C
］
few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university
［
D
］
few university professors are willing to do industrial research
58. The word
“
deterrent
”
(Line 2, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that ________.
［
A
］
keeps someone from taking action
［
C
］
attracts people
’
s attention
［
B
］
helps to move the traffic
［
D
］
brings someone a financial burden
59. What was Helen Lee
’
s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her
career?
［
A
］
Flexible work hours.
［
C
］
Her preference for the lifestyle on campus.
［
B
］
Her research interests.
［
D
］
Prospects of academic accomplishments.
60. Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to ________.
［
A
］
do financially more rewarding work
［
B
］
raise his status in the academic world
［
C
］
enrich his experience in medical research
［
D
］
exploit better intellectual opportunities
61. What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?
［
A
］
Increase its graduates
’
competitiveness in the job market
［
B
］
Develop its students
’
potential in research.
［
C
］
Help it to obtain financial support from industry.
14
［
D
］
Gear its research towards practical applications.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Being
sociable
looks
like
a
good
way
to
add
years
to
your
life.
Relationships
with
family,
friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (
长寿
) boost seems
to
come
from
marriage
or
an
equivalent
relationship.
The
effect
was
first
noted
in
1858
by
William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (
鳏夫
) were at a much higher risk of dying than
their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years
to a man
’
s life and two to a woman
’
s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness,
accident or self-harm.
Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite
of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to
live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man
who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn
’
t smoke.
There
’
s a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years
following their spouse
’
s death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with
some of the same severe problems. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30-year study of more
than
10,000
people,
Nicholas
Christakis
of
Harvard
Medical
School
describes
how
all
kinds
of
social networks have similar effects.
So
how
does
it
work?
The
effects
are
complex,
affected
by
socio-economic
factors,
health-service provision, emotional support and other more physiological (
生理的
) mechanisms.
For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system, leading to
better health and less chance of depression later in life. People in supportive relationships may
handle stress better. Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.
A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The
ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says:
“
People are interconnected,
so their health is interconnected.
”
62. William Farr
’
s study and other studies show that _________.
［
A
］
social life provides an effective cure for illness
［
B
］
being sociable helps improve one
’
s quality of life
［
C
］
women benefit more than men from marriage
［
D
］
marriage contributes a great deal to longevity
63. Linda Waite
’
s studies support the idea that _________.
［
A
］
older men should quit smoking to stay healthy
［
B
］
marriage can help make up for ill health
［
C
］
the married are happier than the unmarried
［
D
］
unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life
64. It can be inferred from the context that the
“
flip side
”
(Line 4, Para. 2) refers to _________.
［
A
］
the disadvantages of being married
［
B
］
the emotional problems arising from marriage
［
C
］
the responsibility of taking care of one
’
s family
［
D
］
the consequence of a broken marriage
65. What does the author say about social networks?
［
A
］
They have effects similar to those of a marriage.
15
［
B
］
They help develop people
’
s community spirit.
［
C
］
They provide timely support for those in need.
［
D
］
They help relieve people of their life
’
s burdens.
66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
［
A
］
It
’
s important that we develop a social network when young.
［
B
］
To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.
［
C
］
Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.
［
D
］
We should share our social networks with each other.
7.
Several recent studies have found that being
randomly
(
随机地
) assigned to a roommate of
another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater
likelihood
(
可能性
)
of conflict.
Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice
and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.
An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate
saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be
caused by social pressure.
In a
New York Times
article, Sam Boakye
–
the only black student on his freshman year floor
-said that
Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.
According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more
likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.
An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as
two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.
Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings.
first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different
race,
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.
throws you together randomly,
the definition of integration.
down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes,
two
years
added
that
while
some
conflicts
more
multicultural
acceptance
and
melding
(
融合
),
The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.
Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies,
noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.
注意：此部分试题请在
答题卡
2
上作答。
57. What can we learn from some recent studies?
A)
Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.
B)
Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.
C)
Interracial lodging does more harm than good.
D)
Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.
58. What does Sam Boakye's remark mean?
16
A)
White students tend to look down upon their black peers.
B)
Black students can compete with their white peers academically.
C)
Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.
D)
Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.
59. What does the Indiana University study show?
A)
Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.
B)
Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.
C)
Roommates of different races just don't get along.
D)
Assigning students' lodging randomly is not a good policy.
60. What does Alec Webley consider to be the
A)
Students of different races are required to share a room.
B)
Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.
C)
Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.
D)
The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.
61. What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?
A)
It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.
B)
Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.
C)
Students' racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.
D)
Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $$125 billion in economic
losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led
by Annan, the former United Nations secretary general.
The
report,
to
be
released
Friday,
analyzed
data
and
existing
studies
of
health,
disaster,
population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising
the global death rates from illnesses including
malnutrition
(
营养不良
)
and heat-related health
problems.
But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk,
who questioned its methods and conclusions.
Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor
countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number would
double by 2030.
Roger
Pielke
Jr.,
a
political
scientist
at
the
University
of
Colorado,
Boulder,
who
studies
disaster trends, said the Forum's report was
was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming
amid
the
much
larger
losses
resulting
from
the
growth
in
populations
and
economic
development
in
vulnerable
(
易受伤害的
)
regions.
Dr.
Pielke
said
that
“
climate
change
is
an
important problem requiring our utmost attention.
”
But the report, he said,
for action on both climate change and disasters because it is so deeply
flawed
(
有瑕疵的
).
However,
Soren
Andreasen,
a
social
scientist
at
Dalberg
Global
Development
Partners
who
supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were
rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in
17
December to negotiate a new international climate treaty.
In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to
focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to
climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% of the
human and economic losses from climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the
report.
62.
What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?
A)
Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.
B)
Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.
C)
Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.
D)
Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.
63.
What do we learn about the Forum's report from the passage?
A)
It was challenged by some climate and risk experts.
B)
It aroused a lot of interest in the scientific circles.
C)
It was warmly received by environmentalists.
D)
It caused a big stir in developing countries.
64.
What does Dr. Pielke say about the Forum's report?
A)
Its statistics look embarrassing.
C) It deserves our closest attention.
B)
It is invalid in terms of methodology.
D) Its conclusion is purposely exaggerated.
65.
What is Soren Andreasen's view of the report?
A)
Its conclusions are based on carefully collected data.
B)
It is vulnerable to criticism if the statistics are closely examined.
C)
It will give rise to heated discussions at the Copenhagen conference.
D)
Its rough estimates are meant to draw the attention of world leaders.
66.
What does Kofi Annan say should be the focus of the Copenhagen conference?
A)
How rich and poor regions can share responsibility in curbing global warming.
B)
How human and economic losses from climate change can be reduced.
C)
How emissions of heat-trapping gases can be reduced on a global scale.
D)
How rich countries can better help poor regions reduce climate hazards.
8.
Passage One
Boys' schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and are
more
likely
to
get
involved
in
activities
such
as
art,
dance
and
music,
according
to
research
released today.
Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity in which students either
sink or swim, the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform
to a stereotype, the US study says.
Boys at single sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic
activities
that
helped
develop
their
emotional
expressiveness,
rather
than
feeling
they
had
to
conform to the
The
findings
of
the
study
go
against
received
wisdom
that
boys
do
better
when
taught
alongside girls.
Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education
system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize
18
that boys are actually more emotional than girls.
The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become
discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.
But
in
single-sex
schools
teachers
can
tailor
lessons
to
boys'
learning
style,
letting
them
move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote
the study's author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.
Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with specifically
approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have
more
acute
vision,
learn
best
through
touch,
and
are
physically
more
active,
they
need
to
be
given
classical music as feminine and prefer the modern genre in which violence and sexism are major
themes,
Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a
stereotype that men should be
feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that
means,
57. The author believes that a single-sex school would _____________________.
A force boys to hide their emotions to be
“
real man
”
B help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boys
C encourage boys to express their emotions more freely
D naturally reinforce in boys that traditional image of a man
58. It is commonly believed that in a mixed schools boys ____________________.
A perform relatively better
B grow up more healthily
C behave more responsibly
D receive a better education
59. What does Tony Little say about the British education system?
A It fails more boys than girls academically
B It focuses more on mixed school education
C It fails to give boys the attention they need
D It places more pressure on boys than on girls
60. According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is ______________.
A teaching can be tailored to suit the characteristics of boys
B boys can focus on their lessons without being distracted
C boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested in
D teaching can be designed to promote boys
’
team spirit
61. Which of the following is characteristic of boys according to Abigail James
’
report?
A They enjoy being in charge
B They conform to stereotypes
C They have sharper vision
D They are violent and sexist
Passage Two
It's an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday? My partner says no because the
boiler could go, or the roof fall off, and we have no savings to save us. I say that you only live once
and we work hard and what's the point if you can't go on holiday. The joy of a recession means no
argument next year
–
we just won't go.
Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees,
we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday. A
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YouGov poll of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because
of
concerns
about
money.
What's
less
clear
is
whether
divorce
and
separation
rates
rise
in
a
recession
–
financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable. A
recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples. Disputes
were characterized by intense verbal aggression, tended to be repeated and not resolved, and
made men, more than women, extremely angry.
Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money is such a big deal because of
what it symbolizes, which may be different things to men and women.
things about money but have different conceptions of what it is for,
it's to save, to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them
more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that they've
achieved something.
finances, but they don't. There seems to be more of a taboo about talking about money than
talking about death. But you both need to know what you are doing, who is paying what into the
joint
account
and
how
much
you
keep
separately.
In
a
healthy
relationship
you
don't
have
to
agree about money, but you have to talk about it.
62. What does the author say about vacationing?
A People enjoy it all the more during a recession
B Few people can afford it without working hard
C It makes all the hard work worthwhile
D It is the chief cause of family disputes
63.
What
does
the
author
mean
by
saying
“
money
is
known
…
to
bring
a
relationship
to
its
knees
”
(Line1 Para. 2)
？
A Money is considered to be the root of all evils
B Some people sacrifice their dignity for money
C Few people can resist the temptation of money
D Disputes over money may ruin a relationship
64. The YouGov poll of 2000 people indicates that in a recession _________________.
A conflicts between couples tend to rise
B it is more expensive for couples to split up
C couples show more concern for each other
D divorce and separation rates increase
65. What does Kim Stephenson believe?
A Money is often a symbol of a person
’
s status
B Money means a great deal to both men and women
C Men and women spend money on different things
D Men and women view money in different ways
66. The author suggests at the end of the passage that couples should ________________
A put their money together instead of keeping it separately
B make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgets
C discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationship
D avoid arguing about money matters to remain romantic
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