浪漫主义时期名词解释

2021年1月25日发(作者：功夫不负有心人英文)
课外拓展（浪漫主义时期名词解释）




1. Romanticism:
It is a term applied to literary and artistic movements of the
late18th and early19th century. It can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of
order,
calm,
harmony,
balance,
idealization,
and
rationality
that
typified
classicism in general and late18th-century neoclassicism in particular. It was
also
to
some
extent
a
reaction
against
the
Enlightenment
and
against
18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Inspired in part
by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a
return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expressed by Jean
Jacques
Rousseau.
They
emphasized
the
individual,
the
subjective,
the
irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous,
the emotional, the
visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval,
exotic,
primitive,
and
nationalistic.
Critics
date
English
literary
romanticism
from
the
publication
of
William
Wordsworth
and
S.
T.
Coleridge
’
s
Lyrical
Ballads
in1798
to
the
death
of
Sir Walter
Scott
and
the
passage
of
the
first
reform bill in the Parliament in1832.

2.
Ode:

It
is
an
elaborately
formal
lyric
poem,
often
in
the
form
of
a
lengthy
ceremonious
address
to
a
person
or
abstract
entity,
always
serious
and
elevated
in
tone.
It
aims
at
praising
and
glorifying
an
individual,
commemorating
an
event,
or
describing
nature
intellectually
rather
than
emotionally. Odes originally were songs performed to the accompaniment of a
musical instrument. There are two different classical models: Pindar
’
s Greek
choral odes devoted to public praise of athletes (5thcenturyBC), and Horace
’
s
more privately
reflective
odes
in
Latin
(c.23~13BC).
John
Keats wrote
many
celebrated odes such as
“
Ode on a Grecian Urn
”
and
“
Ode to a Nightingale
”

(both1820).

3. Byronic hero:
It is a stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of
hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense
superiority
in
his passions
and powers, he
would
carry
on
his shoulders the
burden
of
righting
all
the
wrongs
in
a
corrupt
society.
He
would
rise
single-handedly
against
any
kind
of
tyrannical
rules
either
in
government,
in
religion,
or
in
moral
principles
with
unconquerable
wills
and
inexhaustible
energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn
social systems and conventions.

4. Ottava rima:

It is a form of verse stanza consisting of eight lines rhyming
abababcc,
usually
employed
for
narrative
verse
but
sometimes
used
in
lyric
poems. In its original Italian form (
“
eighth rhyme
”
), pioneered by Boccaccio in
the14th century and perfected by Ariostointhe16th.

It used hendecasyllables, but the English version uses iambic pentameters. It
was
introduced
into
English
by
Thomas Wyatt
in
the
16th
century,
and
later
used by Byron in Don Juan as well as by Keats, Shelley, and Yeats.

5. Terza rima:

It is a verse form consisting of a sequence of interlinked tercets
rhyming
aba bcb cdc ded
etc. Thus the second line of each tercet provides the
rhyme for the first and third lines of the next, the sequence closes with one line
(or in a few cases, two lines) rhyming with the middle line of the last tercet:
yzy
z
(z)
.
The
form
was
invented
by
Dante
Alighieri
for
his
DivinaCommedia

(c.1320), using the Italian hendecasyllabic line. It has been adopted by several
poets in English pentameters, notably by P
. B. Shelley in his
“
Ode to the West
Wind
”
.

6. Irony:

It is a contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is
really
meant,
or
between
what
is
expected
to
happen
and
what
actually
happens. Three kinds of irony are: (1) verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker
says one thing and means something entirely different; (2) dramatic irony, in
which
a
reader
or
an
audience
perceives
something
that
a
character
in
the
story or play does not know; (3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a
discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its
actual results.

7. Lyric:

It is a poem, usually a short one that expresses a speaker
’
s personal
thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric. As its
Greek
name
indicates,
a
lyric
was
originally
a
poem
sung
to
the
accompaniment of a lyre, and lyrics to this day have retained a melodic quality.
Lyrics may express a range of emotions and reflections. Robert Herrick
’
s
“
To
the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
”
reflects on the brevity of life and the need
to live for the moment, while T. S. Eliot
’
s
“
Preludes
”
observes the sordidness
and depression of modern life.

8. Motif:
It is a recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a
work of literature. A motif generally contributes in someway to the theme of a
short story, novel, poem, or play. For example, a motif used by D. H. Lawrence
in his story
“
The Rocking-Horse Winner
”
is the word luck. The main character
of the story, a boy named Paul, discovers that he has the power to predict the
winner in a horse race. However, this becomes an ironic kind of luck, for Paul
grows obsessed with his power and is finally destroyed by it. At times, motif is
used to refer to some commonly used plot or character type in literature. The
“
ugly
duckling
motif
”

refers
to
a
plot
that
involves
the
transformation
of
a
plain-looking person into a beauty. Two other commonly used motifs are the
“
Romeo and Juliet motif
”
(about doomed lovers) and the
“
Horatio Alger motif
”

(about the office clerk who becomes the corporation president).

9.
Theme:

It
is
the
general
idea
or
insight
about
life
that
a
writer
wishes
to
express
in
literary
work.
All
the
elements
of
a
literary
work
—
plot,
setting,
characterization, and figurative language contribute to the development of its
theme.
A
simple
theme
can
often
be
stated
in
a
single
sentence.
But
sometimes
a
literary
work is rich
and
complex,
and
a paragraph or even
an
essay is needed to state the theme. Not all literary
works have a controlling
theme. For example, the purpose of some simple ghost stories is to frighten
the reader, and some detective stories seek only to thrill.

10.
Symbol:

It
is any
object, person,
place, or action that
has a meaning
in