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爱默生
Emerson = The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism
超验主义
He was a descendent of a long line of New England clergymen
牧师【
pastor
】
.
American Transcendentalism
As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism flourshed in New England from the
1830s
to
the
Civil
War.
It
is
the
high
tide
of
American
romanticism
and
its
doctrines
found
their
greatest
literary
advocates
in
Emerson
and
Thoreau.
Transcendentalists
spoke
for
the
cultural
rejuvenation
and
against
the
materialism of American society
.
Transcendentalism
超验主义
(+ H. D. Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; )
The major features of Transcendentalism:
①
The
Transcendentalists placed emphasis on
spirit, or the Oversoul,
as the
most
important
thing
in the universe.
思想
超灵
宇宙
②
The
Transcendentalists stressed
the
importance of the
individual.
To
them,
the
individual
is the
most
important
element of Society
.
个体
+
社会
③
The
Transcendentalists
offered
a
fresh
perception
of
nature
as
symbolic
of
the
Spirit
or
God.
Nature
was
not
purely matter. It was alive, filled with God
’
s overwhelming presence.
自然
+
上帝
Emerson
’
s
代表作：
Nature
；
Se lf-Reliance
；
The American Scholar
；
The Over-soul
；
H. D. Thoreau
梭罗
and his work
Walden
瓦尔登湖
not
only
fully
demonstrates
Emersonian
ideas
of
self-reliance
but
also
develops
and
tests
Thoreau
’
s own transcendental philosophy
.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
朗费罗
William Faulkner(1897-1962
1949 Nobel price
“
Stream of Consciousness
”
意识流
or
“
interior monologue
”
,
内心独白
is one of the modern literary techniques.
It
is
the
style
of
writing
that
attempts
to
imitate
the
natural
flow
of
a
character
’
s
thoughts,
feelings,
reflections,
memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James
Joyce.
The Sound and the Fury (1929)
人物
??
As I Lay Dying (1930)
Light in the August ( 1932)
Absalom, Absalom (1936)
Go Down Moses (1942)
Ernest Hemingway
Iceberg Principle (Theory):
冰山法则
The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.
Code hero
a noble but
tragic
hero;
fighting
with the overwhelming
force;
though
he knows
that
he will be defeated at
last,
he
decides to act like a hero. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in
the famous phrase
“
grace under pressure
”
Major Works:
The Sun Also Rises 1926 (Jake Barnes)
A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley)
For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)
The Old Man and the Sea 1952 (Santiago)
Herman Melville
代表作：白鲸
Moby Dick
Other Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.
Symbolism in Moby Dick
：
It is regarded as the first American prose epic.
散文史诗？
It turns out to be a symbolic
voyage of the
mind
in quest of
the truth
寻找真理
and knowledge of
the
universe,
a
spiritual exploration into man
’
s deep reality and psychology
.
Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts
become symbols and
incidents acquire
universal
meanings;
the Pequod
is
the
microcosm of
human society and the
voyage becomes a search
for truth.
The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes
nature
for Melville,
for
it
is complex,
unfathomable
难以理解的
, malignant
恶性的
, and beautiful as well.
Realism
浪漫主义之后，现代主义之前
As
a
literary
movement,
the
Age
of
Realism
came
into
existence
after
Romanticism
with
the
Civil
War
It
was
a
reaction against
“
the lie
”
of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism.
This literary interest in the so-called
“
reality
”
of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as
The Age of Realism.
Psychological Realism
It
is
the
realistic
writing
that
probes
deeply
into
the
complexities
of
characters
’
thoughts
and
motivations.
And
Henry
James
is
considered
the
founder
of
psychological
realism.
He
believed
that
reality
lies
in
the
impressions
made
by
life
on
the
spectator,
and
not
in
any
facts
of
which
the
spectator
is
unaware.
Such
realism
is
therefore
merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it.
The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells
豪威尔斯
, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark
Twain
and
Howells
seemed
to
have
paid
more
attention
to
the
“
life
”
of
the
Americans,
and
Henry
James
had
apparently laid greater emphasis on the
“
inner world
”
of man.
William Dean Howells
：
The Rise of Silas Lapham
Henry James
：
The Portrait of a Lady (Isabel Archer; Madam Merle; Gilbert Osmond)
Daisy Miller (Daisy; Mr. Winterbourne; Mr. Giovanelli)
Mark Twain = Samuel Langhorne Clemens Missouri Writing: humor and local colorism
地方特色
The characteristics of local colorism
Twain preferred
to
have
his own region and people at the
forefront of
his stories. This particular concern about
the
local character of a region came about as
“
local colorism,
”
a unique variation of American literary realism.
“
The
Celebrated
Jumping
Frog
of
Calaveras
County
,
”
brought
him
recognition
from
a
wider
public.
His
best
works
were
produced
when
he
was
in
the
prime
of
his
life
：
Life
on
the
Mississippi
&
The
Adventures
of
Tom
Sawyer.
Mark Twain
’
s most representative work
：
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
His
humor,
a
kind
of
artistic
style
used
to
criticize
the
social
injustice
and
satirize
the
decayed
romanticism,
is
remarkable.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
effected by
超验主义
One of the most ambivalent writers in the American literary history
.
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