美国文学选读复习资料

2021年1月25日发(作者：famous是什么意思)
美国文学选读复习资料

Washington Irving

第一个获得欧洲国际声誉的作家


James Fenimore Cooper



美国第一位重要的小说家

The first great novelist of American

The last Mohicans ( French and India War)




























































































Emerson
爱默生

=
The chief spokesman of New England
Transcendentalism
超验主义

He was a descendent of a long line of New England clergymen
牧师【
pastor
】
.

主要作品 ：
论自然
Nature(
新英格兰超验主义的宣言
)
美学国者
The
American
Scholar
（美国文化和思
想的独立宣言）
（
The Over-soul
；
Self-Reliance
）

American Transcendentalism






As
a
philosophical
and
literary
movement,
American
Transcendentalism
(also
known
as
“
American Renaissance
”)
flourshed in New England
from the 1830s to the Civil War
. It is the high
tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in
Emerson and
Thoreau.

Transcendentalists
spoke
for
the
cultural
rejuvenation
and
against
the
materialism
of
American society.
Transcendentalism
超验主义
(+ H. D. Thoreau; )
The major features of Transcendentalism:
①

The Transcendentalists placed
emphasis on spirit,
or the
Oversoul,
as the most important thing in
the
universe
.
思想

超灵

宇宙

②

The Transcendentalists stressed the
importance of the individual.
To them, the
individual is the
most important element of Society
.
个体
+
社会

③

The Transcendentalists offered a fresh
perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God
.
Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God
’
s overwhelming presence.
自然
+
上帝



Nathaniel Hawthorne






effected by
超验主义

One of the
most ambivalent
writers in the American literary history.


The Scarlet Letter:
红字

Other works: Mosses from an Old Manse; Twice-Told Tales; The Marble Faun; The House of the
Seven Gables
He is a master of
symbolism
, which he took from the
Puritan tradition
清教徒传统
and bequeathed to
American literature in a revivified form.
In his masterpiece, by using
Pearl as a thematic symbol
, Hawthorne
emphasizes the consequence
the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community.
With the
scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best
symbolists.

Edgar Allan Poe:
侦探小说
Detective fiction
之父，又是法国象征主义运动的源头。

主要作品：
致海伦

To Helen
To Helen
Edgar Allan Poe
Helen, thy beauty is to me
Like those Nicean barks of yore,
That gently, o'er a perfumed sea,
The weary, wayworn wanderer bore

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To his own native shore.
On desperate seas long wont to roam,
Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
Thy Naiad airs have brought me home
To the glory that was Greece
And the grandeur that was Rome.

Lo! in yon brilliant window- niche
How statue-like I see thee stand,
The agate lamp within thy hand!
Ah, Psyche, from the regions which
Are Holy Land!
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

一种翻译：
（网上收集）

海伦，

你的美对于我犹如尼萨的船舸，

在往昔，

它们滑过芬芳的海波，

把漂泊者从倦人的旅羁载回故国的陆地。


经历了海风多次的吹拂
——

你那风信子般的美发，

你典雅的脸庞，

水仙女的风姿，

带我回到希腊的熠熠光华和古罗马的气魄。


看
!
在一个华美的窗龛你犹如雕像那样伫立，

玛瑙明灯擎在手里！

啊，赛琪，你来自彼岸那不可及的圣地！


Murders in the Rue Morgue
毛格街血案
(
Detective fiction)
；
Annabel Lee
安娜贝尔，李；

The Raven
乌鸦；
The Cask of Amontillado
一桶白葡萄酒


H. D. Henry David Thoreau
梭罗
and his work





Where I lived and what I lived for

人生意义

Walden

瓦尔登湖
not
only
fully
demonstrates
Emersonian
ideas
of
self-reliance
but
also
develops and tests Thoreau’s
own transcendental philosophy.


Civil Disobedience
论公 民的不服从
,
主张非暴力反抗，
深深影响了印度圣雄芏地和民权领袖马丁，
路 德，
金。


Walt Whitman
The first edition of
Leaves of Grass

In this giant work,
openness, freedom
, and above all,
individualism
are all that concerned him.

What he prefers for his new subject and new poetic feelings is

“free verse”
自由诗体
,
that is , poetry
without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.

The
poet’s
essential
purpose
was
to
identify
his
ego
with
the
world,
and
more
specifically
with
the

2
democratic
“en
-
masse”
同一地

of
America,
which
is
established
in
the
opening
lines
of
“Song
of
Myself”
.
为林肯而作：
When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时侯

O
Captain!My Captain
哦，我的船长。

Writing features of Whitman
1. A singer for the ideals of equality , democracy and human dignity.
2.
Songs
for
himself,
for
the
labor
of
common
American
people,
natural
creation,
the
independence of the country, love and friendship, and for the memorizing of President Lincoln.
3. Free verse, rhythmical unit, phonetic recurrence.

Herman Melville
代表作：
白鲸
Moby Dick


Other Works are:
Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi
.

Symbolism in
Moby Dick
：
It is regarded as the first American prose epic.
散文史诗？

It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth
寻找真理
and knowledge of
the universe, a spir
itual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.

Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic
groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm
of
human
society
and
the

voyage
becomes
a
search
for
truth
.
The
white
whale,
Moby
Dick,
symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable
难以理解的
, malignant
恶性的
, and
beautiful as well.



Emily Dickinson
：
I Died for Beauty
；
Because I could not stop for Death< br>美国最伟大的女诗人
。主
题：自然、爱情、死亡
/
永生

Emily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary.

Most of her poems are about life and nature. They are short; many of them are based on a single
image or symbol.

Mark Twain


Writing: humor and local colorism
地方特色

The characteristics of local colorism
Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular
concern
about
the
local
character
of
a
region
came
about
as
“
local
colorism,
”

a
unique
variation of American literary realism.

“The
Celebrated
Jumping
Frog
of
Calaveras
County,”

brought
him
recognition
from
a
wider
public.
His
best
works
were
produced
when
he
was
in
the
prime
of
his
life
：
Life
on
the
Mississippi & The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

汤姆。索亚历险记

Mark Twain’s
most representative work
：
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
（哈克贝利。芬历
险记）
（
儿童小说， 被誉为美国文学的来源
）惠特曼是美国文学史上第一位打破英国诗歌传统的诗人，吐
温是美国文 学史上第一位打破英国小说传统的小说家。

His humor, a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed
romanticism, is remarkable.
其他代表作：
王子与贫儿（
T
肯
Prince and Pauper
）
，密西西比河上的生活
(Life on the Mississippi)

Henry James
：
The Portrait of a Lady
淑女画像
(Isabel Archer; Madam Merle; Gilbert Osmond)
Daisy Miller
黛西。
米勒
（作者心目中典型的美国姑娘的缩影）
(Daisy; Mr. Winterbourne
温特伯恩
; Mr.
Giovanelli)

international theme

The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells
豪威尔斯
, Mark Twain, and
Henry James. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the
“life” of the

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