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EXERCISES
一、
Respond to the following items with either true or false and put
“
√
”
or
“×
”
in the
blanks.
1
、
In the original classical conditioning experiments, the sound of the bell is considered the
conditioned response.
2
、
B. F. Skinner is considered the father of behaviorism.
3
、
In the original classical conditioning experiments, the salivation after being presented with
food is considered an unconditioned response.
4
、
In Operant conditioning, the response comes after the consequence.
5
、
Positive
reinforcement
refers
to
adding
something
positive
in
order
to
increase
the
probability of a behavior occurring.
6
、
Negative reinforcement refers to the adding of something negative in order to reduce the
probability of a behavior occurring.
7
、
Conditioning could be considered synonymous with learning in that a conditioned response
occurs only after it has been learned.
8
、
The experiments in classical conditioning were originally developed by Ivan Pavlov after
accidentally stumbling on the phenomenon.
9
、
Freud's theory of psychosexual development has six stages that occur in the same order for
all children.
10
、
Freud's Structural Model is made up of the id, ego, and superego.
11
、
The vast majority of what we have experienced is stored in the unconscious according to
Freud.
12
、
Finding a way to do something that is typically unacceptable in an acceptable manner is
called sublimation.
13
、
Ego defense mechanisms are almost always unhealthy no matter how they are used.
14
、
Erikson is to sexual development as Freud is to social development.
15
、
Standardization of tests is vital if you want to compare test results.
16
、
The artificiality of laboratory research is a major negative factor in naturalistic observation.
17
、
Despite its shortcomings, the survey is a great way to gather large amounts of information
in a short amount of time.
18
、
Correlational studies are an effective way to demonstrate cause and effect in a relationship.
19
、
A Theory is a testable form of a hypothesis.
20
、
Absolute threshold refers to the point that the change in a stimulus can be detected.
21
、
The
amount
of
change
required
to
notice
the
change
in
a
stimulus
is
called
the
just
noticeable difference.
22
、
Weber's Law states that the change in a stimulus must be stated in a percentage rather
than an absolute.
23
、
Gestalt means form or whole and refers to the idea that the whole is often greater than the
sum of its parts.
24
、
The four principles of grouping include closure, similarity, proximity, and continuity.
25
、
We
believe
things
are
smaller
when
they
are
farther
away
and
have
to
reinterpret
the
object's size repeatedly as we approach it.
26
、
Understanding that a
round dinner
plate may look oval from a different angle refers to
shape constancy.
27
、
The three processes involved in memory include encoding, storage and retrieval.
28
、
Displacement refers to the phenomenon of new information pushing old information out of
short term memory.
29
、
The first workable intelligence test was developed by Alfred Binet for the purpose of testing
children entering school.
30
、
Nondeclarative memory includes, among other things, the memory of factual knowledge
such as vocabulary and mathematics.
31
、
Average IQ is said to be between 90 and 109.
32
、
Crystallized intelligence, according to Cattell, refers to factual knowledge similar to what
could be learned in school.
33
、
Spearman referred to general intelligence as 'g' and specific intelligence as 'g1', 'g2', 'g3',
etc..
34
、
The idea that information presented first in a list is easier to
remember because of the
recency effect.
（
primacy effect
）
35
、
The drive reduction theory was developed by Clark Hull.
36
、
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs argues for five levels of needs beginning with physiological
needs and ending with our need for self-actualization.
37
、
Maslow was a psychoanalytic theorist.
38
、
According
to
social
psychology
research,
we
tend
to
perform
better
on
tasks
that
are
difficult if others are watching us.
39
、
If we are successful in changing a person's behavior, it is more likely than not that their
belief system will also change.
40
、
The Soma or cell body of a neuron is where the processing of information takes place.
二、
Choose one correct answer from four choices and fill it in the blanks as follows:
1
、
The notion that health is governed by a complex interaction of biological, psychological,
and sociocultural
factors is referred to as the:
a. medical model
b. multifactoral model
c. biopsychosocial model.
d. interactive model 2
、
2
、
When your boss tells you that a complicated report that you have not yet begun to write
must be on her desk by this afternoon, you may experience:
a. burnout
（倦怠）
b. pressure
c. a double bind
（进退两难）
d. catharsis (
精神发泄
)_
3
、
Freud believed that most personality disturbances are due to:
a. the failure of parents to reinforce healthy behavior
b. a poor self-concept resulting from excessive parental demands
c. unconscious and unresolved sexual conflicts rooted in childhood experiences.
d. the exposure of children to unhealthy role models.
4
、
Which of the following learning mechanism does r see as being the major means
by which behavior is learned?
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. observational learning
d. insight learning
5
、
Always having been a good student, Irving is confident that he will do well in his psychology
course. According to Bandura
’
s social learning theory, Irving would be said to have:
a. strong feelings of self-efficacy
b. a sense of superiority
c. strong feelings of self- esteem
d. strong defense mechanisms
6
、
What need was Abraham Maslow expressing when he said
”
what a man can be, he must
be
”
?
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