语用学论文

2021年1月25日发(作者：rankin)

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论文题目
Pragmatic Analysis on Person Deixis

















From the Perspective of Anti-pre-emptive in Chinese and English

















完成时间









2013
年
6
月
10
日












课程名称









《语用与交际》













授课教师
_______________________


专




业









辅修第二学位英语专业








年




级








2010
英语双学位辅修

















Pragmatic Analysis on Person Deixis From the Perspective
of Anti-pre-emptive in Chinese and English





Abstract
：
Deixis

is

one

of the most important issues in pragmatics
’
research.
Deixis
possesses
the
characteristic
of
pre-emptive
usage
,

but
this

pre-emptive
usage
is

limited
conditional,
and
in

some
special

context
and

stylistic
will

disappear,

then
anti-pre-emptive
appears.
Therefore,
this
paper,
taking
person
deictic
expressions
as
example, attempts to make an in-depth probe into and analysis of
the anti-preemptive
phenomenon in
Chinese and English and
the pragmatic effects of anti-pre-emptive of
person deixis
.
Key worlds
：
person deixis;

anti-pre- emptive

摘要
：
指示现象是语用学研究的重要课题之一。
指示词具有先用性的特点，
但是
这种先用作用是有条件限制的，
在一些特殊的语境和语 体中会随之消失，
即出现
反先用现象。
本文主要以人称指示语为例，
对英汉中 的反先用现象以及人称反先
用现象的语用效果做进一步的探讨和分析。

关键词
：人称指示语；反先用现象


uction
In
linguistics,
deixis
refers
to
the
phenomenon
wherein
understanding
the
meaning
of
certain
words
and
phrases
in
an
utterance
requires
contextual
are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational
meaning
varies
depending
on
time
and/or
place.
Words
or
phrases
that
require
contextual information to convey any meaning
–
for example, English pronouns
–
are
is a technical term which means
―
pointing
‖
via language. Any linguistic
form
used
to
accomplish
this
―
pointing
‖

is
called
a
deictic
expression.
It
is
used
to
indicate
the
function
or
property
that
certain
words,
such
as
personal
and
demonstrative pronouns, place and time adverbs and others have in to
different aspects of reference being made and the functions to serve, deixis is divided
into five types. They
are person,
time, place, discourse, and social
deixis.
Levinson
contends that deixis generally words in an egocentric way. That is, unless otherwise
stated:
The
central
person
is
the
speaker,
the
central
time
is
the
time
at
which
the
speaker produces the utterance, the central place is the speaker
’
s location at utterance
time or CT, the discourse center is the point which the speaker is currently at in the

1

production
of
his
utterance,
and
the
social
center
is
the
speaker
’
s
social
status
and
rank,
to
which
the
status
or
rank
of
addressees
or
referents
is
relative.(Levinson
1983:64).
[1]

The
deictic

reference
and
they
are
alleged
to
constitute
a
statement
of
the
implications
of
discourse
often
depend
on
the
context
and
the
speaker's
beliefs
or
intentions;
therefore,
the
deixis
’

research
is
playing
an
important
role
in

pre-emptive
usage
of
deixis
is
put
forward
by
Levinson
(1983) .He
considered that what pre- emptive nature of deixis is time deixis is taking precedence
over
the
corresponding
phenomenon
of
d
irective
words

usage,
but
he
did
not
depth
explore this phenomenon. Until 1990s, Chinese scholar Zhang Quan took note of this
phenomenon
and
carried
out
deep
research.
He
puts
forward
the
anti-pre-emptive,
which is referring to that d
irective words
are taking precedence over deixis words usage.
However,
their
study
was
limited
to
the
pre-emptive
and
anti-pre-emptive
of
time
deixis,
nor a systematic explanation of this
paper will analysis on
the phenomenon of anti- pre-emptive on person deixis.
[4]


There
are
many
phenomenons
of
the
anti-pre-emptive
deixis.
This
paper
will
mainly
analyse
on
the
phenomenon
of
anti-pre-emptive
on
person
deixis
from
perspectives
of
the
theory
of
anti-pre-emptive,
the
phenomenon
of
anti-pre-emptive
on person deixis and
the pragmatic effects of anti-pre-emptive of person deixis.

II
Theretical Framework




2.1Person deixis




Person
deixis
concerns
itself
with
the
grammatical
persons
involved
in
an
utterance, (1) those directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not
directly
involved
(e.g.
Over- hearers
—
those
who
hear
the
utterance
but
who
are
not
being directly addressed), and (3) those mentioned in the utterance.
[4]
In English, the
distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how.
(The person deictic terms are in
italics
, a signaling notation that will continue through
this article.)
I am going to the movies.

Would you like to have dinner?

They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.





2.2 Pre-emptive
phenomenon


The
pre-emptive
phenomenon
of
deixis
refers
to
when
someone
mentions
person,things,
objects,

time
and
place
in
deixis
domains
of
the
speech
activities,
people
often

tend
to
use

deixis
words

to
express.
These
deixis

may
be

rejected

the

2

words of other

non-directive

within the same

meaning of

the words in

psychological,
The

repulsion

in the indicated

context

often

has priority

when used. For example, the

speaker of a speech events

taking place is

Mike, the time is
on
May 10, 2008, usually

the speaker

will say
‖
today I have five classes
‖
, not saying
‖
on May 10 Mike has five
classes
‖
. If you really

say that

the hearer

intuitive

reaction is

on May 10 is not

today,
Mike

is not the

speaker

and

refers to

somebody else. Therefore, in this example , the
person deixis
―
I
‖
and the time deixis
‖
today
‖
have pre- emptive usage.




2.3A
nti-pre-emptive
phenomenon
Since the impact of pre-emptive, the participants of speech events usually refer
to
the
person,things,
objects,

time
and
place
in
deixis
domains.
Using
nominal
expression reference refers to the person and things outside the deixis domains. If we
use
the
nominal
expression
reference
refer
to
the
person,
things,
time,and
place
in
deixis domains, the hearer will come into being the
repulsive impact in psychological.
Thus
that
is
usually
not
appropriate,
however,
in
some
special
context
and
body
language, there still be a non- directive language replaced to the original words which
can use the reference domains such as people, things, time
a
nd place , people will call
it anti-pre-emptive phenomenon, that the pre-emptive usage is disappear.
[4]





2.4 The influence factors of anti-pre-emptive phenomenon

Anti-pre- emptiveness
of
deixis
results
from
such
factors
as
lack
of
deictic
information, psychological activities of participants in speech event and so on.




2.4.1 The context and style factors

Under
the
condition
of
some
missing
contexts,
person
deixis
is
using
by
anti-pre-emptive.
For
example,
in
the
beginning
of
the
session
which
has
not
been
determined the speech activist
’
s identities and among non-face to face special context,














it was particularly obvious in English. For example phoning, English idioms is
“
This
is ... speaking
”
, when someone knocked the door, the response is
“
who is that
”
.
In
a
particular

style
,
the

person

deixis

will

react

the
anti-pre-emptive

phenomenon.
The
openness

features of pure person

deixis determine that wanting to
ensure the person deixis need to rely on the special context. Therefore, many
style of
written
language

such
as
declarations
、
letters
and
so
on
will
appear
the
anti-pre- emptive
phenomenon. For example, in court, even the
plaintiff lawyer asked
the defendant face to face is also used the anti-pre- emptive of the person deixis,
―
请问
张先生案发当时在什么地方
?
‖
, but the anti-pre-emptive doesn
’
t the authoritarian of
official
language.
In
order
to
achieving
some
pragmatic
effects,
we
often
use
the
anti-pre-emtive in informal style. For example
―
张三我今天
把话搁这里了！
‖


3



2.4.2 P
sychological factors




The
anti-pre- emptive
of
psychological
factors
influences
the
verbal
communication
of
the
language
users.
Generally,
it
considers
their
own
feeling
and
participants
’

psychological
reaction.
Comparing
the
first
person
‖
I
‖
、
the
second
person(you)
、
the third person(he or she) deixis
，
you will discover that the first person
and the second person is the necessary components of speech acts, that is the speaker
and
the
addressee(s).
However,
the
third
person
isn
’
t
the
necessary
components
of
speech acts, that refers to neither the speaker nor the addressee(s). Obviously, the third
person
is
outside
the
indicator
area,
there
are
expending
from
the
center
outward
expansion. Therefore, from first- person to third person, the effects of pre-emptive is
diminishing, the effects of anti-pre- emptive is increase progressively.
Thus,
when

the speaker

into the

speech event, the per-emptive of the first
、
second
deixis can close the psychological distance of verbal

user. Whereas the third person is
distancing.
Finally,
when
the
speaker
want
to
close
the
distance,
the
third
person
deixis appears the anti- pre-emptive phenomenon.


2.4.3
Social-cultural Factors

Social and cultural factors impact on the anti-pre-emptive which is
realizing in
surnamed
name,
kinship
terms

and
i
dentity
appellation
and
so
on,
reflecting
the
affect
relations and power relationship. There is the claim and
kinship terms among Cjinese
referring systems in ancient in order to express the special cultural of the close family
values.
For
example
，
when
parents
speak
to
the
child
will
use
the
child
appellation
‖
daddy
‖

―
mommy
‖
.
The
anti-pre- emptive
phenomenon
is
obvious
in
expressing the scale and the power. Someone has small power or low scale who uses
the
method
of
anti-pre-emptive
for
large
power
or
high
scale,
addressing
adverse
’
s
position
―
chairman
‖

―
director
‖
etc.
In
addition,
individual
differences
is
one
of
the
factors
of
impacting
the
pre-emptive phenomenon, for
example children
phrase. The
children often speak to
someone in claim themselves, such as that the child says to parent
―
娇娇喜欢哪个娃
娃
‖
.
III. Pragmatic Analysis on T
he anti-pre-emptive Usage of Person Deixis


3.1 From person deixis
’
three constraints seeing its anti- pre-emptive




3.1.1The status of person deixis in indicative domain:

There
is
different
of
the
status
of
person
deixis
in
indicative
domain,
the
repulsive of them(rejecting the anti-pre-emptive of
equivalent language
) is not different.
―
I
‖

refers
to
first
person,
―
you
‖

refers
to
second
person,
―
he
or
she
‖

refers
to
third

4

person which is
expending from the center outward expansion in the status of person
deixis
domain.
―
I
‖

refers
to
terminological
nomination

of
its
same
reference,
its
psychological repulsion is biggest,
the constraints of the anti-pre- emptive is strongest.
The concrete of
―
I
‖
in language activities is very definite, thus the speaker doesn
’
t use
―
I
‖
directly, whereas taking the
roundabout

way to use the terminological nomination

words,
which
will
make
addressee(s)
inexplicable
on
the
contrary.
Please
compare
below example:
[5]




e.g.1:
我今天去图书馆了。




e.g.2
：小华今天去图书馆了。

From
above
two
sentence,
the
speaker
both
of
―
小华
‖
.
We
discover
that
the
second sentence make people feeling the
departure of center deixis, seemingly

that
―
小华
‖
doesn
’
t the speaker but the other.
The per-emptive usage of
―
you
‖
has a small impact than
―
I
‖
,

comparing to
―
he
or she
‖
is stronger. That is to say, the anti-pre-emptive usage of
―
you
‖
is stronger than
―
I
‖
comparing to
―
he or she
‖
is weaker. It is because that first
、
second person is the
necessary
component
of
the
language
activities
,
that
is
indispensable
participant,
whereas the third person is the unnecessarry component of language activities, that is
the
third
side
nor
the
necessary
participant,
being
in
the
outside
of
person
deixis
domain, and at the same terminological nomination
word the repellant is smallest, the
power of anti-pre-emptive is strongest.
In all f the person deixis, the number of the
anti-pre-emptive phenomenon of third person deixis is largest and most complex.

From
―
I
‖

―
you
‖

‖
he
or
she
‖
,
the
pre-emptive
usage
is
diminishing,
the
anti-pre-emptive usage is incremental. That is say for universal phenomenon. That is
not say that

the pre-emptive usage of
―
I
‖
is highest, and the anti-pre- emptive usage
of
―
he
or
she
‖

is
best.
In
some
conditions,
there
is
quite
number
exiting
of
anti-pre-emptive phenomenon, the per-emptive phenomenon of
―
he or she
‖
is normal
usage.
[5]





3.1.2
The
semantic
property

of
the
impersonal
deixis
form(
terminological
nomination words
):

The semantic property of impersonal deixis often limits the pre-emptive . When
the language speaker want to express some particular semantic, the per-emptive

of
person deixis doesn
’
t work, thus anti- pre-emptive make a figure in this situation. The
terminological
nomination
words
are
more
rich
semantic
content
and
shades
of
meaning than person deixis. When person deixis expresses its

reference function in
any
other
situation,
it
is
only
expressing
one
type
abstract,
whereas
t
erminological

5