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跨文化交际期末复习资料全

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-25 19:47
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2021年1月25日发(作者:master是什么意思)
.
专业整理
.
Components of large C Culture :

Social institutions and organizations.
Language and other communication systems.
Customs, habits and behavioral patterns.
Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns.
Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development.
Culture Onion




Dutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers:
a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like
language,
food,
buildings,
house,
monuments,
agriculture,
markets,
fashion
and
art,
which are the symbols of a deeper level of culture.
b)


The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factors
c)
The core:
assumptions
about culture. From
the
fundamental
relationship
with
the
nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense
but nature .
Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture is transmissible
2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of
behaviors,
and
this
set
is
what
gives
meaning
to
their
lives,
and
what
bonds
them
together as a culture.

3.

Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.
Culture is learned, not inherited

遗传的

. It derives from one

s social environment, not


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from one

s genes.
e is symbolic.

5. Culture is integrated. T
o keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must
be integrated.

6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. It

s dynamic rather than static

静态


, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact
with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation

创新

, diffusion

传播

and acculturation

文化适应

.
7. Culture is ethnocentric

民族中心主义的

.

e is the guiding principles for actions.
Key terms


Enculturation

社会文化适应
):

Enculturation
is
the
socialization
process
you
go
through to adapt to your society.

社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的
社会化过程
)。

Acculturation

文化适应
):

Acculturation, or cultural adaptation, refers to an individual

s learning and adapting to
the norms and values of the new host culture.

文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社
会规范和价值观念的过程
)。


Separation
and
segregation

分离和隔离
):
the

maintaining
one

s
original
culture
and not participating in the new culture.

指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化

完全没
有接受和习得新文化
)。

Integration (
文化整合
): It takes place when individuals become an integral part of the


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new culture while maintaining their culture integrity. (
文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中
成为新文化中的一部分

同时又保留了自 己文化的完整性
)


Assimilation (
文化同化
)

It is the degree to which an individual relinguishes an original
culture for another. When individuals are assimilated into the mainstream culture, they
lose their previous culture. (
文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度
。< br>一旦被主流
文化同化

人们就失去了原有的文化
)



Marginalization

边缘化
):

Marginalization
or
deculturation
refers
to
losing
one

s
cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. (边缘
化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份

而且与广大社会失去了心理联系)



Culture
shock

文化冲击

文化休克

It
refers
to
the
traumatic
experience
that
an
individual may encounter when entering a different culture.

文化冲击指人们在进入一
种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历
)。

Key terms

Intercultural
competences

refer
to
the
ability
to
understand
and
adapt
the
target
culture; in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e. the ability to
behave in an appropriate way and to adapt to one

s communication and interaction
according to the context.(
跨文化能力指的是理解和适应目标文 化的能力

换句话说

它指
的是对于文化多样性的敏感性

例如

根据具体的交际环境

恰当的得体的行为和对于交
际 与交往的适应
)



Communicative competence is part of social competence, which is an individual ability,
i.e. behavior and skills, to control his or her social environment. (
交际能力是社会能力的


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一部分

是个体的能力

例如行为或者技巧

来控制他或者他的社会环境
)


Intercultural communication competence involves cognitive, affective and operational
aspects, which are inseparable. (
跨文化交际能力涉及 到认知的

情感的和行为能力

他们
是密不可分的
)


Definition of communication

1. It comes from the Latin word

communicate

, it means to give or to exchange. Now,
the most common meaning of

communication


is to give or exchange information or
ideas.

2. Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (the basis of all human
contact)
3. Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and
reflected in human interaction with symbols.

4. Communication is the exchange of messages between peoples for the purpose of
achieving common meaning.
Components of Communication
1. Source

2. Encoding

3. Message

4. Channel

5. Noise

6. Receiver

7. Decoding
8. Receiver response


9. Feedback

10. Context.

Mode of communication
Linear Model of Communication;





Interactive Model of Communication
Verbal communication: communication done both orally and in written language
Nonverbal communication: communication whose messages are not conveyed in words.

Characteristics of communication


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1) Communication is dynamic

2) Communication is interactive 3) Communication
is irreversible


4) Communication takes place in both a physical and social context
Communication is rule-governed
Symbols or codes are the basic ingredients of communication.

Communication can not be retrieved
Communication takes place in both a physical and a social context
Communication does not take place in a vaccum.



Definition:

Intercultural communication

1.
Intercultural
communication
refers
to communication
between people of different
cultural backgrounds.

2.
Intercultural
communication
is
communication
between
people
whose
cultural
perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
Forms of intercultural communication
1.

Interracial Communication

2.
Interethnic Communication
(
民族间的 交际
,
属同一人
种但属不同民族

中国各兄弟民族间的交往

3.

Intra-cultural
Communication


4.
inter-regional communication


Features of Intercultural communication
1. It is a universal phenomenon.



2. The communication between cultures has a long
history.

3. Intercultural communication is a common

daily occurrence.









An Outline of Chinese Culture

Chinese history began with two legendary figures

Emperor Huang(
黄帝
)and Emperor


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Yan(
炎帝
) How Yao and Shun Passed the Thrones to the Worthy and the Capable(


舜禅让

How Yu, the Great, Conquered the Flood(
大禹治水
)







四书

The Four Books, namely, The Great Leaning(

大学

), The Doctrine of the
Mean
(《
中庸
》)
, The Analects of Confucius
(《
论语
》)
, and Mencius
(《
孟子
》)

五经

The
Five

Classics,
namely,
The
Book
of
Songs/Odes
(《
诗经
》)
,
The
Book
of
History
(《
书经

/< br>《
尚书
》)
, The Book of Changes
(《
易经


I Ching

, The Book of Rites
(《
礼记
》)
, and The Spring and Autumn Annals
(《
春秋
》)


The Literary Achievements during Ming and Qing Dynasties

We boast the representative masterpieces as the four great novels of the Ming Dynasty
Outlaws of the Marsh


by Shi Naian, T
he Romance of the Three Kingdoms
by Luo
Guanzhong,
Journey to the West
by Wu Cheng

en and
Jin Ping Mei
by Xiao Xiaosheng,
which shows that novel writing had reached maturity.

The Qing Dynasty featured with such works as
The Scholars
, a satirical novel by Wu
Jingzi and Cao Xueqin

s
A Dream of Red Mansions
. Pu Songling

s collection of short
stories about ghosts and fox spirits(demons),
Strange Tales from the Carefree Studio
,
through these tales the author censures(
谴责
)
the evils of the society he lived in.

Culture shock
Definition

Culture shock is precipitated (
使

突然陷入

促成
) by the anxiety that results
from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.

Cultu
re
shock

also
can
be
defined
as
“the
physical
and
emotional
d
iscomfort
one
suffers when going to live in another country or place and is something all international


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students will face.

The
term

culture
shock


can
be
defined
in
another
way
as
certain
needs
and
requirements that are not being met by foreign culture and society.

Culture shock refers to the anxiety experienced when one experiences the loss of their
home
culture,
family
and
support
system
and
is
confronted
with
the
task
of
understanding a new culture.

Four stages for Culture Shock
ia
(〔


欣快症

异常欣快
--
蜜月期

.

In this stage, you are excited about
living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everything,
and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture
seems to have no

ending.

2.
a
downturn









as
disillusionment
arise.

This
is
called
the
Frustration Stage/ Crisis /Hostility Stage.

You begin to notice that not everything is as
good as you had originally thought it was. You become tired of many things about the
new culture. Moreover, people don't treat you like a guest anymore. Everything that
seemed
to
be
so
wonderful
at
first
is
now
awful,
and

everything
makes
you
feel
distressed and tired. You may encounter many problems in transportation, shopping, or
interpersonal communication. You may feel that people may no longer care about your
problem, and they don

t like foreigners. You may start to complain and reject the host
culture.


Physical symptoms

including aches and pains in limbs, headaches, fatigue
and
lack
of
energy,
loss
of
appetite,
inability
to
get
a
good
night

s
sleep/insomnia,
stomach upsets, and frequent colds or flu.



Regression:
You spend much of your time


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speaking your own language, watching video from your home country, and eating food
from home. You may remember only the good thing about

your home country
3.

Adjustment/Recovery.

The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.

A
new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. One may start to feel
a certain psychological balance. You may not feel as lost and starts to have a feeling of
direction. The individual is more familiar with the environment and wants to belong. You
start feeling more positive, and

you try to develop comprehension of everything you
don't

understand. The whole situation starts to become more favorable; you recover
from the

symptoms of the first two stages, and you adjust yourself to the new norms,
values, and even

beliefs and traditions of the new country.

You begin to see that even
though the distinction

of the culture is different from your own, it has elements that
you can learn to appreciate.

4. integration

After you went through a series of emotional ups and downs, that is to say you have
experienced the previous three distinct stages of emotional change, you have reached a
point where you actually feel good because you have learned enough to understand the
new
culture.
You
can
understand
and
accept
the
things
that
initially
made
you
feel
uncomfortable or strange.

This lessens much of the stress. Now you

feel comfortable
and have adjusted to the new culture. You find your new cultural identity.
How to Deal with

Cultural Shock?

1. Be aware of the symptoms


2. Develop friendships with people around you


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3. Have a sense of humor





4. Ask questions about social customs
5. Take a course or read a book on inter-cultural communication

6. Develop positive attitude (open-minded)
7. Spare time for relaxation 8. Go to the outside and try to look for something you are
interested in

Origins of surnames:
看名字是根据什么原因取的

a)

The
totems
worshiped
by
ancestors:
In
primitive
society,
people
took
many
natural phenomena or animals as the totems;
















鹿





b)

The country/state established by or manor(
封地
) conferred to the ancestors.






















.
In
manors,
people
used
the
manor
name as their surname:






赵< br>、




上官


.
c)

One’s ancestor’s title of nobility




.


d)

One’s ancestor’s official post
:
司马

司徒

司空

上官



.
e) The name of the ancestor

s residential place:
西门

东门

东方

南宫





西

.
f) Ancestor

s occupation
:











.
g) The transliteration of the surname(double-surname)from minority nationality:



宇文

慕容

长孙

尉迟

独孤
.
h) Some surname of minority nationality become a typical Han surname< br>:
爱新觉罗








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implication and cultural notions in names
an
ambition,


a
will,

morality







achievement:refinement(


):

distinguishedness(
出众
):


longevity(
长寿
)
Some cultural notions contained in names


a)

ancestry-worshipping(
崇祖
) notion







b) Confucianism- worshipping

崇儒


c) Success- seeking (
建功立业
) notion:




d) Virtue advocating notion:

e) Luck notion:
f) Jade-loving(
崇玉
) notion:



g) Notion of longing for official
Style(

)



Style, as an addition to the name, is taken at the age of 20. Style can meet
the need of ethics of respecting seniors. In ancient times, King/emperor could address
his subjects by their names, the senior do the inferior. Reversely, the inferior had to
address the senior by their styles. People of the same generation

平辈
) also address
each other by styles.

Assumed
name
(

)

Assumed
name
is
an
interesting
phenomenon.
Before
T
ang
Dynasty, only some scholars (
文人雅士
)


Up to the middle of Northern Song Dynasty,
assumed names boomed, attributed to
欧阳修

苏轼

王安石



Name
and
style(

)were
given
by
one

s
senior(
尊长
)

but
they
can

t
reflect
one

s
characteristics, interests ambitions(
志趣
)

experience etc. in his adulthood. An assumed
name can do that.
About English names
1)About surname
The origins of surnames are as follows:
Place of identity :
Some names indicate where the person came from, e.g., Norman ,


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Moor, Hall, Chesterfield , and Wood.

Occupation:
Cook, Clark, Taylor, Smith, Tu rner(
车削工

,Butler

配膳师

, Thatcher


屋顶者

, Chandler

蜡烛
/
肥皂制造商
), and Cooper
Family relationships:
Surnames were also coined from first names to indicate family
relationships, as Robertson ,Donaldson, MacDonald, O

Patrick, Watkins, Thomas
Ethnic identity:
English names: the name plus

son

, as Robertson, Donaldson, Scottish
names
:

Mac

,
or

Mc


added
before
the
name,
as
MacDonald
;
Irish
names
:

O


placed before the name ,as O

Patrick.
Personal characteristic:
Long, Little, Young, Moody, Fox, Brown, Rich, and Newman

Culture and Taboos

1) Social taboos:
A) In English-speaking countries, if you want to visit somebody, you should make an
appointment in advance. The unexpected visit was/is not acceptable.



B )People in English-speaking countries are expected to avoid talking shop

C)
In English-speaking country, Christians
regard
suicide
as
sin,
so
suicide
is not an
appropriate topic.

D) In social communication, Westerners avoid talking about privacy which includes age,
income, wealth, marriage, love affairs.


E)

Chinese care about some faults, bad habits, just as an old Chinese saying goes

When you beat somebody, avoid hitting him in the face, when you speak, don

t rake up
(
重提不愉快之事

翻旧账
)other

s faults






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In English-speaking communities, there are some social taboos:

(1)

It is unlucky to have a black cat cross the road in front of you.

(2) The bride should not see the husband on the morning before the wedding.

(3) The killing of crickets in the house will bring bad luck.

(4) To pass under a ladder brings bad luck. (
从梯子下面走过会带来厄运

)
(5) Lighting three cigarettes from one match brings bad luck to the third person.
(6) To break a mirror brings seven years' bad luck. (
打碎镜子会带来
7
年厄运

)
(7) Opening an umbrella in the house is bad luck. (
在屋中撑伞会倒霉

)
2)
Taboo in public situations.


First come, first served(
先来后到
)

;

Sneezing is a normal physiological reaction /phenomenon.

3) taboos about diet

The Chinese almost eat any animal and even the internal organs of animals. But people
from English-speaking counties don

t like fat, and the skin, feet head and internal organs,
some animal

s meat such as dog

s meat, snake


s meat. They dislike garlic and vinegar
and strange soups.

When the mouth is full of food, one should not utter(
中国人

食不言

咽不语

.). Chinese
shouldn

t rap the empty bowls with chopsticks for that

s what a beggar does.

During the dinner, the diners should not belch(
打嗝
), loosen the belt and go to the toilet.

At a Cantonese dinner, the diners should not eat chicken head, wings and tail, but leave
them to the seniors in the family.

For the Spring Festival dinner, there must be a dish of fish implying

年年有余

.



and


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are homophonic characters in Chinese.

For some local wedding dinner, the fish head, tail and fish bones are not allowed to be
eaten, because people hope that the new couple will remain a devoted couple to the
end of their lives (
白头偕老
),a complete couple(
有头有尾
).

In some places, the cooked fish in a dish is not allowed to be turned over or it may imply
the ship will capsize
(
翻船
). It

s a taboo for fishermen.

Tea water is Chinese

s favorite
drink, northern Chinese
like
jasmine
tea
(
茉莉花茶
/


),the southern Chinese prefer green tea or black tea.

For those who know about sado (
茶道

tea culture), they won

t like to mix other things
like milk, sugar with tea, but would enjoy the pure tea. The tea made the previous day
won

t be drunk next day (
隔夜茶
), it

s harmful to health.

Chinese care about the way of drinking tea: to sip tea (
呷茗
)not drink unrestrainedly(


).

It

s
believed
in
the
West
and
the
East,
that
tea
can
predict
something,
though
it

s
somewhat
superstitions
if
the
tea
stalks
in
a cup
float/stand
upright
(erect),
the
tea
drinker will be pleased for it

s a omen that a distinguished guest is coming.

The British people think, if someone happened to (
无意中
) cover (covered accidentally)
a tea-pot, it predicts an unexpected visitor will arrive.

If two women share the tea in the same pot, that means one of them or someone from
either family will give birth to a child by the end of the year. It hints an unexpected guest
is to come.

When the stalk is hard, the comer is male, if the stalk is soft, it will be a female visitor.


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In Japan,for no reason can you insert chopsticks vertically into the food. Because this is
an inauspicious sign. Moreover,it is thought to be an impolite behavior when you suck
the end of a chopstick.
Everyone, whether you are Muslim or non-Muslim, should take off your shoes when
entering into the mosque. Visitors should follow the Muslim style of dress: men should
wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts; women should cover all their

exposed skin.
4) taboo about gift-presenting
The number of
flowers should be odd(
单数
)
, for it

s believed t
he even number will
result in misfortune/bad luck.


White flowers are denied because the white color symbolizes misfortune or death.
So one is not expected to give white flowers to the patient in hospital.

If you are invited to a France family for dinner, you can bring some flowers, but untied.
Do not bring the chrysanthemum; they

re only to be used at the funeral in France.
Purple flowers are the flowers of death in Mexico
On the international occasions, these two kinds of flowers
石竹花


pink
杜鹃花

Azalea


are not the proper gifts for guests as the French people think it will bring forth disasters.
Convallaria
majalis(
铃兰花
)
are
not
the
suitable
gift
for
friends
as
it
implies
the
termination of friendship
国家



白花

German


even
Deny

hospital
tulips


Odd


原因

Even

misfortune/bad luck.


misfortune or death
the merciless flowers



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France
French
chrysanthemum
untied
funeral

forth disasters.
哀悼


the
termination
of





pink





Azalea,
菊花

friends

Convallaria majalis(
铃兰花
)

friendship


Polish
Brazilian
dried or withered flowers


Purple flowers

the end of friendship
funerals
as
the
symbol
of
death.
Europe
the
ones
with
strong

aroma
Europe
Europe
The
Easter
communi
cation
国家

Latin


handkerchief,knives,


small
原因

your friendship to an end.

linked to tears.

Small flowers/big flowers



Lotus


potted
windflowers
cut-flowers


mid-aged people/ the young
for sacrifice

patients
American
scissors
and
other
gifts
household
like these
The


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.
products
single number
charity and insult.

Sending money
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.
Russians
13
Bread and salt
幸运和成功


7


Men
to
perfumes,
dresses
and

cosmetics
Clocks or watches


embarrass other people

women
Chinese


5) taboo about festival
The Westerners especially value the New Year

s Day

They are very careful about this day that can ensure
good luck in the coming year
. They
believe what kind of person
the first visitor
to their house is a person
with black hair,
or at least it

s the black


haired friend or acquaintance, he will bring the host good
luck: If the first visitor is a woman, it also will be the evil omen for the new year.

If
a family member
acts as the first visitor, he will be sent out of the house before
midnight
to
make
some
preparation.
He
should
carry
some
gifts
not
necessarily
expensive such as bread symbolizing ample food and clothing(
丰衣足食
) or coin/salt as
the symbol of wealth and fortune.

6)religions taboo:
In the Bible, there are the records of The Ten Commandments

上帝十诫

reported (
转述
)
by Moses (
摩西
)


十诫大意


(1)
不可崇拜上帝以外的其它神


(2)
不可敬拜偶像

(3)
不可妄称上帝的名字

(4)
当守安息日


(5)
当孝敬父母



(6)
不可杀人


(7)
不可奸淫

(8)
不可偷盗


(9)
不可作假证害人


10)
不可贪恋他人财产



.
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.
专业整理
.
For Catholicism/-city, t
here other taboos: with 2-3 week after the funeral, the deceased

s
relatives/family
members
should
avoid
interviewing
guests,
joining
in
large-scaled
party or ball party.

Catholic priests are not allowed to get married.
Most Italians are are catholic who don

t use Christmas Tree but play with toys.
According
to
the
diet
taboos
described
in
Islam

s
Koran,
the
dirty
animals
such
as
pigs/swines,

donkeys, mules and dogs are not edible, the oxen, sheep, chicken, ducks
and
birds
slaughtered
without
killers


chanting
the
name
of
Allah(
未诵安拉之名而宰

)

the
banning
of
eating
tigers,
leopards,
wolves,
eagles,
and
snakes;
the
inland
Islams

cannot eat the fish without scales and gills(
无鳞无鳃鱼
) and other fish that don

t look like fish (e.g. seafoods )


Also in Koran, alcohol drinking is forbidden, a devout

Muslim won

t touch and sell
alcohol drinks. So no alcohol drinks are served at the Muslims


banquets and the hosts
will not propose a toast

敬酒
)。

For Muslimism/ Moslem/Muslin, there are some taboos: they don

t eat pork, and animal
blood, wine and drink with alcohol, don

t worship idol, Moslems are not allowed to get
married with close relatives, and the followers/ disciples of other religions.

Some
religions

including
Hinduism,
Buddhism,
Islam,
and
various
branches
of
Christianity such as the Methodists

卫礼公会

, the Baptists,


forbid or discourage
the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Female Moslems usually stay at home instead of working outside, they should avoid
gazing at males, instead they should lower vision while coming across male Moslems,


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male and female Moslems are not supposed to embrace each other in public, a woman
should veil her face in the presence of strangers;

Only veiled women are allowed to enter the mosque.

Men shaking hands with women
is considered a taboo by the Moslem countries.
犹太教

Judaism






第一个法规和动物有关

唯一可以食用的哺乳动物是反刍并有分蹄的动物< br>,
可以吃牛


而不允许吃猪肉和马肉

这点与穆斯 林在
Halal
的饮食禁忌法规类似

大多数饲养禽类
(
如 鸡



鹅等
)
是被允许的

但一些新品 种如鸵鸟和鸸鹋不允许

圣经中特意提及禁食
鸵鸟

鱼类必须有鳃和 鳞

禁食软体动物和甲壳类动物






第二个法规和动物的血液有关

犹太人认为血是

生命的液 体

而严禁食用


喇嘛教

Lamaism





























鹿





even-hoof

动物

不吃被视作

恶物

的奇蹄动物








)、
五爪禽


、< br>鸭



以及

龙王的子孙
――
鱼 虾蚌贝
”,
也不愿借灶具给人煮这些东西吃

因为喇嘛教
信奉龙
认为鱼是龙的子孙

故要禁食

如今一些地区已不禁
);
也不准在附近的水域捕


钓鱼

喇嘛教信徒忌讳捕杀 野生动物

忌讳外人在天葬场旁观或在远处偷看


When meeting a lama, it is not appropriate to hug him or shake hands with him, but a
namaste (
合十礼

.

In Tibet, whistling in the house is thought to be inauspicious. People whistle only when
they are exorcising evil spirits(
驱邪

.
In Tibet, smoking, consuming alcohol or making unnecessary noise in a monastery.
Touching, walking over or sitting on any religious texts, objects or prayer flags(
幡经


in


.
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.
a monastery.
Causing anything to be killed in a monastery.
Intrusive photography of a monastery especially when people are performing religious
ceremonies. Always ask for permission.
Harming
vultures

秃鹫

,
or
yaks

牦牛


and
sheep
wearing
red,
yellow
or
green
cloth.
Stepping on the threshold

门槛


when entering a Tibetan house.
Do not watch a sky burial without permission. If it is allowed, do not take photos.
People should keep quiet on the top of mountains. It is believed that loud noise will
result in heavy snow, storms or hail.

Clapping hands

鼓掌


behind others is also considered impolite.
Do not use paper printed with Tibetan language to scrub anything
Spitting before somebody.
Placing trash in the fire.
Public displays of affection.
Wearing shorts.

Women should not shake their skirts in front of others. It will bring bad luck to other
people.
Never touch the head of another person.

Colors and Taboos

color
red

symbol
orange


vigor

respect and good wishes
Vitality and fierce love,
purple



.
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.
.
专业整理
.
pink

faithful love,
原因

yellow





red

contempt.
原因

happiness
and
joy,enthusiasm,
stimulation
(bull
-
fighting),
excitement, courage/ bravery
purity,
virtues
and
marital
国家
/
对象



Chinese
white
mourning
(funeral/death).

West
red
imperious(


),
white
irritable(


),
and
arrogance
happiness




American
red
Male
married
Chinese
Back

dark
Green hat

implies


stop


his
wife
commits

adultery
mystery,
seriousness
dark
and solemnity
solemnity and justice
West
dark
death,
ill
omen
and

disaster

Brazil
Purple

dark
Sadness
brown
yellow

unfortunate
desperate






American
Purple
yellow

Islams
yellow



yellow gown Judas

the death
green
get rid of evil spirit or diseases

the green area in deserts


.
学习帮手
.

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