语言学下册复试期末考试重点

2021年1月25日发(作者：infe)
1 Syllabus Design
：
A bridge between language teaching
theory and language teaching practice.

Translates
theoretical
understanding
of
language
teaching
and
sets
up
an
operable
framework
for
language
teaching.

The
most
important
part
of
syllabus
design
is
selecting
and sequencing language items.


2
fossilization
:
a
process
in
SLA
in
which
incorrect
linguistic
features
become
a
permanent
part
of
the
way
a
person speaks or write a language. Aspects of pronunciation,
vocabulary
usage,
and
grammar
may
become
fixed
or
fossilized.
3 Contrastive Analysis
：

A way of comparing L1 and L2
to
determine
potential
errors
for
the
purpose
of
isolating
what
needs
to
be
learned
and
what
does
not
need
to
be
learned
in
a
second
language
learning
situation
(Gass
and
Selinker,2001).
Its goal is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and
what will be difficult.
Associated
in
its
early
days
with
behaviorism
and
structuralism.
4 Error Analysis
：
Claim: some errors made by L2 learners
were caused by factors other than L1 interference.
S. Pit Corder: Errors are not just to be seen as something
to be eradicated. errors are important in themselves.
5
Interlanguage
：
The
type
of
language
constructed
by
second
or
foreign
language
learners
who
are
still
in
the
process
of
learning
a
language
is
often
referred
to
as
interlanguage.

It is often understood as a language system between the
target language and the learner
’
s native language.

6 i+1 input (Krashen)
：
Challenging yet Comprehensible
input (Krashen): i+1: the L that learners are exposed to should
be just far enough beyond their current competence so that
they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make
progress.

Input
should
neither
be
so
far
beyond
their
reach
that
they
are
overwhelmed,
nor
so
close
to
their
current
stage
that they are not challenged at all.


















































7Metonymy
：
Traditionally, it is a a figure of speech in which
one
word
is
substituted
for
another
on
the
basis
of
some
material, causal, or conceptual relation.

It is different from metaphor and synecdoche.

Cognitively,
it
is
a
cognitive
process
in
which
one
conceptual
entity,
the
vehicle,
provides
mental
access
to
another
conceptual
entity,
the
target,
within
the
same
cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model (ICM).
8
Metaphor:
Traditional
metaphor:
one
thing
is
compared
to
another
by
saying
A
is
B.
It
is
a
property
of
words and is used for artistic and rhetorical purpose.

In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is a powerful cognitive
tool for our conceptualization of abstract categories.
9
X--Target
domain
:
the
experience
being
described
by
the
metaphor;

10 Y--source domain
: the means that we use to describe
the experience.
11 Psycholinguistics
：
The study of psychological aspects
of
language,
or
language-processing
mechanisms,
the
relationship
between
language
and
the
human
mind.
E.g.
how word, sentence, and discourse meaning are represented
and computed in the mind.
It usually studies psychological states and mental activity
associated with the use of language.
12
Holophrastic
stage
(
独词语阶段
)
：
One-word
stage
(around
the
first
birthday
and
lasts
from
two
months
to
a
year): objects, actions, motions, routines and modifiers.

13
Synonymy
：
Words
which
sound
different
but
have
the same meaning are called synonyms.
Synonymy is a matter of degree. No absolute synonyms
and we only have near-synonyms.
14
Hyponymy
：
Inclusiveness:
a
class-membership
relationship. A is included in / a kind of B.
15
Homophony:
homophones
are
words
which
sound
alike
but
are
written
differently
and
often
have
different
meanings. Know/no; threw/through.
16 Homograph
: homographs are words which have the
same spelling but differ in sound and meaning. wind, lead




17 Sociolinguistics
is the subdiscipline of linguistics that
studies language in social contexts.

It
studies
the
relations
between
language
and
society,
between
the
uses
of
language
and
the
social
structure
in
which the language users live. How do social factors influence
the structure and use of language
。

In
sum,
it
is
the
sub-field
of
linguistics
that
studies
the
relation between L and society, between the uses of L and the
the social structures in which the users of L live.




18 Speech community
：
A group of people who share the
same language or one or more particular langue varieties and
a
set
of
norms
for
using
them
in
their
linguistic
communication.

19 Speech variation
：
Different speech communities give
rise to difference in L use.
A
language
varies
in
pronunciation,
grammar,
or
word
choice, etc. according to different factors.

20 Dialects
：
Varieties related to the characteristics of the
user are normally known as dialects

21 Registers
：
Varieties related to the use of L in social
situations (i.e. nature of activity in which L is functioning) are
known as registers








22 Language Contact

















：

L contact occurs when speakers of





























different
languages
interact,
especially
when
at
least
one
of
the languages is influenced by the contact.

A language which is created through contact between
two or more languages is called a contact L.

23
Lingua
Franca
：
The
term
Lingua
Franca
can
be
generalized to refer to any other language used as a trade or
communication medium.

It can be a trade language, an international Language, a
native language, a contact language like a pidgin or creole, or
an artificial language like Esperanto.
24 Pidgins(
皮钦语

or
洋泾浜语
):
A variety of language
that is generally used by native speakers of other languages
as a medium of communication.

A
pidgin
usually
has
a
limited
vocabulary
and
very
reduced grammatical structure.
a pidgin is a mixed and limited language used for some
practical
purposes
by
groups
of
people
who
do
not
know
each other
’
s language.