雅思阅读实战16篇(附答案)(word下载版)

2021年1月25日发(作者：prior什么意思)
雅思阅读实战
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★
How to increase sales

Published online: Nov 9th 2006
From The Economist print edition

How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales

1.



A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare
—
but it
is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel
hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive
products
at
eye
level
makes
them
sell
faster
than
cheaper
but
less
visible
competitors.
Now
researchers
are
investigating
how
―swarm
intelligence‖
(that
is,
how
ants,
bees
or
any
social
animal, including humans, behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.




2.



At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan
Usmani,
a
computer
scientist
from
the
Florida
Institute
of
Technology,
described
a
new
way
to
increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy
things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and
eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.
Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance
this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is
seen
to
be
popular,
shoppers
are
likely
to
choose
it
too.
The
challenge
is
to
keep
customers
informed about what others are buying.




3.



Enter
smart-cart
technology.
In
Mr
Usmani's
supermarket
every
product
has
a
radio
frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information, and
every trolley has a scanner
that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a
customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in
the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it
too.




4.



Mr
Usmani's
―swarm
-
moves‖
model
appeals
to
supermarkets
because
it
increases
sales
without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that
they
bought
the
―right‖
product—
that
is,
the
one
everyone
else
bought.
The
model
has
not
yet
been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is
new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that
both
Wal-Mart
in
America
and
Tesco
in
Britain
are
interested
in
his
work,
and
testing
will
get
under way in the spring.





5.



Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, be
boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues
have
described
creating
an
artificial
music
market
in
which
some
14,000
people
downloaded
previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by
how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not
ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of
social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is
easy for them to do so.




6.



In
Japan
a
chain
of
convenience
shops
called
RanKing
RanQueen
has
been
ordering
its
products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell
only
the
most
popular
items
in
each
product
category,
and
the
rankings
are
updated
weekly.
Icosystem,
a
company
in
Cambridge,
Massachusetts,
also
aims
to
exploit
knowledge
of
social
networking to improve sales.




7.



And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online
retailers
such
as
Amazon
are
adept
at
telling
shoppers
which
products
are
popular
with
like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.





(644 words)







Questions 1-6



Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS for each answer.




1.





Shopowners
realize
that
the
smell
of
_______________
can
increase
sales
of
food
products.

2.





In
shops,
products
shelved
at
a
more
visible
level
sell
better
even
if
they
are
more
_______________.

3.





According
to
Mr.
Usmani,
with
the
use
of
―swarm
intelligence‖
phenomenon,
a
new
method can be applied to encourage _______________.

4.





On the way to everyday items at the back of the store, shoppers might be tempted to buy
_______________.

5.





If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, other customers tend to
follow them.

6.





Using
the
―swarm
-
moves‖
model,
shopowners
do
not
have
to
give
customers
_______________ to increase sales.







Questions 7-12






Do
the
following
statements
agree
with
the
information
given
in
the
reading
passage?
For
questions 7-12 write




YES




















if the statement agrees with the information

NO





















if the statement contraicts the information

NOT GIVEN





if there is no information on this in the passage




7.





Radio
frequency
identification
technology
has
been
installed
experimentally
in
big
supermarkets like Wal-Mart.




8.





People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.




9.





Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.




10.

People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.




11.

Items sold
in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other
shops.




12.

Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.







Answer keys:




1.





答案：
(freshly baked) bread.
（第
1
段第
2
行：
Shoppers know that filling a store with
the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food
than they intended.
）


2.





答案：
expensive.
（第
1
段第
4
行：

Stocking the most expensive products at eye level
makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.
）


3.





答案：
impulse buying.
（第
2
段第
1
句：
At a recent conference on the simulation of
adaptive
behaviour
in
Rome,
Zeeshan-ul- hassan
Usmani,
a
computer
scientist
from
the
Florida
Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.
）


4.





答案：
other (tempting) goods/things/products.
（第
2
段第
2
句：
Supermarkets already
encourage
shoppers
to
buy
things
they
did
not
realise
they
wanted:
for
instance,
by
placing
everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other
tempting goods to reach them.
）


5.





答案：
screen.
（第
3
段第
4
行：
As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on
the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If
the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
）


6.





答案：
discounts.
（第
4
段第第
1
句：
Mr Usmani
’
s
“
swarm-moves
”

model appeals
to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.
）


7.





答案：
NO.

(
第
4
段第
3
、
4
句：
The model has not yet been tested widely in the real
world,
mainly
because
radio
frequency
identification
technology
is
new
and
has
only
been
installed
experimentally
in
some
supermarkets.
But
Mr
Usmani
says
that
both
Wal-Mart
in
America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring.
短语

“
get under way
”的意思是“开始进行”
，在
Wal- Mart
的试验要等到春天才开始
)

8.





答案：
NOT GIVEN.
（在文中没有提及该信息）


9.





答案：
YES
。
（

第
5
段第
3
句：
The reseachers found that when people could see the songs
ranked by how many times they have been downloaded, they followed the crowd.
）


10.

答案：
NO
。

（第
5
段最后两句：
When the songs are not ordered by rank, but the number
of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but
was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced
的
词义是“显著的、明显的”
）


11.

答案：
YES
。

（第
6
段第
1
句：
In
Japan
a
chain
of
convenience
shops
called
RanKing
RanQueen
has
been
ordering
its
products
according
to
sales
data
from
department
stores
and
research companies.
）


12.

答案：
YES
。

（最后一段最后一句：
Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part
of the swarm. home
应该算是
everyday life
的一部分）


















★

Rogue theory of smell gets a boost
Published online: 6 December 2006




Rogue theory of smell gets a boost


1.



A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends
on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.

2.



Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we
smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics
involved.

3.



That's
still
some
way
from
proving
that
the
theory,
proposed
in
the
mid-1990s
by
biophysicist
Luca
Turin,
is
correct.
But
it
should
make
other
scientists
take
the
idea
more
seriously.

4.




Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory,
criticized.

5.



Most
scientists
have
assumed
that
our
sense
of
smell
depends
on
receptors
in
the
nose
detecting the shape of incoming
molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This
molecular
'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is
how
some
parts
of
the
immune
system
recognise
invaders,
for
example,
and
how
the
tongue
recognizes some tastes.

6.



But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look
almost identical can smell very different
—
such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols,
which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most
strikingly,
some
molecules
can
smell
different
—

to
animals,
if
not
necessarily
to
humans
—

simply
because
they
contain
different
isotopes
(atoms
that
are
chemically
identical
but
have
a
different mass).

7.



Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory
receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can
enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process
called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.

8.



This
would
explain
why
isotopes
can
smell
different:
their
vibration
frequencies
are
changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is
more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.

9.



Vibration-assisted
electron
tunnelling
can
undoubtedly
occur
—

it
is
used
in
an
experimental
technique
for
measuring
molecular
vibrations.

question
is
whether
this
is
possible in the nose,

10.

Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at
UCL,

didn't
believe
it
But,
he
adds,

it
was
an
interesting
idea,
I
thought
I
should
prove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be
right.
be published in Physical Review Letters.

11.

The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant
molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are
not
known,
but
the
researchers
could
estimate
these
parameters
based
on
typical
values
for
molecules of this sort.

12.

The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater
than that without it. The calculations show that it is
—
which means that odour identification in
this way seems theoretically possible.




13.

But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea.
plausible,
but
we
need
proper
experimental
verification.
We're
beginning
to
think
about
what
experiments could be performed.

14.

Meanwhile,
Turin
is
pressing
ahead
with
his
hypothesis.

Flexitral
we
have
been
designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations,
rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition.
he is putting his money where his nose is.

(668 words









Nature)




Questions 1-4















Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write











TRUE
























if the statement agrees with the writer








FALSE























if the statement does not agree with the writer








NOT GIVEN












if there is no information about this in the passage




1.







The result of th
e study at UCL agrees with Turin’s theory.


2.







The study at UCL could conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.

3.







Turin
left
his
post
at
UCL
and
started
his
own
business
because
his
theory
was
ignored.

4.







The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.




Questions 5-9


Complete
the
sentences
below
with
words
from
the
passage.
Use
NO
MORE
THAN
THREE
WORDS for each answer.


5.







The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.


6.







Turin’s company is based in ______.



7.







Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.


8.







Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.


9.







According to Audrew Horsfield, it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur
in human nose.




Question 10-12


Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.




10.



What’s the name of the researcher who collaborated
with Stoneham?

11.



What is the next step of the UCL team’s study?


12.



What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turin’s company?








(by Zhou Hong)







Answer Keys and Explanations

1.



T




见第一段。
“
give sth the thumbs up
”为“接受“的意思。


2.



F




见第三段。
“
That's
still
some
way
from
proving
that
the
theory,
proposed
in
the
mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is corre ct.
”意即“现在尚无法证实生物物理学家
Luca
在九十年代中期提出的理论是否 正确。
”


3.



NG

4.



T



见第六段“
Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different
—

such as
alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs.
”
“
identical
”
一词是
“完
全相同”的意思。这句话是说
a lcohols
和
thiols
的分子结构看起来一样，但是它们的味道却
相 去甚远。


5.



Luca Turin











文章第二，
三和七段均可看出
Luca
的理论即人类的鼻子是通< br>过感觉气味分子的震动来分辨气味的。


6.



Virginia









见第四段。


7.



tongue










见第五段“
This
molecular
'lock
and
key'
process
is
thought
to
lie
behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system
recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.
”



8.



the atoms













见第八段
“
This would explain why isotopes can smell different:
their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.
”


9.



vibration-assisted electron tunneling









见第九段
“

possible in the nose,
”句中的 代词“
this
”指句首
的“
vibration-assisted electron tunneling
”
。


10.

Andrew Horsfield
见第九段结尾。


11
．
proper experimental verification
见第十三段。


12
．
their computed vibrations


见第十四段。
































★
Why did a promising heart drug fail?

Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol.


1.



The
failure
of
a
high-profile
cholesterol
drug
has
thrown
a
spotlight
on
the
complicated
machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to
boost levels of 'good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling
heart disease.

2.



Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of
torcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In a trial of
15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems
after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the
statin alone.

3.



The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals
and
people
suggested
it
would
lower
rates
of
cardiovascular
disease.

have
been
no
red
flags to my knowledge,
National
Institute
for
Health
and
Medical
Research
(INSERM)
in
Paris
who
has
also
studied
torcetrapib.

4.



Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of
HDLs,
which
ferry
cholesterol
out
of
artery-clogging
plaques
to
the
liver
for
removal
from
the
body.
Specifically,
torcetrapib
blocks
a
protein
called
cholesterol
ester
transfer
protein
(CETP),
which
normally
transfers
the
cholesterol
from
high-density
lipoproteins
to
low
density,
plaque-promoting
ones.
Statins,
in
contrast,
mainly
work
by
lowering
the
'bad'
low-density
lipoproteins.


Under pressure
5.



Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something that
will
not
become
clear
until
the
clinical
details
are
released
by
Pfizer.
One
hint
lies
in
evidence
from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this
mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually
proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the
explanation,
it
would
actually
be
good
news
for
drug
developers
because
it
suggests
that
the
problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block
CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.

6.



But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap,
who directs atherosclerosis research at the V
A Medical Center in Long Beach, California. When
HDLs
excrete
cholesterol
in
the
liver,
they
actually
rely
on
LDLs
for
part
of
this
process.
So
inhibiting
CETP,
which
prevents
the
transfer
of
cholesterol
from
HDL
to
LDL,
might
actually
cause
an
abnormal
and
irreversible
accumulation
of
cholesterol
in
the
body.

blocking a
physiologic
mechanism
to
eliminate
cholesterol
and
effectively
constipating
the
pathway,
says
Kashyap.

Going up
7.



Most
researchers
remain
confident
that
elevating
high
density
lipoproteins
levels
by
one
means
or
another
is
one
of
the
best
routes
for
helping
heart
disease
patients.
But
HDLs
are
complex
and
not
entirely
understood. One
approved
drug,
called
niacin,
is
known to
both
raise
HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling.
Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower
disease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bump
up
high-density
lipoproteins
by,
for
example,
introducing
synthetic
HDLs.

only
thing
we
know is dead in the water is torcetrapib, not the whole idea of raising HDL,
director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore.
(613 words









nature)


Questions 1-7
This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i.

















How does torcetrapib work?
ii.















Contradictory result prior to the current trial
iii.














One failure may possibly bring about future success
iv.













The failure doesn’t lead to total loss of confidence

v.















It is the right route to follow
vi.













Why it’s stopped

vii.












They may combine and theoretically produce ideal result
viii.










What’s wrong with the drug

ix.













It might be wrong at the first place


Example







































answer
Paragraph 1




























iv
1
．

Paragraph 2
2
．

Paragraph 3
3
．

Paragraph 4
4
．

Paragraph 5
5
．

Paragraph 6
6
．

Paragraph 7


Questions 7-13
Match torcetrapib
，
HDLs
，
statin and CETP with their functions
（
Questions 8-13
）
..
Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.


7
．
It has been administered to over 10,000 subjects in a clinical trial.
8
．
It could help rid human body of cholesterol.
9
．
Researchers are yet to find more about it.

10.

It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.
11.


According to Kashyap, it might lead to unwanted result if it’s blocked.

12.

It produced contradictory results in different trials.
13.

It could inhibit LDLs.


List of choices
A.

Torcetrapic
B.

HDLS
C.

Statin
D.

CETP


(by Zhou Hong)




Suggested Answers and Explanations
1
．


vi





2
．


ii
3
．


vii



本段介绍了
torcetrap ib
和
statin
的治病原理，但是同时短语“
in
contr ast
”与之
前第二段后半段的内容呼应，
暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相成，是理想的搭配。
第一个
选项无法涵盖整段意义，故选择
i
是错误的。
4
．


iii




本段分析了可能导致
torcetrapibl
临床试验失败的原因，
后半段 指出如果以上推
测正确，
那么未来的药物可借鉴这个试验，
设法避免
torc etrapib
的缺陷，
研制出有效的药物。
viii
选项无法涵盖后半段的 意思。

5
．


ix




见首句。

6
．


v





7
．


A



见第二段。题目中
administer
一词意为“用药”，
subject
一词为“实验对象”之
意。

8
．


B




见第四段
“?

to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging
plaques to the liver for removal from the body .
”即
HDLs
的作用最终是将
choleserol
清除出人体：
“?

for removal from the body
”
。

9
．


B




见第四段“
But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood.
”

10
．












C



见第二段“?

plus a cholesterol-lowering sta tin
”
，即
statin
是可以降
低
cholester ol
的。

11
．












D



见第六段“
So inhibiting CETP,
?

might actually cause an abnormal
and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body.


12
．


















A





见第三段。

13
．


















C






见第四段“
Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the
'bad' low-density lipoproteins.
”


★
The Triumph of Unreason
A.

Neoclassical
economics
is
built
on
the
assumption
that
humans
are
rational
beings
who
have
a
clear
idea
of
their
best
interests
and
strive
to
extract
maximum
benefit
(or
―utility‖,
in
economist-speak)
from
any
situation.
Neoclassical
economics
assumes
that
the
process
of
decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on
the emotions
—
even when reason is clearly involved.


B.
The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past,
such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms
required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal
outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes,
evolutionary
and
economic
theory
predict
the
same
practical
consequences
for
utility
in
these
cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban
modernity?

C.
One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie
Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the
decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he
has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding
what to buy.


D.
In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products
such
as
a
box
of
chocolates
or
a
DVD
of
the
television
show
that
were
flashed
on
a
computer
screen one after another. In each round of the task, the researchers first presented the product and
then its price, with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four seconds,
they asked the volunteers to make up their
minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the
experiment,
the
researchers
scanned
their
brains
using
a
technique
called
functional
magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an
indication of its activity.


E.
The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test.
The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover,
the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.


F.
When
the
price
appeared,
however,
fMRI
reported
more
activity
in
other
parts
of
the
brain.
Excessively
high
prices
increased
activity
in
the
insular
cortex,
a
brain
region
linked
to
expectations
of
pain,
monetary
loss
and
the
viewing
of
upsetting
pictures.
The
researchers
also
found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.


G.
Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of the brain is involved in
rational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer's reaction to
both product and price, rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher
activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a decision to buy.


H.
People's shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy- backed on old neural circuits evolved
for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interesting
was
the
separation
of
the
assessment
of
the
product
(which
seems
to
be
associated
with
the
nucleus
accumbens)
from
the
assessment
of
its
price
(associated
with
the
insular
cortex),
even
though
the
two
are
then
synthesised
in
the
prefrontal
cortex.
His
hypothesis
is
that
rather
than
weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox economics suggests happens,
people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the
immediate pain of paying for it.


I.
That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being traded
for another (hard cash in modern time), the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in
the
object
being
traded.
Emotion
is
as
capable
of
assigning
such
a
value
as
reason.
Buying
on
credit, though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the deferment of
payment that they promise, may modulate the ―con‖ side of the calculation in favour of the ―pro‖.


J.
Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are
now designing. These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour, such
as miserliness and extravagance, experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They
will also assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain compared
with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may have to join the list of things
such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that
seem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.


Questions 1-6


Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.


TRUE





















if the statement reflets the claims of the writer
FALSE




















if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN



if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this
1.





The belief of neoclassical economics does not accord with the increasing evidence that
humans make use of the emotions to make decisions.

2.





Animals
are
urged
by
emotion
to
strive
for
an
optimal
outcomes
or
extract
maximum
utility from any situation.
3.





George
Loewenstein
thinks
that
modern
ways
of
shopping
tend
to
allow
people
to
accumulate their debts.
4.





The
more
active
the
nucleus
accumens
was,
the
stronger
the
desire
of
people
for
the
product in question became.


5.





The prefrontal cortex of the human brain is linked to monetary loss and the viewing of
upsetting pictures.
6.





When the activity in nucleus accumbens was increased by the sense of a good bargain,
people tended to purchase coffee.
Questions 7-9


Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answe sheet.
7. Which of the following statements about orthodox economics is true?
A.




The process which people make their decisions is rational.
B.




People have a clear idea of their best interests in any situation.
C.




Humans make judgement on the basis of reason rather then emotion.
D.




People weigh the present good against future alternatives in shopping.
8. The word ―miserliness‖ in line 3 of Paragraph J means__________.

A.




people’s behavior of buying luxurious goods

B.




people’s behavior of bu
ying very special items

C.




people’s behavior of being very mean in shopping


D.




people’s behavior of being very generous in shopping



9. The three researchers are now designing the future experiments, which test
A. whether people with very different spending behaviour experience different amounts of pain in
response to products.
B.




whether buying an item with credit cards eases the pain of the same individuals compared
with paying for it by cash.
C.




whether the abstract nature of credit
cards may modulate the ―con‖ side of the calculation
in favour of the ―pro‖.

D.




whether the credit cards may subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable but
with a terrible effect.
Questions 10-13


Complete the notes below.


Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.


Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.


To
find
what
happens
in
the
brain
of
humans
when
it
is
deciding
things
to
buy,
George
Loewenstein
and
his
co-researchers
did
an
experiment
by
using
the
technique
of
fMRI.
They
found that different parts of the brain were invloved in the process. The activity in …10… was
greatly increased with the displaying of certain product. The great activity was found in the insular
cortex
when
…11…and
th
e
subject
decided
not
to
buy
a
product.
The
activity
of
the
medial
prefrontal
cortex
seemed
to
associate
with
both
…12…informaiton.
What
interested
Dr
Loewenstein was the …13… of the assessment of the product and its price in different parts of the
brain.


Part II
Notes to Reading Passage 1
1. the nucleus accumbens, the insular cortex, and the medial prefrontal cortex:

大脑的不同部位

（皮层，皮质等）

e.g. cerebellar cortex
小脑皮层
cerebral cortex
大脑皮层

2. hone:
珩磨，磨快，磨练，训练使。
。
。更完美或有效
.
3. subvert:
毁灭，破坏；摧毁：

4. piggyback
：

骑在肩上；在肩上骑

5. deferment:
推迟、延迟、分期付款

6. aftertaste:
余味，回味事情或经历结束后的感觉，特指令人不快的感觉


Part III
Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-13
1.





TRUE
See
the
second
and
third
sentence
in
Paragraph
A
―Neoclassical
economics
assumes
that
the
process
of
decision- making
is
rational.
But
that
contradicts
growing
evidence
that
decision-making draws on the emotions
—
even when reason is clea
rly involved.‖

2.





TRUE
See
the
third
sentence
in
Paragrph
B
―
Since
emotion
is
the
mechanism
by
which
animals
are
prodded
towards
such
outcomes,
evolutionary
and
economic
theory
predict
the
same
practical
consequences for utility in these cases.‖

3. FALSE
See
the
second
sentence
in
Paragrph
C
―In
particular,
he
suspects
that
modern
shopping
has
subverted the decision-
making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt.‖

4. TRUE
See the last sentence in Paragrph E ―Moreover, the level of its
activity correlated with the reported
desirability of the product in question.‖

5. FALSE
See
the
second
sentence
in
Paragrph
F
and
G
respectively
―Excessively
high
prices
increased
activity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the
view




★
Don't wash those fossils!
Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.
1.



Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils
—
all standard conservation treatments used by
many
fossil
hunters
and
museum
curators
alike
—

vastly
reduces
the
chances
of
recovering
ancient DNA.

2.



Instead,
excavators
should
be
handling
at
least
some
of
their
bounty
with
gloves,
and
freezing
samples
as
they
are
found,
dirt
and
all,
concludes
a
paper
in
the
Proceedings
of
the
National Academy of Sciences today.


3.



Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds
of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and her
colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information,
they say, needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging
up bones.


4.



Geigl
and
her
colleagues
looked
at
3,200-year-old
fossil
bones
belonging
to
a
single
individual
of
an
extinct
cattle
species,
called
an
aurochs.
The
fossils
were
dug
up
at
a
site
in
France at two different times
—
either in 1947, and stored in a museum collection, or in 2004, and
conserved in sterile conditions at -20 ?
C.


5.



The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed. The newly excavated
fossils, however, all yielded DNA.

6.



Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the same conditions,
the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl.
years as in the 3,200 years before,

Wash in, wash out

7.



Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone, their methods
of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl explains.
8.



The biggest problem is how they are cleaned. Fossils are often washed together on-site in a
large bath, which can allow water
—
and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA
—
to
permeate
into
the
porous
bones.

only
is
the
authentic
DNA
getting
washed
out,
but
contamination is getting washed in,


9.



Most
ancient
DNA
specialists
know
this
already,
says
Hendrik
Poinar,
an
evolutionary
geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. But that doesn't mean that best practice has
become widespread among those who actually find the fossils.


10.

Getting
hold
of
fossils
that
have
been
preserved
with
their
DNA
in
mind
relies
on
close
relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators, says palaeogeneticist Svante P?
?
bo
of the Max Planck Institute
for Evolutionary Anthropology in
Leipzig, Germany. And that only
occurs in exceptional cases, he says.

11.

P?
?
bo's
team,
which
has
been
sequencing
Neanderthal
DNA,
continually
faces
these
problems.
contamination with contemporary human DNA,

12.

This
doesn't
mean
that
all
museum
specimens
are
fatally
flawed,
notes
P?
?
bo.
The
Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab, for example, had been part of a
museum collection treated in the traditional way. But P?
?
bo is keen to see samples of fossils from
every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations
—
just in case.


Warm and wet
13.

Geigl herself believes that, with cooperation between bench and field researchers, preserving
fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.


14.

Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survive
well in warm environments in the first place, and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated.
For
this
reason,
Geigl
says,
most
ancient
DNA
studies
have
been
done
on
permafrost
samples,
such
as
the
woolly
mammoth,
or
on
remains
sheltered
from
the
elements
in
cold
caves
—

including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.


15.

Better conservation methods, and a focus on fresh fossils, could boost DNA extraction from
more
delicate
specimens,
says
Geigl.
And
that
could
shed
more
light
on
the
story
of
human
evolution.
(640 words


nature )
Glossary
Palaeontologists



古生物学家

Aurochs
欧洲野牛

Neanderthal
（人类学）尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。

Permafrost




（地理）永冻层

Questions 1-6
Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1.







How did people traditionally treat fossils?
2.







What
suggestions
do
Geigl
and
her
colleagues
give
on
what
should
be
done
when
fossils are found?
3.







What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE.
4.







What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated
with contemporary DNA when they are washed?
5.







What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved?
6.







The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers. How many of
them are mentioned?


Questions 7-11
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write







TRUE
















if the statement agrees with the writer







FALSE














if the statement does not agree with the writer







NOT GIVEN





if there is no information about this in the passage
7.







In
their
paper
published
in
the
Proceedings
of
the
National
Academy
of
Sciences
,
Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserve
ancient DNA.
8.







The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs.
9.







Geneticists don’t have to work on site.

10.



Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigl
and her colleagues contain ancient DNA.
11.



Paabo
is
still
worried
about
the
potential
problems
caused
by
treatments
of
fossils
in
traditional way.


Questions 12-13
Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer.
12.



―This information‖ in par
agraph 3 indicates:
[A]

It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA.
[B]

The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.
[C]

Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.
[D]

Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.
13.

The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests:
[A]

the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past.







[B]

the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered

DNA.







[C]

the pace at which DNA degrades.







[D]

the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.
(by Zhou Hong)


Suggested answers and explanations
1.



washing, brushing, varnishing












见第一段。

2.



handling with gloves / freezing samples ( any one of the two )






见第二段。

3.



losing
authentic
DNA
/
being
contaminated
/
contamination
(
any
one
of
the
three)








见第八段
“
Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washed
in
”
（答
being contaminated
或

contamination
比较保险）

4.



they
are
porous











porous
的意思是多孔的。见第八段“
...
which
can
allow
water
—

and
contaminants
in
the
form
of
contemporary
DNA
—

to
permeate
into
the
porous
bones.
”

5.



human evolution










见第十五段。其中“
shed light on sth
”的意思是使某事显
得非常清楚，使人了解某事。

6.



4




分别为第四段的“
an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs
”
，即欧洲野牛，已
经绝迹；第十一段“
Neande rthal
”
，

是人类学用语，尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类；第
十四段“
woolly mammoth
”和“
cave bear
”
，其中
mammoth
是猛犸，一种古哺乳动物。

7.



T




见第二段。

8.



T




见第四段“
Geigl
and
her
colleagues
looked
at
3,200-year- old
fossil
bones
belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.
”即他们研究的骨
化石是一头欧洲野牛身上的。

9.



NG
10.

F




见第十二段第一、二句话。

11.

T




见第十二段末句“
But P?
?
bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find
preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations
—

just in case .
”意即为保险起见，
Paabo
还是
非常希望见到用
Geigl< br>建议的方法保存的化石样本。
“
just
in
case
”

的意思是以防万一，就
是
Paabo
对用传统保存处理的化石不放心的意思。

12.

A



见第三段。
This
information
就是前一句中“
...
just
how
important
conservation
practices can be
”
(to preserve good DNA)
。
“
be hammered
”之中
hammer
一词的意思是不断重
复强调。

13.

D



面信息。需要理解文章各处关于
Geigl
和她的同事所作的研究。
































★
Search begins for 'Earth' beyond solar system

Staff and agencies
Wednesday December 27, 2006
Guardian Unlimited



1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another
stars.

2.
The
Corot
space
telescope
blasted
off
aboard
a
Russian
Soyuz
rocket
from
the
Baikonur
cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm.

3.
Corot,
short
for
convection
rotation
and
planetary
transits,
is
the
first
instrument
capable
of
finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit
stands
a
good
chance
of
having
liquid
water
on
its
surface,
and
quite
possibly
life,
although
a
leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find

4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency
(ESA),
Austria,
Belgium,
Germany,
Brazil
and
Spain,
Corot
will
monitor
around
120,000
stars
with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it
will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars
every 512 seconds.

5.
which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not
going
to
find
any
little
green
men,
Professor
Ian
Roxburgh,
an
ESA
scientist
who
has
been
involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.

6.
Prof
Roxburgh
said
it
was
hoped
Corot
would
find

planets
that
could
develop
an
atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water

7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object
passes
in
front
of
a
star,
known
as
a

Although
it
will
take
more
sophisticated
space
telescopes
planned
in
the
next
10
years
to
confirm
the
presence
of
an
Earth-like
planet
with
oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.

8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like
gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about
twice
the
size
of
the
Earth
-
which
will
cause
the
most
excitement.
Scientists
expect
to
find
between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.

9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across the
surface of stars, a technique called

10.
The
nature
of
the
ripples
allows
astronomers
to
calculate
a
star's
precise
mass,
age
and
chemical composition.

11.
oscillations
of
the
star
also
produce
changes
in
the
light
emitted,
which
reveal
what
the
star
is
made
of
and
how
they
are
structured
internally.
This
data
will
provide
a
major
boost
to
our
understanding of how stars form and evolve,

12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first
- more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.

13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the
imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets bigger than Jupiter can be found this way,
and they are unlikely to harbour life.

14. In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes
that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological
activity.

15. At
around
the
same
time,
the US
space
agency,
Nasa,
will
launch
Terrestrial
Planet
Finder,
another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like planets.
(615 words)






Choose the appropriate letter from A-D for question 1.


1.





Corot is an instrument which
(A) can help to search for certain planets
(B)


is used to find planets in the orbit

(C)


can locate planets with human beings
(D)


can spot any planets with water.




Do
the
following
statements
agree
with
the
information
given
in
the
reading
passage?
For
questions 2-5 write


TRUE
















if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE














if the statement contraicts the information
NOT GIVEN





if there is no information on this in the passage


2.





Scientists are trying to find out about the planets that can be inhabited.


3.





BBC Radio 4 recently focuses on the broadcasting of Corot.


4.





Passing objects might cause a fall in light.


5.





Corot can tell whether there is another Earth-like planet.




Based on your reading of the passage, complete the sentences below with words taken from the
passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.


With
measurements, scientists will be able to search for some gaseous and rocky planets. They
will be extremely excited if they can discover some small 6. __________, the expected number of
which could be up to 7. __________ .



Corot will enable scientists to study the 8. __________ of stars. In this way, a star’s mass, age and
chemical composition can be calculated.


According
to
Prof
Roxburgh,
changes
in
light
can
be
caused
by
passing
planets
or
star
9.
__________. The related statistics can gain us a better 10. __________ of the star formation and
evolvement.


Observatories have found many exoplanets, which are 11. __________ other stars than the Sun.
The common way used in finding exoplanets can only detect huge gas planets, which do not 12.
___________ .


With the launching of Darwin, astronomers will be able to analyse whether those rocky planets
have 13. __________ for life.


Answer keys:


1.





答案：
A
（第
3
段第
1
句：
Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is
the
first
instrument
capable
of
finding
small
rocky
planets
beyond
the
solar
system.
A
项中的
certain planets
指
small rocky planets beyond the solar system.
）

2.





答案：
TRUE
（
第
5
段第
1
、
2
句：

At the present moment we are hoping to find out more
about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable
planets, not inhabited planets.
问题中的“
that can be inhabited
”意思就是
inhabitable.
）


3.





答案：
NOT GIVEN
（文中没有提及该信息。
）

4.





答案：
TRUE
（第
7
段第
1
句：
To search for planets, the telescope will look for the
dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a
）

5.





答案：
FASLE
（第
7
段第
2
、
3
句：
Although
it
will
take
more
sophisticated
space
telescopes
planned
in
the
next
10
years
to
confirm
the
presence
of
an
Earth-like
planet
with
oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.
）

6.





答案：
rocky planets
（
第
8
段第
2
句：
It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than
about twice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement.
）

7.





答案：
40

(
第
8
段第
3
句：
Scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller
planets.
问题中短语“
up to
”的意思是“达到，高达”
，所以应该选择最高的数字
40
。
)
8.





答案：
interiors
（第
9
段第
1
句：

Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying
the acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called
单词

”的词义是“探查，探索”
。
）

9.





答案：
oscillations
（第
11
段第
2
句：
Small oscillations of the star also produce changes
in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally.
）

10.

答案：
understanding
（第
11
段第
3
句：
This
data
will
provide
a
major
boost
to
our
understanding of how stars form and evolve.
）


11.

答案：
orbiting
（第
12
段第
1
句：
Since the discovery in 1995 of the first
planet orbiting a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based
observatories.
）

12.


答案：
harbour life
（第
13
段：
Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been
to detect the
than Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.
）

13.

答案：
atmospheres (
第
14
段：
In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or
five
interlinked
space
telescopes
that
will
not
only
spot
small
rocky
planets,
but
analyse
their
atmospheres for signs of biological activity.)







































★
Food agency takes on industry over junk labels


Felicity Lawrence
Thursday December 28, 2006
The Guardian


1.
Consumers
are
to
be
presented
with
two
rival
new
year
advertising
campaigns
as
the
Food
Standards Agency goes public in its battle with the industry over the labelling of unhealthy foods.

2. The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in
January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and green traffic light labelling system on the
front of food packs, which is designed to tackle Britain's obesity epidemic.

3. The campaign is a direct response to a concerted attempt by leading food manufacturers and
retailers, including Kellogg's and Tesco, to derail the system. The industry fears that traffic lights
would demonise entire categories of foods and could seriously damage the market for those that
are fatty, salty or high in sugar.

4. The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth ?
1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will
be severely dented if red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that the
majority are high in salt and/or sugar.

5. The industry is planning a major marketing campaign for a competing labelling system which
avoids colour-coding in favour of information about the percentage of
(GDAs) of fat, salt and sugar contained in their products.

6. The battle for the nation's diet comes as new rules on television advertising come into force in
January which will bar adverts for unhealthy foods from commercial breaks during programmes
aimed at children. Sources at the TV regulators are braced for a legal challenge from the industry
and have described the lobbying efforts to block any new ad ban or colour-coded labelling as
most ferocious we've ever experienced

7.
Ofcom's
chief
executive,
Ed
Richards,
said:

are
prepared
to
face
up
to
any
legal
action
from the industry, but we very much hope it will not be necessary.
an onslaught from the industry in January. Senior FSA officials said the manufacturers' efforts to
undermine its proposals on labelling could threaten the agency's credibility.

8. Terrence Collis, FSA director of communications, dismissed claims that the proposals were not
based on science.
and in our independent advisory committees. It is unjustified and nonsensical to attack the FSA's
scientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility.

9. The FSA is understood to have briefed its ad agency, United, before Christmas, and will aim to
air
ads
that
are

humorous
and
factual
as
a
counterweight
to
industry's
efforts about the same time. The agency, however, will have a tiny fraction of the budget available
to the industry.

10. Gavin Neath, chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food and Drink Federation, has
said
that
the
industry
has
made
enormous
progress
but
could
not
accept
red

signs
on
its
food.

11.
Alastair
Sykes,
chief
executive
of
Nestlé

UK,
said
that
under
the
FSA
proposals
all
his
company's
confectionery
and
most
of
its
cereals
would
score
a
red.

we
saying
people
shouldn't eat confectionery? We're driven by consumers and what they want, and much of what we
do has been to make our products healthier,

12. Chris Wermann, director of communications at Kellogg's, said:
accept traffic light labelling.

13. The rival labelling scheme introduced by Kellogg's, Danone, Unilever, Nestlé
, Kraft and Tesco
and
now
favoured
by
21
manufacturers,
uses
an
industry- devised
system
based
on
identifying
GDAs of key nutrients. Tesco says it has tested both traffic lights and GDA labels in its stores and
that the latter increased sales of healthier foods.

14. But the FSA said it could not live with this GDA system alone because it was
or easy for shoppers to understand at a glance.
(626 words)




Questions 1-6
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
1.





When will instructions be given on reading the color-coded labels?


2.





Where can customers find the red light labels?




3.





What problem is the FSA trying to handle with the labeling system?


4.





Which product sells well but may not be healthy?


5.





What information, according to the manufacturers, can be labeled on products?


6.





What can not be advertised during children’s programmes?





Questions 7-13


Use the information in the text to match the people (listed A-E) with the opinions (listed 7-13)
below. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) for questions 1-7.
NB You may use any letter more than once.




A



Ed Richard
B



Terrence Collis
C



Gavin Neath
D



Alastair Sykes
E



Chris Wermann







7.





Generally we will not agree to use the red light labels.
8.





It is unreasonable to doubt if FSA is trustworthy.
9.





We are trying to meet our consumers’ needs.

10.

The food industry has been improving greatly.
11.

The color-coded labeling system is scientific.
12.

Our products will be labeled unhealthy by the FSA.
13.

We are ready to confront the manufacturers.






Answer keys:


1.





答案：
(in) January
（见第
2
段：
The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a
series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and
green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designed to tackle Britain's
obesity epidemic.
）


2.





答案：
food packs/packaging
（见第
2
段：
The Guardian has learned that the FSA will
launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red,
amber
and
green
traffic
light
labelling
system
on
the
front
of
food
packs,
which
is
designed
to
tackle
Britain's
obesity
epidemic.
或者在第
4
段中也提到另一个答案：
The
UK
market
for
breakfast cereals is worth ?
1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if
red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in salt
and/or sugar.
）

3.





答案：
(Britain
’
s) obesity epidemic
（见第
2
段：
The Guardian has learned that the FSA
will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red,
amber
and
green
traffic
light
labelling
system
on
the
front
of
food
packs,
which
is
designed
to
tackle Britain's obesity epidemic.
）

4.





答案：
(breakfast) cereals
（见第
4
段：
The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth
?
1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if red light labels are put on
packaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in salt and/or sugar.
）


5.





答案：
guieline
daily
amounts/GDAs
（见第
5
段：
The
industry
is
planning
a
major
marketing
campaign
for
a
competing
labelling
system
which
avoids
colour-coding
in
favour
of
information
about
the
percentage
of

daily
amounts
(GDAs)
of
fat,
salt
and
sugar
contained in their products.
）

6.





答案：
unhealthy foods
（见第
6
段第
1
句：
The battle for the nation's diet comes as new
rules
on
television
advertising
come
into
force
in
January
which
will
bar
adverts
for
unhealthy
foods from commercial breaks during programmes aimed at children.
）

7.





答案：
E

(
见第
12
段：
Chris Wermann, director of communications at Kellogg's, said:

8.





答案：
B
（见第
8
段最后一句：
It
is
unjustified
and
nonsensical
to
attack
the
FSA's
scientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility.
）

9.





答案：
D
（见第
11
段最后
1
句：
We're driven by consumers and what they want, and
much of what we do has been to make our products healthier.
）

10.

答案：
C
（见第
10
段
:Gavin Neath, chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food and
Drink Federation, has said that the industry has made enormous progress but could not accept red

）


11.

答案：
B
（
见第
8
段：
Terrence Collis, FSA director of communications, dismissed claims that
the
proposals
were
not
based
on
science.

have
some
of
the
most
respected
scientists
in
Europe,
both
within
the
FSA
and
in
our
independent
advisory
committees.
It
is
unjustified
and
nonsensical to attack the FSA's scientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility.
）

12.

答案：
D
（见第
11
段第
1
句：
Alastair Sykes, chief executive of Nestl
é

UK, said that under
the FSA proposals all his company's confectionery and most of its cereals would score a red.
）

13.

答案：
A
（见第
7
段第
1
句：
Ofcom's chief executive, Ed Richards, said:
to face up to any legal action from the industry, but we very much hope it will not be necessary.
）



































★
Sun's fickle heart may leave us cold







25 January 2007








From New Scientist Print Edition.







Stuart Clark


1


There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales
of
around
100,000
years
-
exactly
the
same
period
as
between
ice
ages
on
Earth.
So
says
a
physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.

2


Robert
Ehrlich
of
George
Mason
University
in
Fairfax,
Virginia,
modelled
the
effect
of
temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of
the sun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However,
Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.

3


He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of
the
Hungarian
Academy
of
Sciences.
In
2005,
Grandpierre
and
a
collaborator,
Gá
bor
?goston,
calculated
that
magnetic
fields
in
the
sun's
core
could
produce
small
instabilities
in
the
solar
plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.

4


Ehrlich's
model
shows
that
whilst
most
of
these
oscillations
cancel
each
other
out,
some
reinforce
one
another
and
become
long- lived
temperature
variations.
The
favoured
frequencies
allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin
in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within the
sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.

5


These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for
the
past
million
years,
ice
ages
have
occurred
roughly
every
100,000
years.
Before
that,
they
occurred roughly every 41,000 years.

6


Most
scientists
believe
that
the
ice
ages
are
the
result
of
subtle
changes
in
Earth's
orbit,
known
as
the
Milankovitch
cycles.
One
such
cycle
describes
the
way
Earth's
orbit
gradually
changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The
theory
says
this
alters
the
amount
of
solar
radiation
that
Earth
receives,
triggering
the
ice ages.
However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages
changed frequency a million years ago.

7



to another,
is
the
transition
problem
the
only
one
the
Milankovitch
theory
faces.
Ehrlich
and
other
critics
claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to
drive ice ages.

8


However,
Edwards
believes
the
small
changes
in
solar
heating
produced
by
Milankovitch
cycles
are
then
amplified
by
feedback
mechanisms
on
Earth.
For
example,
if
sea
ice
begins
to
form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the
atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect
and Earth grows even colder.

9


According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms.
there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,
identifying which mechanisms are at work.
to give up on the current theory.
them to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation,
says.

can't
see
any
way
of
testing
[Ehrlich's]
idea
to
see
where
we
are
in
the
temperature
oscillation.

10

Ehrlich concedes this.
is practical,
observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much
smaller
than
that
of
the
sun,
and
so
Ehrlich
believes
that
the
oscillation
periods
could
be
short
enough
to
be
observed.
He
has
yet
to
calculate
the
precise
period
or
the
extent
of
variation
in
brightness to be expected.

11

Nigel
Weiss,
a
solar
physicist
at
the
University
of
Cambridge,
is
far
from
convinced.
He
describes Ehrlich's claims as
on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that cause
the temperature fluctuations.
(716 words)


Questions 1-4


Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box
below.


Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.


A.




Attila Grandpierre
B.




Gá
bor ?goston
C.




Neil Edwards
D.



Nigel Weiss
E.




Robert Ehrlich




1. ...claims there
抯

a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in
periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.


2. ...calculated
that
the
internal
solar
magnetic
fields
could
produce
instabilities
in
the
solar
plasma.


3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes
are amplified on Earth.


4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.


Questions 5-9

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet write




TRUE




if the statement is true according to the passage




FALSE



if the statement is false according to the passage




NOT GIVEN



if the information is not given in the passage


5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.


6.
The
sole
problem
that
the
Milankovitch
theory
can
not
solve
is
to
explain
why
the
ice
age
frequency should shift from one to another.


7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to eliminate the greenhouse effect.


8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured
out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.


9.
Both
Edwards
and
Ehrlich
believe
that
there
is
no
practical
way
to
test
when
the
solar
temperature oscillation begins and when ends.


Questions 10-14


Complete the notes below.


Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.


Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.


The
standard
view
assumes
that
the
opposing
pressures
of
gravity
and
nuclear
fusions
hold
the
temperature
...10...in
the
sun's
interior,
but
the
slight
changes
in
the
earth's
...11...
alter
the
temperature
on
the
earth
and
cause
ice
ages
every
100,000
years.
A
British
scientist,
however,
challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12... can induce the temperature
oscillations
in
the
sun's
interior.
The
sun's
core
temperature
oscillates
around
its
average
temperature in ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the

...14... interactions within
the
sun's
magnetic
field
could
flip
the
fluctuations
from
one
cycle
length
to
the
other,
which
explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.




Answer keys and explanations:


1. E
See the sentences in paragraph 1(There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness
to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years
- exactly the same period as between ice
ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.) and para.2
(Robert
Ehrlich
of
George
Mason
University
in
Fairfax,
Virginia,
modelled
the
effect
of
temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior.)


2. A B
See para.3: ?i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gá
bor ?goston,
calculated
that
magnetic
fields
in
the
sun's
core
could
produce
small
instabilities
in
the
solar
plasma.


3. C
See para.8: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles
are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.


4. D
See para.11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced.
He describes Ehrlich's claims as


5. False
See para.5: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before
that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.


6. False
See
para.7:

Milankovitch,
there
is certainly
no
good
idea
why
the
frequency
should
change
from one to another,


7. Not Given
See para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide?is locked into the
ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect. (The passage doesn
抰

mention anything about locking
Co2 into ice artificially.)


8. True
See para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms.
than
enough
feedback
to
make
Milankovitch
work,
problem
now
is
identifying
which
mechanisms are at work.
current theory.


9. True
See
the
sentences
in
para.9
(According
to
Edwards,
卙
e
says.

can't
see
any
way
of
testing
[Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation.
this.


10. constant
See para.2: According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by
the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.


11. orbit
See para.6: Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit,
匛
arth's
orbit
gradually
changes
shape
from
a
circle
to
a
slight
ellipse
and
back
again
roughly
every 100,000 years.


12. instabilities
See para.3: ?i style='mso-bidi-font- style:normal'>magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce
small
instabilities
in
the
solar
plasma.
These
instabilities
would
induce
localised
oscillations
in
temperature.


13. cycles
See para.4: …allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6
million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.
14. random
See
para.4:
Ehrlich
says
that
random
interactions
within
the
sun's
magnetic
field
could
flip
the
fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.


(By HE Xiao)


















★
How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald's in Europe

A.

When
Denis
Hennequin
took
over
as
the
European
boss
of
McDonald's
in
January
2004,
the
world's biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but sales
in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done a
sterling job as head of the group's French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His
task
was
to
replicate
this
success
in
all
41
of
the
European
countries
where
anti- globalisers'
favourite enemy operates.

B.
So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number
of customers by 3.4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the
group's
profits
and
for
28%
of
its
sales. December
was
an especially
good
month as
customers
took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on
the game of Monopoly.

C
Mr
Hennequin's
recipe
for
revival
is
to
be
more
open
about
his
company's
operations,
to
be
―locally relevant‖, and to improve the experience of visiting his 6,400 restaurants. McDonald's is
blamed
for
making
people
fat,
exploiting
workers,
treating
animals
cruelly,
polluting
the
environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue
with the public to address these concerns.

D.
He introduced ―open door‖ visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland
alone
some
50,000
visitors
came
to
McDonald's
through
the
visitors'
programme
last
year.
The
Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put detailed labels on McDonald's packaging
with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on
tray-liners.

E.
Mr He
nnequin also wants people to know that ―McJobs‖, the low
-paid menial jobs at McDonald's
restaurants, are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired: last year he
sparked a controversy with the introduction of a ―McPassport‖ that
allows McDonald's employees
to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap
labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald's managers across the continent.

F.
To stay in touch with local needs and preferences, McDonald's employs local bosses as much as
possible. A Russian is running McDonald's in Russia, though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The
group
buys
mainly
from
local
suppliers.
Four-fifths
of
its
supplies
in
France
come
from
local
farmers, for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the
late
1990s
subsequently
discovered
that
it
was,
in
fact,
buying
their
produce.)
And
it
hires
celebrities such as Heidi Klum, a German model, as local brand ambassadors.


G.
In
his
previous
job
Mr
Hennequin
established
a
―design
studio‖
in
France
to
spruce
up
his
company's drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding
improvements
everywhere
in
Europe.
He
also
set
up
a
―food
studio‖,

where
cooks
devise
new
recipes in response to local trends.


H.
Given
France's
reputation
as
the
most
anti- American
country
in
Europe,
it
seems
odd
that
McDonald's revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the French
market.
But
France
is
in
fact
the
company's
most
profitable
market
after
America.
The
market
where McDonald's is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain.

I.
“
Fixing Britain should be his priority,‖ says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost
two-thirds
of
the
1,214
McDonald's
restaurants
in
Britain
are
company-owned,
compared
with
40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own
restaurants,
but
can
rely
on
steady
income
from
franchisees.
So
it
should
sell
as
many
underperforming outlets as possible, says Mr Palmer.


J.

Wiltamuth,
an
analyst
at
Morgan
Stanley,
estimates
that
European
company- owned
restaurants' margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990s
and below America's 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin's reign. He is
already
being
tipped
as
the
first
European
candidate
for
the
group's
top
job
in
Illinois.
Nobody
would call that a McJob.

Questions 1-6
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE














if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
FALSE















if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN




if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1.





McDonald
was
showing
the
sign
of
recovery
in
all
European
countries
except
France
after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro- markets.
2.





Starting
from
last
year,
detailed
labels
are
put
on
McDonald’s
packaging
and
detailed
information is also printed on tray-liners.
3.





France is said to be the most anti-
American country in Europe, but the ideas of the ―open
door‖ visiting days and ―McPassport‖ are i
nvented in the French market.
4.





Britain
possesses
the
weakest
McDonald
market
among
European
countries
and
approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company
-owned.
5.





According to David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS, David Hennequin should treat
the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing.
6.





David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many
its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival.
Questions 7-10
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet.
7. The word ―sterling‖ in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________.

A.




difficult

B.




menial

C.




terrible
D.




excellent
8. Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE?
A.




It tends to make people fat.
B.




Its operations are very vague.
C.




It tends to exploit workers.
D.




It tends to treat animals cruelly.
9. Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result?
A. ―Food Studio‖ scheme.

B. ―Open Door‖ visitor days.

C. The ―McPassport‖ scheme.

D. The Nutrition Information Initiative.
10. What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?
A. set up a ―Food Studio‖ .

B. established a ―Design Studio‖.

C. hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.
D. employed local bosses as much as possible.
Questions 11-14
Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from
Reading Passage 1.


Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.



11.
After
January
2004,
McDonald
was
making
improvement
following
a
period
of
slump
in
America and Australia, but sales in Europe were ………………………….

12.
Business
of
McDonald
in
France
and
Britain
was
particularly
good
in
December
since
customers took to ……………………………..

13.
Compared
with
other
countries,
France
is
McDonald’s
……………………….
next
to
America.
14.
…………………….
of
McDonald’s
restaurants
in
America
are
companied–
owned
and
the
figure is much lower than that in Britain.


Part II
Notes to Reading Passage 1
ng
高质量的

e.g.

He has many sterling qualities.
他身上有许多优秀的品质。

2. menial

不体面的
,
乏味的
(
工作、职业
)
3. spruce up
打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰

4. mastermind
指挥、谋划（一个计划或活动）

e.g.

The police know who masterminded the robbery.
警察知道是谁策划了那次抢劫。

5. underperform
表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本



Part III
Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-14
1.





FALSE
See the second sentence in Paragraph A ―One exception was
France, where Mr Hennequin had
done
a
sterling
job
as
head
of
the
group's
French
subsidiary
to
sell
more
Big
Macs
to
his
compatriots. His task wa
s to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries…‖.

2.





TRUE

See the last sentence in Paragraph D ―The Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put
detailed labels on McDonald's packaging with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt
content. The details are also printed on tray-
liners.‖

3.





NOT GIVEN
See
Paragraph
D,
E
and
H
―Given
France's
reputation
as
the
most
anti
-American
country
in
Europe, it seems odd that McDonald's revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas
cooked up in the French market.‖.

4.





FALSE
See
the
last
sentence
of
Paragraph
H
and
first
sentence
of
Paragraph
L
―The
market
where
McDonald's
is
weakest
in
Europe
is
not
France,
but
Britain…Almost
two
-thirds
of
the
1,214
McDonald's restaurants in Britain are company-
owned…‖

5.





TRUE
See the first sentence of Paragraph I ―Fixing Britain should be his priority,‖ says David Palmer, a
restaurant analyst at UBS‖.

6.





NOT GIVEN

See the last sentence of Paragraph I ―So it
should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible,
says Mr Palmer‖.

7.





D
See the first sentence of Paragraph A ―One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done
a sterling job as head of the group's French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs
to his compatriots‖.

8.





B
See the second sentence of Paragraph D ―McDonald's is blamed for making people fat, exploiting
workers, treating animals cruelly, polluting the environment‖

9.





C
See
the
second
sentence
of
Paragraph
E
―But
some
of
his
ef
forts
have
backfired:
last
year
he
sparked a controversy with the introduction of a ―McPassport‖ that allows McDonald's employees
to work anywhere in the European Union..‖

10. A
See the last sentence of Paragraph G ―He also set up a ―food studio‖, where co
oks devise new
recipes in response to local trends‖.

11. sluggish or declining
See the first sentence of Paragraph A ―When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of
McDonald's in January 2004, the world's biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery
in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.‖

12. seasonal menu offerings
See the last sentence of Paragraph B ―December was an especially good month as customers took
to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany
based on the
game of Monopoly‖.

profitable market
See
the
second
sentence
of
Paragraph
H
―But
France
is
in
fact
the
company's
most
profitable
market after America‖.

14. 15%
See the second sentence of Paragraph I ―Al
most two-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald's restaurants in
Britain are company-
owned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America‖.



（
end
）































★
new weapon to fight cancer

1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills
tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.

2.
If
successful,
virus
therapy
could
eventually
form
a
third
pillar
alongside
radiotherapy
and
chemotherapy
in
the
standard
arsenal
against
cancer,
while
avoiding
some
of
the
debilitating
side-effects.

3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on
the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer
Research
UK
said
yesterday
that
it
was
excited
by
the
potential
of
Prof
Seymour's
pioneering
techniques.

4. One of the country's leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill
cancer cells directly, while
avoiding harm to healthy tissue.
you've got something
which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy,

5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body's local immune system.

viruses
find
them
a
very
good
place
to
be
because
there's
no
immune
system
to
stop
them
replicating. You can regard it as the cancer's Achilles' heel.

6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer.
copies
in
each
cell
and
the
cell
bursts
and
they
infect
the
tumour
cells
adjacent
and
repeat
the
process,

7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard
cancer
drugs.

an
interesting
possibility
that
they
may
have
an
advantage
in
killing
drug- resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we've had before.

8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of
the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously
injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible
or has spread throughout the body.

9.
Prof
Seymour's
innovative
solution
is
to
mask
the
virus
from
the
body's
immune
system,
effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and
reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses
to tumours via the bloodstream without the body's immune system destroying them on the way.

10.
- it's a stealth virus when you inject it,

11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical
modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped
up by the body's immune system.

12.
The
therapy
would
be
especially
useful
for
secondary
cancers,
called
metastases,
which
sometimes
spread
around
the
body
after
the
first
tumour
appears.

an
awful
statistic
of
patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases,
Prof Seymour.

13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally
causes
a
cold-like
illness,
and
vaccinia,
which
causes
cowpox
and
is
also
used
in
the
vaccine
against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the
trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.

14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver
tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will
be
needed.
Several
more
years
of
trials
will
be
needed,
eventually
also
on
the
polymer-coated
viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be
examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes
that one day it might be applied to all cancers.

(665 words)
Questions 1-6
Do
the
following
statements
agree
with
the
information
given
in
the
reading
passage?
For
questions 1-6 write


TRUE
















if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE














if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN





if there is no information on this in the passage


1
．
Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side- effects.


2
．
Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour
’
s work on the virus therapy.


3
．
Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.


4
．
Cancer
’
s Achilles
’

heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.


5
．
To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.


6
．
Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant
tumors.




Question 7-9


Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.


7
．
Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found
(A) on TV







(B)

in magazines







(C) on internet







(D)

in newspapers





























8
．
To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to

(A)





change the body’ immune system

(B)





inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.
(C)





increase the amount of injection
(D)





disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.


9
．
When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies
(A)

will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.
(B)

will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.

(C)

will be immediately recognized by the researchers.
(D)

will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.





Questions 10-13


Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each
word once.


NB







There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.




In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus an
d vaccinia, so both the
viruses
will
be
less
pathogenic
than
the
……11…….These
uncoated
viruses
will
be
applied
directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The
experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment o
f certain cancers





List of Words
dosage









responding









smallpox virus
disable









natural ones









inject





directed








treatment











cold-like illness


kill












patients












examined








Answers Keys:
1
．答案：
FALSE
（见第
2
段：
If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar
alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding
some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy
只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。
）

2
．
答案：
TRUE
（见第
3
段，
特别是最后一句：

Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was
excited by the potential of Prof Seymour's pioneering techniques.
）

3.
答案：
NOT GIVEN
（文中没有提到
virus
可以抑制肿瘤细胞再生长）

4.
答案：
TRUE
（见第
5
段第
3
、
4
句：

这里“
cancer
’
s Achilles' heel
”指

“
If you can get
a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune system
to stop them replicating.
”

Achilles' heel
的意思是“唯一致命弱点”
）

5.
答案：
FALSE
（见第
6
段第第
1
句：
Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the
cancer.
）