2018年上海市静安区高考英语二模试卷

2021年1月25日发(作者：寻找)
2018
年上海市静安区高考英语二模试卷

II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions
：
After reading the passage below
，

fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the
blanks with a given word
，
till in each blank with the proper form of the given word
；

for the other blanks
，
use one word that best fits each blank.

1. Uh
﹣
oh
，

the new year’s just begun and already you’re finding it hard to keep those
resolutions to junk the junk food
，
get off the couch or kick smoking
．

There’s a biological
reason why a lot of our bad habits arc so hard to break
﹣
they get
（
1
）
________
（
wire
）

into our brains
．

“Why are bad habits stronger
？

You’re fighting against the power of an immediate reward
，
”
says Dr
．
Nora Volkow
，
director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and an authority
on the brain’s pleasure pathway
．


，
to give greater value to an immediate reward
as opposed to
（
2
）
________is delayed
，

．

How this bit of happiness turns into a habit involves a pleasure
﹣
sensing chemical named
dopamine
．
It causes the brain
（
3
）
________
（
pursue
）
that reward again and again
strengthening the connection each time
﹣
especially when it gets the right hint from your
environment
．

People lend to overestimate their ability to resist temptations around them
，
thus
（
4）
________
（
destroy
）
attempts to give up bad habits
．
Even scientists who recognize it
（
5
）
________show weakness
．

“I know popcorns are not healthy
．
But every time I go to the
cinema
，
I have to eat it
，
” Volkow sayst “It’s fascinating
．
”

A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection
，
as some
companies offer employees outright payments or insurance reduction for adopting better
habits
．

（
6
）
________well paying for behavior plays out
，
researchers say there are still some
steps that may help fight your braiiVs hold
（
7
）
________newly
﹣
established habits
．

Repeat
，
repeat
，
repeat the new behavior
﹣
the same routine at the same time of
day
．
You decide to exercise
．
Doing it at the same time of the morning
，
rather than
fitting it in casually
，

（
8
）
________
（
make
）
the striatum
（终脑皮层）
recognize the
habit
．
Therefore
，

if you don’t keep doing it
，
you will feel frustraled
．

Exercise itself raises dopamine levels
，
so eventually your brain will get a feel
﹣
good hit
（
9
）
________your muscles protest
．

Besides
，
try to reward yourself with
（
10
）
________ that you really desire
．
For instance
，

if you exercise all week or stick to your diet
，
you could try a fancy restaurant
﹣
safer
perhaps than a box of cookies because the price inhibits the quantity
．

【答案】

wired,what,to pursue,destroying,can,However,on,makes,even if/even though,something
【考点】

说明文语法填空

【解析】

这是一篇科普文．人们在新年到来时常 常会下定某些决心，然而却发现很难坚持下
试卷第
1
页，总
17
页< br>
去．科学家研究出了一些
“
技巧
”
，可以让好习惯取代坏习 惯．

【解答】

1
．
wired
．考查非谓语 动词．此处表达
“
它们进入我们的大脑
”
，
get wired into
意思是
“
被连接到
…”
，由此可知此处要用过去分词wired
．

2
．
what
．考查名词性从句引导 词．此处是一个宾语从句，从句缺少主语，根据语境
可知这里说的是
“
给予更大的价值 立即奖励，而不是延迟
”
，由此可知此处要用
what
来
引导．
3
．
to pursue
．考查不定式．
cause …to do sht
．意为
“
造成、使（发生）
”
，由此可知此< br>处要用不定式作补语．

4
．
destroying
．考查 非谓语动词．通过分析可这里应该用非谓语动词作状语，这时其
逻辑主语是句子的主语，它们之间是主动 关系，因此要用现在分词作状语表示结果．

5
．
can
．考查情 态动词．根据语境可知此处表达
“
即使是认识它的科学家也能表现出弱
点
”< br>，此处用
can
表示推测，是一种理论上的可能性．

6
．
However
．考查副词．通过分析语境可知此处与上文是转折关系 ，因此要填副词
However
．

7
．
on
． 考查介词及固定搭配．此处表达
“
研究人员说，仍然有一些步骤可以帮助你的
大脑保持 新的习惯
”
，
hold on
意思是
“
保持
”
，因此此处填介词
on
．

8
．
makes
．考查主谓一致．本句中
Doing it at the same time of the morning
以及
fitting
it in casually
用
rather than
连接，这时谓语动词要与前面保持一致， 又因为前面的内容
是动名词短语
Doing it at the same time of the morning
由此可知谓语动词要用单数形式，
因此此处要填
makes< br>．

9
．
even if/even though
．考查 从属连词．此处表达
“
锻炼本身会提高多巴胺水平，所以
即使你的肌肉抗议，你的大脑 也会感觉良好
”
，由此可知此处表示让步关系．

10
．
something
．考查不定代词．结合语境可知此处表达的意思是
“
试着用自己真 正想
要的东西奖励自己
”
，
something
意思是
“< br>某物，某种东西
”
，由此可知这里要填
something
．

Section B Directions
：
Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.
Kach word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.


Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once.
Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. necessary B. infect C. extremes D. refreshed E. spells F. impact
G. accompanied H. sufficient I. shrink J. silenced K. earned
As the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat stress, longer droughts
（干旱）
and more intense rainfalls linked to global warming continue to upset our daily
weather, we often forget they also
（
1
）
______ the quantity, quality, and growing locations
of our food. Many foods have already
（
2
）
______ top spots on the worlds endangered
foods list, indicating their possibility to become scarce within the next 30 years.
To start with what is
（
3
）
______ in many people’s lives, we are disappointed to find that
coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by
rising air temperatures and erratic
（不稳定的）
rainfall patterns, which invite disease and
invasive species to
（
4
）
______ the coffee plant and beans. The result? Significant cuts in
coffee output.
And Coffee’s culinary cousin, cacao
（
aka chocolate
）
, is also suffering stress from global
warming, s rising temperatures. But for chocolate, it isn’t the warmer climate alone that’s
试卷第
2
页，总
17
页

the problem. Cacao trees actually prefer warmer climates as long as that warmth is paired
with high humidity and
（
5
）
______ rain. However, the problem is that the higher
temperatures projected for the world’s leading chocolate
-producing countries are not
expected to be
（
6
）
______ by an increase in rainfall. Therefore as higher temperatures take
more moisture from soil and plants, it’s unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to make up
for this loss.
A notably nutritious plant, the peanut grows best when it gets five months of continuous
warm weather and 20 to 40 inches of rain. Anything less and plants won’t survive. That isn’t
good news when most climate models agree that the climate of the future will be one of the
（
7
）
______ including droughts and heatwaves. The world has already caught a glimpse of
the peanut’s future fate when last year a serious drought across the peanut
﹣
growing
Southeastern U.S. led many plants to die.
According to a financial report, the dry
（
8
）
______ caused peanut prices to rise by as much
as 40 percent! Finally, in the world of sea, as air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways
absorb some of the heat and undergo wanning of their own. The result is the
（
9
）
______
in fish population. Warmer waters also encourage vicious marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to
grow and cause illness in humans.
And that satisfying McrackM you get when eating crab
（
M
）
could be
（
10
）
______ as
shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonate shells, a result of ocean acidification.
【答案】

（
1
）
F,
（
2
）
K,
（
3）
A,
（
4
）
B,
（
5
）
H ,
（
6
）
G,
（
7
）
C,
（8
）
E,
（
9
）
I,
（
10
）
J
【考点】

高三

名词基础

形容词基础

动词基础

选词填空

【解析】

本文为科普说明文阅读，文章介绍了目前的热门话题
——
气候与农作物，以及极端天
气对可可树、可可豆造成的影响。

【解答】

（
1
）
F
考查动词。根据
they also
（
1
）
______ the quantity, quality, and growing locations
of our food.
可知，此空需填入一个动词，作句子的谓语，根据句意：它们也影响着食
物的数量、质量和种植位置。
impact
为动词，影响；撞击；冲突；压紧。故选
F
。

（
2
）
K
考查动词。根据空格前的
have already
可知，此空需填入动词的过去分词，构
成现在完成时
have already done. earned
为
earn
的过去分词，意为
“
赚，赚得；获得，
挣得；使得到；博得
”
。句意：许多食物已经在世界濒危食 物名单中获得高级点，这预
示着在未来
30
年它们很可能会消失，故选
K。

（
3
）
A
考查形容词。根据
what is
（
3
）
______
in many people’s lives
可知，此空需填
入一个形容词，作
be
动词
is
的表语，
necessary
为形容词，意为
“
必要的，必须的
”< br>。
句意：在许多人的生活中，什么是必不可少的？故选
A
。

（
4
）
B
考查动词。根据
which invite disease and invasive species to
（
4
）
______
可知，此
空需填入一个动词，构成
invite to do
结 构，
infect
为动词，意为
“
感染，传染
”
。句意：< br>这也导致咖啡植物和咖啡豆感染疾病或受入侵物种影响，故选
B
。

（
5
）
H
考查形容词。根据
with high humidity and
（
5
）
______ rain.
可知 ，此空需填入
一个形容词，修饰
rain
降雨，
sufficient
为形容词，意为
“
充足的，足够的
”
。句意：只
要有温度、高湿度 和充足的降雨量，可可树实际上更喜欢温暖的气候，故选
H
。

（
6
）
G
考查动词。根据
the higher temperatures projected for the world’s leading
试卷第
3
页，总
17
页

chocolate- producing countries are not expected lo be
（
6
）
______ by an increase in rain fall
可知，此空需填入一个动词的过去分词形式，与前面的
be
构成被动语态结构
be
done
。
accompany
陪伴，伴随；伴奏。句意：这 些国家都不期待着温度升高伴随着降雨量的
增加，故选
G
。

（
7
）
C
考查名词。根据
one of the
（
7
）
______
可知，此空需填入一个名词的复数形式，
构成
one of+
可数名词复数， 表示
“……
之一
”
，
extrem
作名词，意为
“
极端；末端；最大
程度；极端的事物
”
。句意：大多数气候情况说明，将来的 气候会出现包括干旱、热浪
在内的极端气候，故选
C
。

（
8
）
E
考查动词。根据空格前的
the dry
可知，此空需填入一个名词，根据句意：干旱
期导致花生价格上涨
40%
。
dry spell
干旱期。故选
E
。

（
9
）
I
考查名词。根据空格前的定冠词
the
可知，此空需填入一个名词，
shrink
作名
词，意为
“
收缩； 畏缩
”
。句意：结果是鱼类数量减少。故选
I
。

（
10
）
J
考查动词。根据
eating crab
（
M
）
could be
（
10
）
______ as shellfish struggle to
build their calcium carbonateshells.
当贝 类挣扎着构建它们的碳酸钙外壳时，吃螃蟹可能
会
____
，
silence
作动词时，意为
“
沉默；使安静；压制
”
。放入句中，吃螃蟹可能会 被
禁止，故选
J
。

Ⅲ. Readifig Compirheiisioii Section A Directions：
For each blank in the following
passage there are four words or phrases marked A. B
，
C and D. Fill in each blank
with the word or phrase that best fits the context.


“Don’t get sick in July!”

This is a common concern in teaching hospitals in the U.S. It’s driven by the academic
calendar: July is when the new interns, tresh out of medical school, start work. In other
words, it’s when everyone is most
（
1
）
______. The theory is that this disadvantage leads to
mistakes.
So is medical experience good or bad? Well, in most cases, your doctor’s experience is very
helpful, allowing her to pick up on a
（
n
）
（
2
）
______ symptom early in a disease process,
when machines still can’t take a hand. She can also determine the right treatment when your
condition falls outside of what is in the
（
3
）
_______, where newbies get most of their ideas.
For many medical treatments, there’
s a direct connection between physician experience and
your treating outcome.
In a variety of situations, though, experience can backfire. The reason is simple
（
4
）
______
Doctors are humans too and they
（
5
）
______ tricks of the mind
—
like believing that an
ineffective treatment really works. In fact, entire fields of research are devoted to
understanding why these enors of thought occur. They
（
6
）
______ from so- called cognitive
prejudice that can mislead even
（
7
）
_______practitioners into making the wrong decisions.
Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early and disregard new and
（
8
）
______
information. For example, a patient may be diagnosed with a quickly fatal cancer, but then
ends up trying various herbal remedies and lives for 30 more years. Instead of analyzing the
（
9
）
______ diagnosis, the patient, and maybe even the doctor, may assume that the
herbal remedies cured the cancer.
Also, some experienced doctors tend to believe evidence when it supports their previous
opinion while subconsciously ignoring infor
mation opposing it. Let’s say your doctor is pretty
certain you have ill digestion and orders a test to
（
10
）
______ the suspicion, which
试卷第
4
页，总
17
页

produces negative result. But she treats you for ill digestion anyway because she was
（
11
）
______ with the prior diagnosis by experience.
In fact, there are clearly many benefits to having a highly experienced doctor, such as
technical proficiency. But there may actually be some unexpected benefits to having a less-
experienced one too. She may have a more up-to-date education, boundless energy and
perhaps is less vulnerable to biases, freed from the same
（
12
）
______ for years.
To safeguard yourself as a patient, one thing you should always do is
（
13
）
______.
It may not always be possible to determine that your doctor has met with an unconscious
thinking
（
14
）
______. But asking questions does force your doctor to think twice and
（
15
）
______ her decision about your case.

（
1
）

nt
rienced

（
2
）


x

（
3
）


ion

（
4
）

logy
ure

（
5
）

advantage of
sense of
victim to
fire with

（
6
）


t

（
7
）

-motivated
-seasoned
-offended
-eyed

（
8
）

te
cting

（
9
）

l


（
10
）

tive
ited
ive
nable
y
ion
ty

guish
e
ent
le
试卷第
5
页，总
17
页

ok
e
te
e
m


（
11
）

upied
ed
ated
ned

（
12
）

sional circle
ng pattern
ic background
ing order

（
13
）

igating
oning
ring
ing

（
14
）

le

n
le

（
15
）

ce
odate
y

【答案】

C
A
D
A
C
A
B
C
A
C
A
B
B
B
C
【考点】

日常生活

动词辨析

动词短语

形容词辨析

说明文完形

名词辨析

【解析】

短文主要列举了经验对于医生而言所存在的好处和坏处，最后作者对病人给 出的建议
就是要对医生做出的诊断提出问题。

【解答】

试卷第
6
页，总
17
页

（
1
）
C
考查形容词辨析。
innocent
天 真的；
productive
多产的；
inexperienced
无经验< br>的；
prohibited
禁止的。由前文
July is when the new interns, tresh out of medical school,
start work.
可知，此处提到的七月是人们踏出校园开始实习工作，也就是最没有经 验的
时候。故答案为
C
。

（
2
）
A < br>考查形容词辨析。
slight
轻微的；
objective
客观的；
complex
复杂的；
sustainable
可持续的。此处指有经验的 医生能够从小症状得知一些疾病。故答案为
A
。

（
3
）
D
考查名词辨析。根据下文
where newbies get most of their ideas
可知，初学者一
般会从课 本上找答案，因此使用
textbook
。故答案为
D
。

（
4
）
A
考查名词辨析。由下文
tricks of the mind
一
like believing that an ineffective
treatment really works
可知，有时候经验 会适得其反的原因就是简单的心理问题，因此
使用
psychology
。故答案为< br>A
。

（
5
）
C
考查动词短语。
take advantage of
利用；
make sense of
弄懂；
fall victim to
成
为
……
的牺牲品；
play fire with
玩 火。根据语境指的是会成为某些心理诡计的牺牲品。
故答案为
C
。

（
6
）
A
考查动词辨析。
spring
突然发出 或出现；
depart
离开；
benefit
受益于；
distin guish
区分。根据语境前面提到的这些错误来自于认知偏见，因此使用
spring
from
。
故答案为
A
。

（
7
）
B
考查形容词辨析。
highly- motivated
有动力的；
well- seasoned
千锤百炼的；
deeply- offended
极大地冒犯；
wide-eyed
吃惊的。此处指这些认知偏见甚至 会让千锤百
炼的、有经验的实习者也犯错误。故答案为
B
。

（
8
）
C
考查形容词辨析。
moderate
稳 健的，适度的；
visible
看得见的；
conflicting
相
矛盾的；
permanent
永久的。前文提到
Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early
医生会锁定之前的诊断结论，然后就忽视那些相矛盾的信息。故答案为
C
。

（
9
）
A
考查形容词辨析。
initial
最初 的；
tough
艰难的；
multiple
多重的；
private
私人
的。由前文的
Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis
可知，此处指的是最开始的诊
断结果。故答案为
A
。

（
10
）
C
考查动词辨析。
eva luate
评价；
operate
操作；
confirm
证实；revise
修正。前
文提到医生觉得你消化不良，因此要安排检查来证实他的怀疑。故答 案为
C
。

（
11
）
A
考查动词辨析。
preoccupied
使
……
专心于；
labelled
贴上标签；
associated
联系；
concerned
关心，设计。此 处指医生由于以往的经验就是断定你为消化不良。故答案为
A
。

（
12
）
B
考查名词辨析。
professional circle
职业圈；
thinking pattern
思维模式；
academic background
学术背景；
operating order
操作指令。此处指 要跳出你多年来的
那种思维模式。故答案为
B
。

（
13
）
B
考查动词辨析。由下一段的
asking q uestions
可知要懂得提出疑问，因此使用
questioning
。故答案为
B
。

（
14
）
B
考查名词辨析。obstacle
障碍；
trap
陷阱；
horizon
地平线 ；
struggle
奋斗。此
处指无意识的思维陷阱。故答案为
B
。

（
15
）
C
考查动词辨析。
practice
练习；
accommodate
使适应；
justify
证明
……
有理；
remove
去除。此处指要对医生提出问题，这样在他对你的症状做出 诊断前进行确定。
故答案为
C
。

试卷第
7
页，总
17
页

Section B Directions
：
Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed
by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arc four
choices marked A
，
B
，
C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the
information given in the passage you have just read.

Last October I was on a diving holiday in the Philippines with seven other advanced
divers
．
I dived off the boat slowly sinking to about 20m
．

After nearly 45 minutes, the sound of my breathing was drowned out by a low rumble like
an engine and I felt deep powerful vibraiions
（

震动）
as if a big boat with a propeller was
passing overhead
．

The dive instructor’s eyes were wide with confusion too
．
We both
swam next to each other staying close to the side of the reef
（礁石）
．
The situation felt
sinister
．

Then we were enveloped by clouds of white sand that mushmoomed up around
us
．
Could it be a giant turtle
（海龟）
racing past us? They are normally slow movers so this
was very weird behavior
．
The vibration became so intense that I could feel it in my bones
and then the sound turned into a deafening roar
．
Suddenly, a few meters below
us, breaks began fonning and the sand was sucked down
．

That’s when I got whal it
was
．
The noise was the sound of the earth splintering open and grinding against itself
．


The instructor and I held hands and looked into each other’s
eyes
．
I felt comforted by his
presence
．
I was numb
（麻木的）
for terror but clear
﹣
headed
．
My body went on high
alert, ready to react
．
But I have no power over whatever this is
．
The only option is to stay
very still and let it do whatever its going to do
．

It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface, which is not sensible
as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats
pending
．
Soon we saw other divers
．

The sound and vibration lasted only two or three minutes and when they stopped I heard
the swoosh of sand falling over the seabed
．
We all held hands before resurfacing to avoid
decompression sickness, which can be fatal
．
When up, it was a huge relief to see all the
divers and we all shared incredulous looks before pulling out our breathing tools and
shouting,
’’What was that?

Back on the boat, we rushed to check the news and discovered we had witnessed a huge
earthquake, measuring 12 on the Richter scale
．
It released more energy than 30 Hiroshima
bombs, though it seemed that we were not at the epicenter
（震中）
．
I was high and felt
lucky surprisingly not because of my recent survival miracle, but to have experienced nature
at its most stunning and its most frightening
．


（
1
）
How did the author realize that they met with an earthquake
？
________
feeling the violent shake under the sea
．

witnessing a normally
﹣
slow turtle quickly moving by
．

seeing the seafloor crack
．

checking the news and be informed of the event
．


（
2
）
Why didn’t th
e author rise to the surface before the vibration stopped
？
________
e the instmetor gestured him not to rise
．

试卷第
8
页，总
17
页