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英语专八阅读理解模拟试题附带翻译及解析

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2021-01-25 20:54
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2021年1月25日发(作者:多多包涵)
英语专八阅读理解模拟试题
(
附带翻译及解析
)
























考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析一

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first
clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making
a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical
maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of
interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise


and to integrate action into the process of thinking.


Generations
of
writers
on
management
have
recognized
that
some
practicing
managers
rely
heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some
see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.


Isenberg's
recent
research
on
the
cognitive
processes
of
senior
managers
reveals
that
managers'
intuition
is
neither
of
these.
Rather,
senior
managers
use
intuition
in
at
least
five
distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to
perform well- learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based
on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition
is
to
synthesize
isolated
bits
of
data
and
practice
into
an
integrated
picture,
often
in
an
Aha


experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.
Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who
use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally
leery of solutions suggested by
these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can
use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in
this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar
patterns.


One
of
the
implications
of
the
intuitive
style
of
executive
management
is
that
thinking
is
inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain
it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting
cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing
a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.


Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers
often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the
action
to
develop
a
more
complete
understanding
of
the
issue.
One
implication
of
thinking/acting
cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of
























implementing the solution.


1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to


[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.


[B] Identify a problem.


[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.



2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1,
paragraph 2




[A]
They
have
criticized
managers
for
not
following
the
classical
rational
model
of
decision
analysis.


[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.


[C]
They
have
relied
in
drawing
their
conclusions
on
what
managers
say
rather
than
on
what
managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.



3.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
text
that
which
of
the
following
would
most
probably
be
one
major
difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y
, who
uses only formal decision analysis




[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts


Manager Y does not.


[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis


Manager Y does
not.


[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem


Manager Y does not.


[D]
Manager
Y
draws
on
years
of
hands-on
experience
in
creating
a
solution
to
a
problem


Manager X does not.





4. The text provides support for which of the following statements




[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision
analysis.


[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.


[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.



5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text




[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.


[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.


[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.


[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.





答案与考点解析



1.
「答案」
D


「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的
senior
managers
暗示本题的答案信息在
第三段
,
因为第三段首句包含题干 中的
senior
managers
。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五

,
我们可推导出本题的正确选项是选项
D.
本题选项
A

B

C
所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、
第一点和第三点提到。 考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义。

2.
「答案」
D


「考点解析」这是一道句间关系题。题干已将本题 的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二
句是本题答案信

























息的最主要来源
,
通过阅读和理解此句
,
我们可推导出本 题的正确选项是
D.
考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系。



3.
「答案」
C


「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题。题干中的
who uses intuition to reach decisions
暗示本
题的答案信息在第四段
,
因为第四段 首句含有和题干中
who uses intuition to reach decisions
大致相
同的
the intuitive style of executive management
。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话
,
我们可
发现第四段的第一句话都在强调
act
(行动)
,
可见本题 的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项
C.
本题
的答案信息来源是第四段的第二句话。考生 在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位
,
然后要善于归
纳和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。



4.
「答案」
D


「考点解析」
本题是一道审题定位题。
题干中并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文的准确位置。在这种情况下
,
考生往往迷失解题思路。在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主 旨
,

且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能够抓住第 一段的尾句
,

结合第三段的第四、五句
,
就可以推导出本题的正确 选项应该是
D.
考生在解题时
,
尤其是在迷失解
题思路时
,
一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句
,
同时还要抓一些明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构。



5.
「答案」
B


「考点解析」本题是一道段落结构题。第一句话中的
do
not
和第二句句 首的
rather
是破解
本题的关键。抓住这两个关键就可以推导出本题的正确选项应 该是
B.
考生在解题时一定要注意
表示否定的词语以及表示启承转合的词语
,
更要注意句子之间的相互关系。

[
参考译文
]
大部分成 功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式
,
即:首先确定目标
,
然后估定
问题
,
摆出各种可能性
,
估计成功率
,
再做决定< br>,
最后才付诸行动去实施。相反
,
在这些人的日常决策
过程中
,
他们靠一种定义模糊的直觉应付大量相关问题
,
这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清
,

相矛盾
,
奇特无比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择
,而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动。



管理学作品的写作者早就注 意到了实践当中一些管理者对直觉依赖很强。不过总的来说
,

些写作者未曾表达出什 么叫做直觉。有些人将其视作理性的对立面
,
还有人认为它是反复无常的
(做法、性格 )的一个借口。



Isenberg
最近对高层管理人员认知过 程的研究揭示了管理者的直觉并不是上述的任何一种
情况。高层管理者是在五个不同的方面使用直觉。首 先
,
他们直觉地感到有问题存在。第二
,
依靠
直觉
,
管理者们能很快表现出有教养的行为方式。
这种直觉并不是任意
,
非理性的
,
而是在多年实践
磨练
,
和亲身

























体验培养出的技能的基础上形成。
第三
,
直觉把一些零散的数据和 实际情
况组合为一个完整画面
,
这经常表现为一声
Aha
式的体验。 第四
,
有些管理者也应用直觉来检验更
理性化分析的结果。大部分高层管理人员熟知传 统的决策分析模式和工具
,
那些使用这些正式的
系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对一种 情况保持警惕
,
那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正
确行为的感觉不符。最后,
管理者可通过直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决办法。
这么使用时
,
直觉几乎是一个瞬间的思维过程
,
这一模式为管理者所熟悉。



这些管理者用直觉方式的一个特点是思考和行动不能分开。
由于
(在这种方 式中)
管理者在
分析和解释问题之前就已经明白应该怎么去做
,
他们经常是先 行动
,
后解释。
在思考
?D
行动的循环

,
分析是必不可少的。在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思考其公司、组织的情

,
而是行动和分析在高度一致地进行。

由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况,
他们鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解。他
们藉此对问题做出更深的体会。这种 思考行为循环的一个特点即:行动是确定问题的一部分
,

不只是解决问题的步骤。< br>


考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析二

Roger Rosenblatt

s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria
to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes,
criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle

s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each
work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.


Although
fiction
assuredly
springs
from
political
circumstances

its
authors
react
to
those
circumstances
in
ways
other
than
ideological,
and
talking
about
novels
and
stories
primarily
as
instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt

s literary analysis
discloses
affinities
and
connections
among
works
of
Black
fiction
which
solely
political
studies
have
overlooked or ignored.


Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to
a number of questions. First
of all, is there a
sufficient reason, other than the
facial identity of the
authors,
to
group
together
works
by
Black
authors

Second,
how
does
Black
fiction
make
itself
distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous


Rosenblatt shows that
Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable


coherent literary tradition.
Looking
at
novels
written
by
Black
over
the
last
eighty
years,
he
discovers
recurring
concerns
and
designs independent o
























f
chronology.
These
structures
are
thematic,
and
they
spring,
not
surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly
white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.


Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt

s thematic analysis permits
considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the
various works ?D yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might
have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is
this
a
defect,
or
are
the
authors
working
out
of,
or
trying to
forge,
a
different
kind
of aesthetic?
In
addition,
the
style
of
some
Black
novels,
like
Jean
Toomey

s
Cane,
verges
on
expressionism
or
surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate
against
which
Black
heroes
are
pitted,
a
theme
usually
conveyed
by
more
naturalistic
modes
of
expression




In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and
worthwhile
study.
Black
Fiction
surveys
a
wide
variety
of
novels,
bringing
to
our
attention
in
the
process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson

s Autobiography of an
Ex-Colored
Man.
Its
argument
is
tightly
constructed,
and
its
forthright,
lucid
style
exemplifies
levelheaded and penetrating criticism.


1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________.


[A] Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.


[B] Comparing various critical approaches to a subject.


[C] Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.


[D] Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.


2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt
__________.


[A] Evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.


[B] Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.


[C]
Explored
in
greater
detail
the
recurrent
thematic
concerns
of
Black
fiction
throughout
its
history.


[D] Assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.


author

s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as __________.


[A] Pedantic and contentious.


[B] Critical but admiring.


[C] Ironic and deprecating.


[D] Argumentative but unfocused.



author
of
the
text
employs
all
of
the
following
in
the
discussion
of
Rosenblatt

s
book
EXCEPT


__________.


[A] Rhetorical questions.


[B] Specific examples.


[C] Comparison and contrast.


[D] Definition of terms.


5. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson

s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man
most probably in order to __________.


[A] point

























out affinities between Rosenblatt

s method of thematic analysis and earlier
criticism.


[B] Clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.


[C] Qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt

s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.


[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt

s work.




答案与考点解析



「答案」
A


「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。通过阅读本文各段尤其是首段第一句和尾段第一句,
们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“
evaluating

(评价)一词 的选项
A.
考生在解题时一定
要注意段落的中心主旨句,以及每句话所表达的内含和作 用。

「答案」
D


「考点解析」这是一道审题定位与反推题。从本题题干中的“
would
have
been
improved

可推断出考生要在原文中寻找到谈论某一方面
“不足”
的地方。
尾段首句的

such omissions
(这
样的忽略)
暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在倒数第二段。
通过仔细 阅读和理解倒数第二段,
可将
本题的答案信息来源确定在倒数第二段的第二句。
根据倒 数第二段第二句的内容进行反推,
就可
得出本题的正确选项是
D.
考生在解题 时一定要具备利用上下段之间的关系迅速审题定位的能力,
更要具备反推即逆向思维的能力。



「答案」
B


「考点解析」
这是 一道归纳推导题。
从本题的题干可以看出本题的答案信息来源不局限于某
一段或某一句,
而是涉及全文的从头至尾。
但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本题的正
确答案
B.
本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句。考生在解题时一定要抓住中心主旨
句, 并且对它们所表达的内容要进行分析和归纳。



「答案」
D


「考点解析」这是一道写作手法题型。
本题型旨在考察考生的语言基本功 。
这是一道较难的
题目。本题
A

B

C
所涉及的内容可分别在第三段的第二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段
的第三句里找到。第一段的第三 句涉及
B

C
两个选项。
选项
D

def inition of terms

(给词语下
定义)
在原文中没有涉及,
故本选项是正确答案。
考生在解题时一定要注意英文中常见的写作手
段。



「答案」
D


「考点解析」
这是 一道例
(举)
证题。
通过题干中的

Weldon Johnson''s Autobiography
of an Ex- Colored Man
”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第二句,本句中的“
li ke

(例
如)一词暗示本题的正确选项应该是含有“
specific e xample
”的选项
D.
考生在解题时一定要注意
原文中某些关键词的应用 和理解。



[
参考译文
]

罗杰?罗森布莱特的着作《黑人小说》
,试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究黑人
小说,这成功地

























改变了大多数早先研究的 方法。如罗森布莱特所注意到的,黑人着作的
评论经常被充当为一种阐述黑人历史的借口。
例如 ,
阿狄森?盖尔的最新着作,
就用了公开的政
治标准来判定黑人小说的价值,按照作品 中所提出的黑人个体的各观念对每个作品进行评价。



虽然小说确实是源 于政治环境,
但作者反映这些环境的方法是非意识形态的,
如把小说和故
事的讨论作为 意识形态的工具,
则会忽视了许多小说的成就。
罗森?布莱特对黑人文学的分析揭
示了 黑人小说着作间的密切关系和联系,而纯粹政治研究中忽视了这些联系。



然而写出为人所接受的黑人小说评论的前提是要对许多问题做出令人满意的回答。
首先,
除< br>了这些作家的种族身份外,
是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类?其次,
黑人 小说如
何将自己和其他现代小说分开?它们大半属于同一时代的作品。
罗森布莱特的研究阐明了 黑人小
说已构成了一个与众不同的作品群体,
它们具有可识别的、
连贯的文学传统。< br>着眼于最近八十年
黑人创作的小说,
罗森布莱特揭示了小说中与时代无关而反复出现的侧 重点和布局。
这些结构与
主题相关,
并不让人感到惊奇的是,
它们源于这样一 个中心事实,
即小说中的黑人生存在一个白
人文化支配的环境中,不管他们试图迎合这一文化还 是反叛这一文化。



《黑人小说》
确实对一些美学的问题没有给 予回答,
罗森布莱特的主题分析允许相当的客观
性;他甚至直言,对各个作品的优劣判定不是他 工作的意图
?D?D
然而他的犹豫看起来是不合时
宜的,
尤其是因为尝试评定 可能会导致一些有趣的结果。
例如,
一些小说所显示的结构散漫冗长。
这是否是一个缺 陷,
或者是作者这样做是出于一种美学考虑,
还是作者试图创造一种不同类的美
学?另 外,象金?图莫的《手杖》那样的黑人小说风格,近于表现主义和超现实主义;难道这个
技巧只是用更自 然主义的表现方式为表达流行的黑人英勇反抗命运的主题提供一个对应物吗?

尽管存在这些遗 漏,
罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论,
已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究内
容。< br>《黑人小说》考察了广泛的小说,在此过程中我们的注意力被吸引到一些引人入胜但鲜为人
知的作 品上,
如詹姆士?威尔顿?约翰逊的
《一个曾是有色人的自传》

这本书的主 题结构紧密,
直率、明晰的风格例示了一种冷静而敏锐的文学评论。



考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析三

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social
research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, m
























igration
becomes
the
organizing
principle
for
rewriting
the
history
of
preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.


The
first
of
these
asserts
that
residents
of
early
modern
England
moved
regularly
about
their
countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies
held
little
positive
attraction
for
the
English
?D
they
would
rather
have
stayed
home
?D
by
the
eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of
opportunity.
Secondly,
Bailyn
holds
that,
contrary
to
the
notion
that
used
to
flourish
in
America
history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and
demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.


Bailyn's
third
proposition
suggest
two
general
patterns
prevailing
among
the
many
thousands
of
migrants:
one
group
came
as
indentured
servants,
another
came
to
acquire
land.
Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of
transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people
who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by
the 1730's, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.


Finally,
Bailyn
argues
that
the
colonies
were
a
half-civilized
hinterland
of
the
European
culture
system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire.
But
to
divide
the
empire
into
English
core
and
colonial
periphery,
as
Bailyn
does,
devalues
the
achievements
of
colonial
culture.
It
is
true,
as
Bailyn
claims,
that
high
culture
in the colonies
never
matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created
effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books


Bailyn might respond that New
England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had
powerful effects on North American culture.


Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who
migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of
the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection.
These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time
to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good
wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it
is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious
of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.


of the
following statements about migrants to colonial North America is
supported
by
information in the text





























[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as
indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.


[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a
livelihood than were farmers and artisans.


[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during
the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.


[D]
By
the
1730's,migrants
already
skilled
in
a
trade
were
in
more
demand
by
American
employers than were unskilled laborers.


author of the text states that Bailyn failed to


[A]
Give
sufficient
emphasis
to
the
cultural
and
political
interdependence
of
the
colonies
and
England.


[B] Describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the
United States.


[C]
Take advantage of
social research on the experiences of colonists
who migrated to colonial
North America specifically to acquire land.


[D]
Relate
the
experience
of
the
migrants
to
the
political
values
that
eventually
shaped
the
character of the United States.




of
the
following
best
summarizes
the
author's
evaluation
of
Bailyn's
fourth
proposition




[A] It is totally implausible.


[B] It is partially acceptable.


[C] It is highly admirable.
[D] It is controversial though persuasive.



ing to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about
the culture of colonial New England




[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England.


[B]
The
cultural
achievements
of
colonial
New
England
have
generally
been
unrecognized
by
historians.


[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England


and did not develop a culture that was
uniquely their own.


[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England.


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