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【中考复习】英语_语法知识总结

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2021-01-25 21:35
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2021年1月25日发(作者:tuesday是什么意思)
中考英语语法知识难点大全

英语语法知识难点(一)








稿:李俊和



稿:李俊和




:
张晓俊

(一)

形容词和副词




I


要点




A


形容词



1


形容词的用法




形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的,通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补,有时还可作状语。如:



He is honest and hardworking.


I found the book interesting.



某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式。如:



The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.


The English like to be with their families.



多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序:



冠词
+
序数词
+
基数词
+
性质状态(描述性)
+
形状大 小
+
新旧老少
+
颜色
+
国籍
+
材料
+
名词。如:



the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.



2


形容词比较等级的形式





1


规则形式



一般说来,单音节词及少数双音节词在后加
-er; --est
来构成比较级和最高级;其他双音节词及多
音节词在前加
more, most.
如:



great-greater- greatest


busy-busier-busiest


important-more important-(the)most important




2


不规则形式



good (well)-better- best


bad (ill)-worse-worst


many (much)-more-most


little- less-least




3


形容词比较等级的用法




①表示两者的比较,用形容词的比较级
+than.
如:



He is cleverer than the other boys.


This one is more beautiful than that one.



②表示两者以上的比较,用

形容词最高级(
+
名词)
+of(in)


如:



He is the cleverest boy in his class.



③表示两者是同等程度,用

形容词原级
+as
如:



He is as tall as I.


I have as many books as you.





越…

越…



例如:
The more I learn, the happier I am.




You can never be too careful.
越小心越好



又如:
You can never praise the teacher too highly.


你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。





I have never spent a more worrying day.


那一天是最令我担心的一天。



I have never had a better dinner.


这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。





My English is no better than yours.


我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。




B

副词




1


副词的种类




1


时间副词

如:
ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow






2


地点副词

如:
here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside
等。





3


方式副词

如:
carefully,
angrily,
badly,
calmly,
loudly,
quickly,
politely,
nervously
等。





4


程度副词

如:
almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very
等。




2


副词比较等级的用法



其用法与形容词相似,只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如:



Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.


We must work harder.



3


某些副词在用法上的区别




1

already, yet, still


already
表示某事物已经发生,
主要用于肯定句;
yet
表示期待某事发生,
主要用于否定句和疑问句;
still
表示某事 还在进行,主要用于肯定句和疑问句,有时也可用于否定句。如:



We've already watched that film.


I haven't finished my homework yet.


He still works until late every night.




2

too, as well, also, either


too, as well

also
用于肯定句和疑问句,
too

as well
多用于口语 ,一般放在句末,而
also
多用于书面语,一般放在句中与动词连用。
either
用于否定句和否定的疑问句,往往放在句末。如:



He went there too.


He didn't go there either.


I like you as well.


I also went there.



(3) hard, hardly


hardly
意为

几乎< br>

hard
在词义上完全不同。如:



I work hard every day.


I can hardly remember that.



(4) late, lately


lately
意为

最近、近来


late
意为

晚、迟

。如:



He never comes late.


Have you been to the museum lately?


II


例题





1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____


A high enough
B tall enough


C enough high
C enough tall


解析:该题正确答案是
B
。修饰人高用
tall, < br>而建筑物的高用
high,
并且
enough
修饰形容词要放在
形容词后面。因此该题选
B






2 ____ the worse I seem to be.


A When I take more medicine


B The more medicine I take


C Taking more of the medicine


D More medicine taken


解析:该题正确答案为
B


形容 词比较级
+

,
the
+
形容词比较级
+< br>…

意为越…,越…。该句
意为:吃的药越多,我的病越是加重。





3





A too
B also
C either
D neither


解析:
该题正确答案为
C

A
B
都用于肯定句中。
D-neither
本身意为否定

两者都不



C-either
则用于否定句中,意为

也< br>






4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.


A deep
B deeply
C very deep
D quite deeply


解析:该题正确答案为
B

A.
deep
用于副词时,修饰具体的深,如
dig
deep,
B-deeply
则修饰表
示感情色彩的词,如该题为
deeply moved.
另如
deeply regret
等。而
D-quite

deeply
均为副词,不
能互相修饰。

(二)

介词



I


要点




1
、介词和种类




1


简单介词,常用的有
at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without
等。





2


复合介词,如
by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of
等。




2
、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系




1


和动词的搭配,如
agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about
等。





2


和形容词的搭配,如
afraid of, angry with, different from, good at




3


和名词的搭配,如
answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to

.



3
、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语,这种修饰语通常有
right, just, badly, all, well, directly,
completely
等少数几个副词。如:



He came right after dinner.


He lives directly opposite the school.



4


某些介词的意义与用法举例




1

at, on, in
(表时间)



表示时间点用
at,

at four o'clock, at midnight
等;表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用
at,

at that time, at Christmas
等。



指某天用
on,

on Monday, on the end of November,
指某天的朝夕用
on,

on Friday morning,
on the afternoon of September lst
等。



指长于或短于一天的时段用
in,

in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999
等。





2

between, among
(表位置)



between
仅用于二者之 间,但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时,也用
between,




I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.


The village lies between three hills.


among
用于三者或三者以上之间。如:



He is the best among the students.




3

beside, besides


beside
意为

在…旁边

,而besides
意为

除…之外

。如:



He sat beside me.


What do you want besides this?




4

in the tree, on the tree


in the tree
指动物或人在树上,而
on the tree
指果实、树叶长在树上





5

on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way


on the way
指在路上
in the way
指挡道



by the way
指顺便问一句
in this way
用这样的方法





6

in the corner, at the corner


in the corner
指在拐角内
at the corner
指在拐角外





7

in the morning, on the morning


in the morning
是一般说法
on the morning
特指某一天的早晨





8

by bus, on the bus


by bus
是一般说法
on the bus
特指乘某一辆车



II


例题




1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?


A except B but C beside D besides

解析:
A

B
两项
except
等于
but< br>,
意为

除了…


C-beside
意为
在…旁边


不符合题意。

D-besides,

意为

除了…之外,还有

。所以该题正确答案为
D
。该题意为:除了英语外,你还知道别的语言吗?





2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.


A on B at C in D during


解析:我们均知道,
at night
这一短语,但如果
nigh t
前有修饰词,表具体的夜晚,则要用介词
on
来修饰,故该题正确答案为
A






3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.


A to B in C at D on


解析:该题正确答案为
A

look forward to
为固定搭配,意为

期望、盼望





(三)

连词



I


要点




1


连词的种类




1


并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句,如
and, for, or, both

and, either

or,
neither

nor
等。





2


从属连词用来引导从句,如
that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as
等。



除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外,还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连 接副
词(引导名词性从句),关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。




2


常用连词举例




(1)and
和,并且



They drank and sang all night.



(2) both

and
和,

既…也…



Both my parents and I went there.



(3) but
但是,而



I'm sad, but he is happy.



(4) either

or
或…或…,

要么…要么…



Either you're wrong, or I am.



(5) for
因为



I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.


(6) however
然而,可是



Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.



(7) neither

nor
既不…也不



Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.



(8) not only

but(also)
不但…而且…



He not only sings well, but also dances well.



(9) or
或者,否则



Hurry up, or you'll be late.


Are you a worker or a doctor?



(10) so
因此,所以



It's getting late, so I must go.



(11) although
虽然



Although it was late, they went on working.



(12) as soon as


…就



I'll tell him as soon as I see him.



(13) because
因为



He didn't go to school, because he was ill.




14

unless
除非,如果不



I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.




15

until
直到…



He didn't leave until eleven. (
瞬间动词用于
not

until
结构
)


He stayed there until eleven.




16

while
当…时候,而
(
表示对比
)


While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while
后不可用瞬间动词
)


My pen is red while his is blue.




17

for
因为



He was ill, for he didn't come. (
结论是推断出来的
)




18

since
自从…



I have lived here since my uncle left.




19

hardly

when
一…





I had hardly got to the station when the train left.




20

as far as
就…

来说



As far as I know, that country is very small.


You may walk as far as the lake. (
一直走到湖那里
)


II


例题




1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.


A as well B as well as C so well D so well as


解析:该题意为:
John踢足球如果不比
David
好的话,那也踢得和
David
一样好。
和…一样好为
as well as.
故该题正确答案为
B






2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my
daughter.


A when B where C which D while


解析:该处意为

然而

,只有
while
有此意思,故选
D






3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?


A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise


解析:该处意为

或者

,正确答案为
C


英语语法知识难点(二)

(四)动词时态、语态

I


要点



1


一般现在时



1


表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态,常与
sometimes, always, often, every day
等时间
状语连用。如:


Sometimes, we go swimming after school.



2


表示客观真理、科学事实等。如:


The earth goes round the sun.


2


现在进行时


(1)
表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作,常与
now, at present
等时间状语连用。如:


What are you doing now?


(2)

always, continually
等连用,表一种经常反复的动作,常含有某种情感。如:


He is always doing good deeds.


3


现在完成时


主要表示动作发生在过去,
对现在仍有影响,
或动作一直延续到现在,
或可能还要继续下去,
常与
just,
already, so far, once, never
等词连用。如
:

Have you ever been to Beijing?


4
、一般将来时


表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与
tomorrow, next year
等连用。如:


I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

We're going to see a film next Monday.


5
、一般过去时


表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与
yesterday,
last
year,
in
1998,
a
moment ago
等词连用。如:


It happened many years ago.


6
、过去进行时


表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如:


What were you doing this time yesterday?


7


过去完成时


表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如:


The train had already left before we arrived.


8、一般过去将来时


表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如:


He said he would come, but he didn't.


9、被动语态


被动语态的时态,以
give
为例。

时/式

一般

am
is







given
are
was










given
were
shall










be given
will

should










be given
would
进行

完成

现在

am
has


is




bei



been given
ng
have


are
was



being given
had been given
were


过去

shall










have been given
will
将来

should











have been given
would
过去将来

II
.例题


例1
I learned that her father ____ in 1950.

A had died B died C dead D is dead


解析:该题正确答案为B。从句 中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前,但因从句中
有明确的过去时间状语
in 1950,
所以不用过去完成时态,而用一般过去时态。


例2
The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.

A is looked B has looked for

C is being looked for D has been looked

解析:该题正 确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中,介词不能省,否则就变成了不
及物动词短语,而 不能用于被动语态的句子中。

(五)动词虚拟语气

I


要点


表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建 议或与事实相反的假设等。一般
常用于正式的书面语中。



1、

虚拟语气的构成

情景

与现在事实相


条件从句的谓语动词

主句的谓语动词

should








动词过去式


be
要用
were






+
动词原形

would
should












+have+
过去分词

would
1、动词过去时

2、
should +
动词原形

3、
were to +
动词原形

should












+动词原形

would
与过去事实相


had +
过去分词

与将来事实相




注:如果条件从句谓语动词包含有
were

had, should, could
有时可将
if
省去
,
但要倒装。如:


Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.


2、

虚拟语气在各种从句的应用



(1)

在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等,其谓语形式是

可省
)
+动词原形


常用于以下三种句型中。



句型一:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that



句型二:
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that



句型三:
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that




如:
It is strange that he (should) have done that.



It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.



It is requested that we (should) be so careless.


(2)

在宾语从句中用于
suggest,
propose,
move,
insist,
desire,
demand,
request,
order,
command
等动词后的宾语从句中,表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是

动词原形

。如 :

I suggest that we (should) go swimming.


(3)

在表语从句中,
表示间接的命令,
要 求、
请求、
建议、
决定等,
主句中的主语通常是
suggestio n,
proposal, request, orders, idea
等。从句谓语形式是

+动词原形

。如:

His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.


(4)

在同位语从句中,谓语形式是

+动词原形

。如:

We received order that the work be done at once.


(5)


It is time that
…句型中,其谓语动词形式是

动词的过去式





+动词原形

不可省。如:


It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
II


例题



例1
We had hoped that he ____ longer.

A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay


解析:该题正确答案为D。
had
hoped
表示

本希望

,同样用法的动词还有
think,
expect
等,后面的
句子需用虚拟语气



例2




A comes B came C should come D will come


解析:该题正确答案为B。
would rather
后面的从句需用虚拟语气,用动词过去时表示。



例3
Had she been older, she ____ it better.

A had done B might have done

C might do D would do


解析:
Had she been older = If she had been old.
故该题正确答案为B。

(六)短语动词

I


要点


英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体,其用法有的相当于及物 动词,有的相当于不及物动词,
有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下 六种:



(1)

动词+介词


常见的有
look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add
to, lead to
等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:


Don't laugh at others.

I didn't care about it.


(2)

动词+副词


常见的有
give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out
等。这类短语动词的宾语
如果是名词,既可 放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词
前边。如:


You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

Please don't forget to hand it in.


(3)

动词+副词+介词


常见的有
look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with
等。这类短
语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:


All his money added up to no more than $$100.

After a short rest, he went on with his research work.


(4)

动词+名词+介词


常见的有
take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of
等。这类短语动词的宾语只
能放在介词后边。如:


You should pay attention to your handwriting.

We should make full use of our time.


(5)

动词+形容词


常见的有
leave open, set free, cut open
等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,则宾语可放 在形容
词的前边,也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则必须放在形容词前边。如:


The prisoners were set free.

He cut it open.


(6)

动词+名词


常见的有
take place, make friends
等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如:


This story took place three years ago.

I make friends with a lot of people.



7
)辨析


give away(
让给,暴露
)

give up
(放弃,停止)


put away
(放起,收起)


put out
(扑灭)


turn up
(出席,放大)


turn on
(打开)


keep out
(阻止)


keep off
(不让靠近)


make up
(编造,补上)


make out
(辨认)


take off
(脱,起飞)


take out
(拿出)

II


例题



例1
It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.

A put away B kept up C given away D laid up


解析:该题正确答案为A。意为




keep up
意为

继续


give away
意为

分发


lay up
贮藏





例2
Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.

A touch B relation C connection D friendship


解析:该题正确答案为
A. keep in touch
为短语动词,意为

保持联系





例3
____! There's a train coming.

A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on


解析:该题选
A. look out
意为

小心



(七)动词不定式

I


要点


1、

不定式的形式。以动词
write
为例。

式|语态

一般式

完成式

进行式

完成进行式

to write
to have written
to be writing
to have been writing
主动语态

被动语态

to be written
to have been written





2、

不定式的句法功能



(1)

作主语


To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.


不定式作主语时,为了保持句子的平衡,往往以
it
作形式主语,而不定式置于谓语动词后。如:


It's nice to hear from you.

It's not easy to be a good teacher.


(2)

作宾语


通常用于
want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend,
refuse, manage, help
等词后。如:


I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me.


(3)

作表语


My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing.


(4)

作定语


不定式作定语时,须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如:


I have two letters to write.

I have a lot of work to do.


(5)

作宾补


通常用于
want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force
等词后。如:


He ordered her to leave at once.

He was forced to obey his order.


(6)

作状语


He got up early to catch the first bus.

He worked hard to catch up with the other students.


(7)

作独立成分


To tell you the truth, I told a lie.


(8)

疑问词+不定式

结构。

如:


I don't know how to choose them.

I cannot decide where to go.



9
)不定式的否定式。如:


I decided not to go.



10
)不定式的完成式。如:


He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.

The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.


11

too

to
结构。如:


He was too excited to go to sleep.

He was only too glad to go. (
他太高兴了,乐意去
)



12
)主动表被动。如:


The book is easy to read.

I have a book to read.
II
.例题



例1
I haven't got a chair ____.

A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting

解析:该题选
C
。不定式
to sit on
在句中作定语,修饰名词
chair.
因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间


动宾关系

,所以不定式必须是及物动词,故此处
on
不能 省略。




2 He was made ____.

A go B gone C going D to go

解析:该题选
D

make sb. do sth.
如果是被动形式,不定式
do
前的
to
不能省略。



3 A new factory is ____ very soon.

A to be built B built

C to build D to building

解析:该题选
A

is to be built
意为

将要被建



(八)动名词

I


要点


动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。



1、

动名词的形式,以
write
为例。


|
语态

一般式

完成式

writing
having written
主动语态

被动语态

being written
having been written

否定式
not +
动名词



2、

动名词的用法



(1)

作主语


Playing football is my favorite sport.

Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.

作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时,可用
it
作形式主语。如:


It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.


(2)

作宾语


I enjoy playing PC game.

He gave up writing five years ago.


(3)

作表语


What he hated most was doing nothing.

Seeing is believing.

动名词作表语时,句子的主语常是无生命名词或
what
引导的名词性从句。



(4)

作定语


There's a dining room in my school.

All the people watching laughed.


(5)

动名词的复合结构

物主代词(或名词的所有格)
+
动名词

。如:


Tom's going home late made her mother angry.

Would you mind my opening the window?

不过,动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时,必须用名词的普通格(或人称代词的宾格)。



①无生命名词


The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.

Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.


②有生命名词,但表泛指。


Have you ever heard of girls smoking?


③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。


Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?

3
.后面常接动名词的动词和短语


mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine,

keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,

be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,

can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,

look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,

devote to doing, lead to doing
II
.例题



例1
She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.

A going B to go C for going D went

解析:该题正确答案为
A

feel like = want,
此处
like
为介词,后面要接名词或动名词作宾语



例2
The garden needs ____.

A water B watering C to water D watered

解析:该题正确答案为
B

need
=
want
=
require.
如果物作主语,此三者后要接动名词或
to
be
done
这一结构作宾语。



例3
Excuse me ____ you.

A interrupting B to interrupt

C interrupted D to have interrupted

解析:该题正确答案为
A

excuse
后接动名词作宾语,此句 中的
me
为动名词的逻辑主语(常用于口语
中)。

(九)分词

I


要点


分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在
分词 和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式,过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作
正在进 行,表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成,表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成,
表主动 。

过去分词的句法功能:



1、

作定语


I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.

The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.


2、

作表语


When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.

I'm interested in this book.


3、

作宾语补足语


I'm going to have my bike repaired.

When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.


4
、作状语


Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.

The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.

现在分词的句法功能。



1
、作状语


Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.

Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.

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