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英语句子成分

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2021-01-25 23:50
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2021年1月25日发(作者:educational)
英语句子成分

句子成分由词或词组充当

英语的基本成分有七种:

主语
(subject)
、谓语
(predicate)
、表语
(predicative)
、宾语
(obj ect)
、定语
(attribute)


状语
(adverbial)
补语
(complement)
主语
(Subject)



.
主语



主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首
,
通常由名词性的词来充当。

可由
1.
名词、
2.
代词、
3.
数词、
4 .
名词化的形容词(如
the rich

5.
不定式、
6 .
动名词、
7.
主语从句等表
示。


练习
1.
在下面句子的主语下面划横线,并说出由什么充当

1.

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

2.

We often speak English in class.
3.

One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4.

To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5.

Smoking does harm to the health.
6.

The rich should help the poor.
7.

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
8.

It is necessary to master a foreign language.
9.


That he isn’t at home is not true


.
谓语
(Predicate)
:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放 在
主语之后。

1)

简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。





He
practices
running every morning.
2)
复合谓语:


1
)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。










You
may keep
the book for two weeks.










He
has caught
a bad cold.


2
)由系动词加表语构成。










We
are students
.
注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。

练习
3 .
填入动词的适当形式。

1).Fifty miles _______ ( be ) not a great distance .

2). He ______________ ( marry ) for three years .

3). A lot of trees ____________ ( must , plant ) on the hills .

4). The woman did ______ ( stay ) at home last Sunday .

5). So fast _____ light ______ ( travel ) that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed .



.
表语

表语多是形容词,
用以说明主语的身份、
特征和状态,
它一般位于系动词
(如
be, become, get, look, grow,
turn,
seem
等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、 形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、
副词及表语从句表示。


练习
4.
划出下列句中的表语
,
并说明有什么充当。

1)

Our teacher of English is an American.

2)

Is it yours?

3)

The weather has turned cold.

4)

The speech is exciting.

5)

Three times seven is twenty one?

6)

His job is to teach English.
7)

His hobby
(爱好)
is playing football.

8)

The machine must be under repairs.

9)

The truth is that he has never been abroad.
注意:系动词(
Linking verb)
用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。

1
)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有
be
一词,例如:






He
is
a teacher.

2
)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有
keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,

如:

He always
kept
silent at meeting.
3
)表像系动词用来表示

看起来像

这一概念,主要有
seem, appear, look,
例如:

He
seems
(to be) very sad.
注意:系动词(
Linking verb)
用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。

4
)感官系动词主要有
feel, smell, sound, taste,
例如:

This kind of cloth
feels
very soft.

5
)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有
become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:

He
became
mad after that.
6
)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有
prove, turn out, < br>表示

证明



变成

之意,例如:
The rumor
proved
false.



His plan
turned out
a success.
练习
5 .
用所给词的正确形式填空

1).The news sounds __________ ( inspire )
2).We are __________ ( interest ) in the story .

3). My work is ______ ( clean ) the classroom tomorrow morning

4).The people in the city are very __________ . ( happiness)
5).That is his book . The one on the desk is _________ ( my ) .


.
宾语
(Obje ct)
:宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

练习
6.
划出下列句中的宾语
,
并说明有什么充当。

1)

They planed many trees yesterday.



1




5


1
2)

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.
3)

(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.

4)

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

5)

I wanted to buy a car.

6)

I enjoy listening to popular music.
7)

I think

that

he is fit for his office.
8) He found it hard to solve the problem.

练习
7.
完成下列各句
.
1. I remember ________________ (
去过那里
).
remember ___________ (
锁上门
)when you leave the room .

3.I like _______________ (
唱流行歌曲
).
4. I like ______________________ (
唱一首英文歌曲
) this time .



.
宾语补足语
(Object Complement)
英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。

练习
8.




线划出下列句中的宾语补足语, 并指出是什么词充当,同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑
关系。

1)

His father named him Dongming.

2)

They painted their boat white.

3)

Let the fresh air in.

4)

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

5)

We saw her
enter the room
.
6)

We saw him playing the piano when we entered his house.
7)

We found everything in the lab in good order.
8)

I want your homework done on time.
【注意】如果把主动语态该成被动语态,
宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。例如:
He was acknowledged
to be the best player.
练习
9 .
用所给词的适当形式填空

1). I saw the man _______ ( knock ) down and the driver _____ ( drive) away .
2). Happiness lies in making others ________ ( happiness )
3). The little child cannot be made ________ (do) such a difficult thing.

.
定语
(Attribute)
:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。


考点
1.

若修饰
some, any, every, no
构成的复合不定代词时,
(如:
something

noth ing

,
定语通常后
置。


I have something important to tell you.(important
修饰
something,
却放在后面
)
There is nothing interesting in the book.


interesting
修饰

nothing


考点
2.

副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。


People there are very friendly. (
那儿的人们
)
He went up to a policeman downstairs.
(楼下的警察)

考点
3.

单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前,形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后

The next man is a scientist.
The man next to me is a scientist.
(我旁边的那个人)

The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.
(距我家最近的那个商店)

考点
4.

介词短语作定语时要后置

The boy under the tree is Tom.
(树下的那个男孩)

The tallest boy in our class is John.
(我们班最高的那个男孩)

考点
5.

名词作定语一般用单数,但当
woman,
man
作定语且后面名词为复数时,
woman
man
也要
用复数

boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses
考点
6.

动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置

I have something to say. (
直译:我有要说的话
)
The boy crying over there is my classmate.
(在那边哭的那个男孩)

The house built last year is impressive.
(去年建的那座房子)

考点
7.

动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别


This is a swimming pool.(
动名词作定语,表功能
)
The sleeping boy is only five.
(现在分词作定语,

表正在进行)

考点
8.

else(
别的,其它的
)
通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语

Who else do you know?
Somebody else might have taken it away.
You can see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?
A.
Where else



B. Where place else


C. Where else place



D. Else where
考点
9.

enough
修饰名词可前置或后置
, enough
修饰形容词、副词时
,
必须后置。

Nearby
可作形容词、副词,因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置

1) I haven’t got
enough
money. I can’t afford it.
(形容词作定语)

2) We have time enough to do the work.
(形容词短语作定语)

3) You can’t be careful
enough. (
副词作状语
)
3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help.
(副词作定语)

= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help.
(形容词作定语)



.

状语。

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子
,
说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫作状语。

练习
10
:指出下列划线部分属于什么状语

1.

How about meeting again at six?

2.

Mr Smith lives on the third floor.

3.

Last night she didn’t go to the dance party
because of the rain.

4.

She put the eggs into the basket with great care.

5.

She came in with a dictionary in her hand.

6.

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.

7.

To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.



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