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非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式

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2021-01-25 23:50
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2021年1月25日发(作者:backlight)
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非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式



是动词的非谓语形式
.
动词一般在句子中充当谓语
.
在句中可起名词
,
形容词
,
副词的作用
,
在句中充当主语
,
宾语< br>,
表语
,
补语
,
定语或状语
.
即动词的非谓 语形式除了不能独立作谓语外
,

以承担句子的任何成分



3
种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),动名词



二、非谓语动词用法:



(一)动词不定式:(to

+do
,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。



1
.不定式的形式:(以动词
write
为例)



否定式:
not
+
(to)
do


2
.不定式的句法功能:




1
)作主语:



To
finish
the
work
in
ten
minutes
is
very
hard.


To
lose
your
heart
means
failure.


动词不定式短语作主语时,常用
it
作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上
面两句可用如下形式:



It
is
very
hard
to
finish
the
work
in
ten
minutes.


It
means
failure
to
lose
your
heart.




2
)作表语:



Her
job
is
to
clean
the
hall.


He
appears
to
have
caught
a
cold.



3
)作宾语:



常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:
want,
hope,
wish,
offer,
fail,
plan,
learn,
pretend,
re
fuse,
manage,
help,
agree,
promise,
prefer,
如果不定式(宾语)后 面有宾语补足语,则用
it
作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例 如:



Marx
found
it
important
to
study
the
situation
in
Russia.


动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:

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I
have
no
choice
but
to
stay
here.


He
did
nothing
last
Sunday
but
repair
his
bike.



4
)作宾语补足语:



在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:
want,
wi
sh,
ask,
tell,
order,
beg,
permit,
help,
advise,
persuade,
allow,
prepare,
cause,
force,
call
o
n,
wait
for,
invite


此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:



With
a
lot
of
work
to
do,
he
didn't
go
to
the
cinema




有些动词如
make,
let,
see,
watch,
hear,
feel,
have
等与不带有
to
的不定 式连用,但改
为被动语态时,不定式要加
to,
如:



I
saw
him
cross
the
road.


He
was
seen
to
cross
the
road.



5
)作定语:



动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:



①动宾关系:



I
have
a
meeting
to
attend.


注意:不定 式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,
如:



He
found
a
good
house
to
live
in.


The
child
has
nothing
to
worry
about.


What
did
you
open
it
with?


如果不定式修饰
time,
place,
way
,可以省略介词:



He
has
no
place
to
live.


This
is
the
best
way
to
work
out
this
problem.


如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:



Have
you
got
anything
to
send?
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Have
you
got
anything
to
be
sent?


②说明所修饰名词的内容:



We
have
made
a
plan
to
finish
the
work.


③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:



He
is
the
first
to
get
here.



6
)作状语:



①表目的:



He
worked
day
and
night
to
get
the
money.


She
sold
her
hair
to
buy
the
watch
chain.


注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:



wrong

To
save
money,
every
means
has
been
tried.


right

To
save
money,
he
has
tried
every
means.


wrong

To
learn
English
well,
a
dictionary
is
needed.


right

To
learn
English
well,
he
needs
a
dictionary.


②表结果:



He
arrived
late
to
find
the
train
gone.


常用
only
放在不定式前表示强调:



I
visited
him
only
to
find
him
out.


③表原因:



They
were
very
sad
to
hear
the
news.


④表程度:



It's
too
dark
for
us
to
see
anything.


The
question
is
simple
for
him
to
answer.



7
)作独立成分:



To
tell
you
the
truth,
I
don't
like
the
way
he
talked.
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8
)不定式的省略:保留
to
省略
do
动词。



If
you
don't
want
to
do
it,
you
don't
need
to.



9
)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略
to




He
wished
to
study
medicine
and
become
a
doctor.


(二)动名词:



动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。



1
.动名词的形式:



否定式:
not
+
动名词




1
)一般式:



Seeing
is
believing.
眼见为实。




2
)被动式:



He
came
to
the
party
without
being
invited
.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。




3
)完成式:



We
remembered
having
seen
the
film.
我们记得看过这部电影。




4
)完成被动式:



He
forgot
having
been
taken
to
Guangzhou
when
he
was
five
years
old.


他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。




5
)否定式:
not
+
动名词



I
regret
not
following
his
advice.
我后悔没听他的劝告。




6
)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)
+
动名词



He
suggested
our
trying
it
once
again.
他建议我们再试一次。



His
not
knowing
English
troubled
him
a
lot.


他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。



2
.动名词的句法功能:




1
)作主语:

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Reading
aloud
is
very
helpful.
朗读是很有好处的。



Collecting
stamps
is
interesting.
集邮很有趣。



当动名词短语作主语时常用
it
作形式主语。



It's
no
use
quarrelling.
争吵是没用的。




2
)作表语:



In
the
ant
city,
the
queen's
job
is
laying
eggs.


在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。




3
)作宾语:



They
haven't
finished
building
the
dam.
他们还没有建好大坝。



We
have
to
prevent
the
air
from
being
polluted.


我们必须阻止空气被污染。



注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作 介词宾语,
如上面两个例句。
此外,
动名词作宾语时,
若跟有宾语补足语,则 常用形式宾语
it
,例如:



We
found
it
no
good
making
fun
of
others.
我们发现取笑他人不好。



要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:



enjoy,
finish,
suggest,
avoid
(避免)
,
excuse
,delay,
imagine,
keep,
miss,
consider,
ad
mit
(承认)

deny
(否认)
,
mind,
permit,
forbid,
practise,
risk
(冒险)
,
appreciate
(感激)
,

be
busy,
be
worth,
feel
like,
can't
stand,
can't
help
(情不自禁地)
,
think
of,
dream
of,
b
e
fond
of,
prevent…(from),keep
…from,
stop…

from

,protect…from,
set
about,
be
engag
ed
in,
spend…(in),
succeed

in,
be
used
to,
look
forward
to,
object
to,
pay
attention
to,
in
sist
on,
feel
like



4
)作定语:



He
can't
walk
without
a
walking-stick.
他没有拐杖不能走路。



Is
there
a
swimming
pool
in
your
school?
你们学校有游泳池吗?




5
)作同位语:



The
cave,
his
hiding-place
is
secret.
那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。



His
habit,
listening
to
the
news
on
the
radio
remains
unchanged


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他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。



(三)现在分词:



现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。



1
、现在分词的形式:



否定式:
not
+
现在分词




1
)现在分词的主 动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作
同时发生,完成



式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:



They
went
to
the
park,
singing
and
talking.
他们边唱边说向公园走去。



Having
done
his
homework,
he
played
basket-ball.
做完作业,他开始打篮球。



2
)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动



词之前的被动的动作。



The
problem
being
discussed
is
very
important.
正在被讨论的问题很重要。



Having
been
told
many
times,
the
naughty
boy
made
the
same
mistake.


被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。



2
.现在分词的句法功能:




1
)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是
分词短语做定 语



放在名词后。



In
the
following
years
he
worked
even
harder.


在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。



The
man
speaking
to
the
teacher
is
our
monitor's
father.


正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。



现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:
in
the
following
years
也可用
i
n
the
years
that
followed;
the
man
speaking
to
the
teacher
可改为
the
man
who
is
speakin
g
to
the
teacher.
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2
)现在分词作表语:



The
film
being
shown
in
the
cinema
is
exciting.
正在这家上演的电影很棒。



The
present
situation
is
inspiring.
当前的形势鼓舞人心。



be
+
doin g
既可能表示现在进行时,
也可能是现在分词做表语,
它们的区别在于
be
+
doing
表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词
be
与现在分词构成系表结构。




3
)作宾语补足语:



如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:



see,
watch,
hear,
feel,
find,
get,
keep,
notice,
observe,
listen
to,
look
at,
leave,
catch
等。例如:



Can
you
hear
her
singing
the
song
in
the
next
room?
你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?



He
kept
the
car
waiting
at
the
gate.
他让小汽车在门口等着。




4
)现在分词作状语:



①作时间状语:



(While)
Working
in
the
factory,
he
was
an
advanced
worker.


在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。



②作原因状语:



Being
a
League
member,
he
is
always
helping
others.
由于是共青团员,
他经常帮助他
人。



③作方式状语,表示伴随:



He
stayed
at
home,
cleaning
and
washing.
他呆在家里,又擦又洗。



④作条件状语:



(If)
Playing
all
day,
you
will
waste
your
valuable
time.


要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。



⑤作结果状语:



He
dropped
the
glass,
breaking
it
into
pieces.
他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。



⑥作目的状语:

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He
went
swimming
the
other
day.
几天前他去游泳了。



⑦作让步状语:



Though
raining
heavily,
it
cleared
up
very
soon.


虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。



⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:



I
waiting
for
the
bus,
a
bird
fell
on
my
head




我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。



All
the
tickets
having
been
sold
out,
they
went
away
disappointedly.


所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。



Time
permitting,
we'll
do
another
two
exercises.


如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。



有时也可用
with
(without)
+
名词(代词宾格)
+
分词形式



With
the
lights
burning,
he
fell
asleep.
他点着灯睡着了。



⑨作独立成分:



udging
from(by)
his
appearance,
he
must
be
an
actor.


从外表看,他一定是个演员。



Generally
speaking,
girls
are
more
careful.
一般说来,女孩子更细心。



(四)过去分词:



过去分词只有一种形 式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾
-ed
构成。不规则动词的过去分词
没有统一的规则要 求,要一一记住。



过去分词的句法功能:



1
.过去分词作定语:



Our
class
went
on
an
organized
trip
last
Monday.
上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的
旅行。



Those
elected
as
committee
members
will
attend
the
meeting.
当选为委员的人将出席
这次会。

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