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学习必备
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非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式
是动词的非谓语形式
.
动词一般在句子中充当谓语
.
在句中可起名词
,
形容词
,
副词的作用
,
在句中充当主语
,
宾语< br>,
表语
,
补语
,
定语或状语
.
即动词的非谓 语形式除了不能独立作谓语外
,
可
以承担句子的任何成分
3
种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),动名词
二、非谓语动词用法:
(一)动词不定式:(to
)
+do
,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1
.不定式的形式:(以动词
write
为例)
否定式:
not
+
(to)
do
2
.不定式的句法功能:
(
1
)作主语:
To
finish
the
work
in
ten
minutes
is
very
hard.
To
lose
your
heart
means
failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用
it
作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上
面两句可用如下形式:
It
is
very
hard
to
finish
the
work
in
ten
minutes.
It
means
failure
to
lose
your
heart.
(
2
)作表语:
Her
job
is
to
clean
the
hall.
He
appears
to
have
caught
a
cold.
(
3
)作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:
want,
hope,
wish,
offer,
fail,
plan,
learn,
pretend,
re
fuse,
manage,
help,
agree,
promise,
prefer,
如果不定式(宾语)后 面有宾语补足语,则用
it
作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例 如:
Marx
found
it
important
to
study
the
situation
in
Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
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I
have
no
choice
but
to
stay
here.
He
did
nothing
last
Sunday
but
repair
his
bike.
(
4
)作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:
want,
wi
sh,
ask,
tell,
order,
beg,
permit,
help,
advise,
persuade,
allow,
prepare,
cause,
force,
call
o
n,
wait
for,
invite
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With
a
lot
of
work
to
do,
he
didn't
go
to
the
cinema
.
有些动词如
make,
let,
see,
watch,
hear,
feel,
have
等与不带有
to
的不定 式连用,但改
为被动语态时,不定式要加
to,
如:
I
saw
him
cross
the
road.
He
was
seen
to
cross
the
road.
(
5
)作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
①动宾关系:
I
have
a
meeting
to
attend.
注意:不定 式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,
如:
He
found
a
good
house
to
live
in.
The
child
has
nothing
to
worry
about.
What
did
you
open
it
with?
如果不定式修饰
time,
place,
way
,可以省略介词:
He
has
no
place
to
live.
This
is
the
best
way
to
work
out
this
problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
Have
you
got
anything
to
send?
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Have
you
got
anything
to
be
sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
We
have
made
a
plan
to
finish
the
work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He
is
the
first
to
get
here.
(
6
)作状语:
①表目的:
He
worked
day
and
night
to
get
the
money.
She
sold
her
hair
to
buy
the
watch
chain.
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong
:
To
save
money,
every
means
has
been
tried.
right
:
To
save
money,
he
has
tried
every
means.
wrong
:
To
learn
English
well,
a
dictionary
is
needed.
right
:
To
learn
English
well,
he
needs
a
dictionary.
②表结果:
He
arrived
late
to
find
the
train
gone.
常用
only
放在不定式前表示强调:
I
visited
him
only
to
find
him
out.
③表原因:
They
were
very
sad
to
hear
the
news.
④表程度:
It's
too
dark
for
us
to
see
anything.
The
question
is
simple
for
him
to
answer.
(
7
)作独立成分:
To
tell
you
the
truth,
I
don't
like
the
way
he
talked.
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(
8
)不定式的省略:保留
to
省略
do
动词。
If
you
don't
want
to
do
it,
you
don't
need
to.
(
9
)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略
to
。
He
wished
to
study
medicine
and
become
a
doctor.
(二)动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
1
.动名词的形式:
否定式:
not
+
动名词
(
1
)一般式:
Seeing
is
believing.
眼见为实。
(
2
)被动式:
He
came
to
the
party
without
being
invited
.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
(
3
)完成式:
We
remembered
having
seen
the
film.
我们记得看过这部电影。
(
4
)完成被动式:
He
forgot
having
been
taken
to
Guangzhou
when
he
was
five
years
old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
(
5
)否定式:
not
+
动名词
I
regret
not
following
his
advice.
我后悔没听他的劝告。
(
6
)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)
+
动名词
He
suggested
our
trying
it
once
again.
他建议我们再试一次。
His
not
knowing
English
troubled
him
a
lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2
.动名词的句法功能:
(
1
)作主语:
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Reading
aloud
is
very
helpful.
朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting
stamps
is
interesting.
集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用
it
作形式主语。
It's
no
use
quarrelling.
争吵是没用的。
(
2
)作表语:
In
the
ant
city,
the
queen's
job
is
laying
eggs.
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
(
3
)作宾语:
They
haven't
finished
building
the
dam.
他们还没有建好大坝。
We
have
to
prevent
the
air
from
being
polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作 介词宾语,
如上面两个例句。
此外,
动名词作宾语时,
若跟有宾语补足语,则 常用形式宾语
it
,例如:
We
found
it
no
good
making
fun
of
others.
我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy,
finish,
suggest,
avoid
(避免)
,
excuse
,delay,
imagine,
keep,
miss,
consider,
ad
mit
(承认)
,
deny
(否认)
,
mind,
permit,
forbid,
practise,
risk
(冒险)
,
appreciate
(感激)
,
be
busy,
be
worth,
feel
like,
can't
stand,
can't
help
(情不自禁地)
,
think
of,
dream
of,
b
e
fond
of,
prevent…(from),keep
…from,
stop…
(
from
)
,protect…from,
set
about,
be
engag
ed
in,
spend…(in),
succeed
in,
be
used
to,
look
forward
to,
object
to,
pay
attention
to,
in
sist
on,
feel
like
(
4
)作定语:
He
can't
walk
without
a
walking-stick.
他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is
there
a
swimming
pool
in
your
school?
你们学校有游泳池吗?
(
5
)作同位语:
The
cave,
his
hiding-place
is
secret.
那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His
habit,
listening
to
the
news
on
the
radio
remains
unchanged
.
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他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
(三)现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1
、现在分词的形式:
否定式:
not
+
现在分词
(
1
)现在分词的主 动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作
同时发生,完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They
went
to
the
park,
singing
and
talking.
他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having
done
his
homework,
he
played
basket-ball.
做完作业,他开始打篮球。
(
2
)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The
problem
being
discussed
is
very
important.
正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having
been
told
many
times,
the
naughty
boy
made
the
same
mistake.
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2
.现在分词的句法功能:
(
1
)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是
分词短语做定 语
放在名词后。
In
the
following
years
he
worked
even
harder.
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The
man
speaking
to
the
teacher
is
our
monitor's
father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:
in
the
following
years
也可用
i
n
the
years
that
followed;
the
man
speaking
to
the
teacher
可改为
the
man
who
is
speakin
g
to
the
teacher.
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(
2
)现在分词作表语:
The
film
being
shown
in
the
cinema
is
exciting.
正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The
present
situation
is
inspiring.
当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be
+
doin g
既可能表示现在进行时,
也可能是现在分词做表语,
它们的区别在于
be
+
doing
表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词
be
与现在分词构成系表结构。
(
3
)作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see,
watch,
hear,
feel,
find,
get,
keep,
notice,
observe,
listen
to,
look
at,
leave,
catch
等。例如:
Can
you
hear
her
singing
the
song
in
the
next
room?
你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He
kept
the
car
waiting
at
the
gate.
他让小汽车在门口等着。
(
4
)现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While)
Working
in
the
factory,
he
was
an
advanced
worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being
a
League
member,
he
is
always
helping
others.
由于是共青团员,
他经常帮助他
人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He
stayed
at
home,
cleaning
and
washing.
他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If)
Playing
all
day,
you
will
waste
your
valuable
time.
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He
dropped
the
glass,
breaking
it
into
pieces.
他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
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He
went
swimming
the
other
day.
几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though
raining
heavily,
it
cleared
up
very
soon.
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I
waiting
for
the
bus,
a
bird
fell
on
my
head
.
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All
the
tickets
having
been
sold
out,
they
went
away
disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time
permitting,
we'll
do
another
two
exercises.
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用
with
(without)
+
名词(代词宾格)
+
分词形式
With
the
lights
burning,
he
fell
asleep.
他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
udging
from(by)
his
appearance,
he
must
be
an
actor.
从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally
speaking,
girls
are
more
careful.
一般说来,女孩子更细心。
(四)过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形 式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾
-ed
构成。不规则动词的过去分词
没有统一的规则要 求,要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能:
1
.过去分词作定语:
Our
class
went
on
an
organized
trip
last
Monday.
上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的
旅行。
Those
elected
as
committee
members
will
attend
the
meeting.
当选为委员的人将出席
这次会。
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