关于“希望”“适合”“花费”的词汇辨析

2021年1月26日发(作者：editions)
cost
，
pay
（
for
），
spend
和
take
这四个词都有花费的意思。
cost
指花钱、时间、劳力等；
take
主要指花时间；
pay
指花钱；
spend
指花时 间、
钱等。
cost
常以事物做主语，
而不以人作主语。
初中阶段 关于
“
花钱
”
，
“
花
费时间
”
的 词常见的有以下五个：
buy
，
cost
，
pay
（
for
），
spend
和
take
。很多学生对这几
个词 的词义和用法似懂非懂，用起来往往出错。其实这些词都与钱物有关，与时间有关的
只有
tak e
和
spend
。下面具体谈一谈其用法：

1
．
buy
，
get
也可表示此意，给某人买东西、饭、饮料等，主语是人。其常见结构 为
to
buy
sb
．
sth
．或
to buy sth
．
for sb
．

I bought this book for 15yuan
．

Would you please buy me a dictionary
？

Let me buy
／
get you a drink
．

Buy one for me
．

2
．
cost
指花钱，
表示价值或代价
（此代价可以是时间）
。
主语是事或物或动词不定式短语。

其常见结构是
to cost sb
．
some money
。

The book costs 50 fen
．

The dictionary cost me 6yuan
．

The work costs much time and labour
．

3
．
pay
（
for
），
pay
表示付给人家钱、帐单等；
pay
for
表示买东西付款，也表示替别人付
钱。主语是人。其常见结构是
to pay sb
．
some money
，
pay money for sth
．

You must pay me 100yuan a week for your meals
．

I have paid all my debts
．

How much did you pay for that book
？

Don't worry about money
．
I'll pay for you
．

4
．
spend
指花钱，花费时间。主语是人。其常见结构分别为
to
spend
money
on
sth
．
，
spend
time
（
in
）
doing sth
．。

I spent six yuan on a new dictionary
．

—
How do you spend your spare time
？

—
I spend my spare time writing books
．

5
．
take
指花钱（＝
cost
）

It takes/costs me a lot of money to buy a big house
．

= To buy a big house takes/costs me a lot of money.
take
用来说明做某事需要多少时间，有三种不同的结构：

1
）主语是人

I took half an hour to get home yesterday
．

She took the whole day to read the novel
．

2
）主语是某种活动

The journey took me half an hour
．

Reading the novel took her the whole day
．

3
）用形式主语
it
It took me half an hour to get home yesterday
．

It takes much time to do the shopping
．

试看
“
我六元钱买了一本词典
”
的不同译法：

a
．
I bought the dictionary for six yuan
．

b
．
The dictionary cost me 6yuan
．

c
．
I paid six yuan for the dictionary
．

d
．
I spent six yuan on the dictionary
．

e
．
It took me six yuan to buy the dictionary
．

再看
“
读这本书花了我一整天的时间
”
的不同译法：

a
．
I spent the whole day reading the book
．

b
．
I took the whole day to read the book
．

c
．
Reading the book took me the whole day
．

d
．
It took me the whole day to read the book
．

例如：

①
The composition cost(took)me three hours.
②
How much did the radio cost you?
这台无线电花了你多少钱？
(
不用
take)
③
The work cost them much labour.
这件工作花费他们很大的劳动。

④
It took them over two years to build the bridge.
修建这座桥花了他们两年多的时间。

⑤
I spend 50 dollars on the camera.
买这架照相机，我花了
50
美元。

⑥
He often spent his spare time(in)helping the poor.
他经常利用业余时间帮助穷人。

【注意】如要说
“
这件上衣我花了
20
美元
”
，可用下列几种表达方法

The coat cost me 20 dollars.
=I spent 20 dollars on the coat.
=I paid 20 dollars for the coat.
=I bought the coat for 20 dollars.
=I bought the coat at the price of 20 dollars



hope, wish, expect, want, desire
和
look forward to
的用法区别



1
．
hope
作
“
希望
”
解，主要用来表示主观上的愿望并对其实现抱有信心。可接不定式（短
语）或
that
引导的从句，但不可接
“
宾语
+
不定式
”
，即宾语补足语的结构，也称不定式的
复合结构，例如：


We are hoping to see the president who will come to China.

I hope that you can tell us the truth.

We hope you to meet us at the station. (
错误
)

2
．
wish 作
“
但愿、希望
”
解，表示某种未完成或不能完成的愿望。可接不定式（ 短语）、
双宾语、宾语
+
不定式的复合结构以及
that
从句，例如：


I wish you to go to Beijing with me next year.

Everyone wish (that) he could pass the English exam.

We wish you success/ (to be) happy.

I wish (that) I were a millionaire.

注意：表示实现愿望的可能性不大或根本不可能时，从句用虚拟语气。


3
．
expect
作
“
期待、期望
”
解，侧重于相信或认为有实现可能的愿望。可接名词、不定式
（短语）、不定式的复合结构，例如：

I never expected his coming / help.

We expect to hear from Jane.

I expect you to give me a hand.

He expected that he could get there on time.

4
．
want
作
“
想要
”
解，可接名 词、不定式短语、还可接宾语
+
不定式
/
现在分词
/
过去分 词
的复合结构，例如：


Mr. Black wants to see you, sir.

I don't want you to make so much trouble.

He wanted his hair cut after work.

I want you telling stories all the time.

但当
want
作
“
需要
”
解时，
则后接
V-ing
的形式
（表示被动的含义）
或不定式的复合结构，
此时用法跟
need
相似，例如：


The floor wants cleaning / to be cleaned.

5
．
desire
作
“
渴望、愿望
”
解，可以为名词或动词，表示强烈 的希望、渴望或要求，是比

want
更加正式的用语，可以接名词、不定式、不定 式的复合结构以及宾语从句，一般不用
于进行时态、祈使句，例如：


He desired information on this matter.

We all desire peace and happiness.

What do you desire me to do for you.

He desired to win the game.