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Europe in the 16th and 17th century

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2021-01-26 05:35
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2021年1月26日发(作者:ufp)
Europe in the 16
th
and 17
th
century
Background

The
English
permanent
settlements
in
North
America
began
in
the
17
th

century
when
Western
Europe was undergoing great changes. During the Middle Ages (between the 500 AD and 1500
AD). (1)Europe was under the single spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church..(2) The
feudal
system
of
serfdom
prevailed.[serfs,

lords,


Merchants
and
craftsmen
handicapped
by
the social disorders] (3)Art and learning were controlled by the church.

Social forces
By the 16
th
century, some new and powerful social forces emerged , leading to the wakening of
Europe and the discovery of America.
1.

the development of capitalism. Its growth produced 2 new classes----the bourgeois class
and
the
working
class.
Commerce
and
trade
developed,
the
bourgeoisie
became
increasingly
powerful
in
politics
as
well
as
in
economy.
They
wanted
to
share
power
with feudal lords

The English Revolution was the result of the growth of capitalism.
2.

the
Renaissance
which
was
marked
by
a
changing
outlook
on
life.
The
God
centered
world was challenged by the great progress in natural and natural science. People began
to
be
more
confident
in
themselves
and
show
more
interest
in
the
world
about
them.
Many challenged the authority of the Bible and were willing to observe, experiment and
test truths. This attitude pushed the development of technology.
3.

the
Religious

Reformation
,
1




started from Germany.
2
) In 1517, Marin Luther, a
German professor of theology, put up

95 thesis

on the church door in protest against
abuses and corruption if the church.(Protestant Reformation).
3
)He argued that the Pope
had no right te sell indulgences for the remission of sins. Sinful men could win salvation
neither
by
good
works
nor
through
the
church
or
the Pope,
but
only
by
faith
in
Jesus
Christ
and
through
a
direct
relationship
to
God.
[John
Calvin,
King
Henry
VIII
P35]

Similarities

of

these

reforms
: they all challenged the authority of the Pope and
the Catholic Church, which control people

s religious beliefs and interfered in political
affairs
of
the
nation
states.
4
)
The
individual
Christian
believers
who
support
the
reformation believed that human beings could be saved only by faith , by establishing a
direct contact with God, not through the church or its priests.
Nature

of

these

reforms
:
5
)they
reflected
the
rise
of
nationalism
in
Europe,
represented
the
demand
of
the
bourgeois class for the development and expressed the desire of ordinary working people,
especially the serfs, for the liberation from the feudal control.
Results

of

these

reforms
:
the protestant Reformation was welcomed by leaders, middle class and working people
in
Europe,
especially
in
Western
European
countries
which
had
great
impact
on
the
modern
development
of
Europe
and
North
America.

As
a
result,
the
protestants
and
their denominations spread far and wide.
What
are
the
different
religious
beliefs
between
protestants
and
the
catholic
Church?


1 The
puritans
were
protestants
who
followed
the
doctrine
preached by
John Calvin.
1)Their
different beliefs/doctrines: They believed that God was incomprehensible to man, and the power

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