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一、省略句的概说
省略句是我们在学习英语过程中能不断体验收获和趣味的一种惯用 手法,
无论是说话还是写
作,都要求
生动活泼,简明扼要
。按照语法的分析< br>,
有时句子应具备的成分出于修辞上的需
要
,
会缺少一个或几个句 子语法结构所必要的语言成分,但在一定语境中可独立存在,仍能
表达其意义完整并发挥交流功能的句子 则被称为
省略句
。
省略的结果不仅能使句子结构更加
精练,而且可起到连接上 下文并使相邻词语达到强调的作用
。
英语省略句用词简练
,
表意简练
,
往往收到一定的修饰效果
,
句中的某些成分因上下文 已提
供了充分明确信息或前文已出现过的某些成分,
为了避免不必要的重复,
也不会引 起言语上
的误解,并可突出中心词,从而使整文紧密连接的一种修辞手法,
其语法现象就是省略
。举
个例子:
Glad to see you.
这是个简单句,主语I
和谓语
am
可以省略。
省略的形式从单词、
短语到分句等都可 省略
,
而且各有其一定的衔接关系
。
二、省略句的分类
(一)句中成分的省略
1.
主语的省略
Beg your pardon.
(我)请你原谅。
(
Beg
前省略了主语
I
)
Come on!
得了吧(你)
!
(
Come
前省略了主 语
You
)
2.
谓语的省略
John is a lawyer
,
his wife (is) a cleaner.
Some of us study Japanese
,
others (study) English.
3.
表语的省略
She was a lover of sports as(
因为
) she had been
in her youth
(
在她年轻的时候
).
(
had been
后面省
略了
a lover of sports
)
4.
宾语的省略
Let
’
s do the cases. I
’
ll read and you
’
ll type.
(
read
和
type
后面省略了宾语
cases
)
5.
定语的省略
I spent part of the money, and the rest I gave.
(
the rest
后面省略了定语
of the money
)
6.
状语的省略
She wasn
’
t cry. Strange!
(
Strange
前面省略了状语
how
)
7.
词的省略
1
)名词、冠词、物主代词或介词如果与前文重复时,可以省略,如:
I like red wine better than white (wine).
The lightning(
闪电
) flashed and (the) thunder crashed.
Please take good care of these flowers and (these) plants.
We lived in Beijing and (in) Shanghai for some time.
2
)重复出现的形容词,省略后边的;两个或两个以上被形容词修饰的同一名词,前边的则
常被 省略。
We are young boys and (young) girls.
There were middle-aged (women) and elderly women to attend the meeting;
8.
英语中一些固定特殊的省略结构
1
)在回答一般疑问句的简略答语中,或回 答用陈述句,祈使句表示要求、命令的简略回答
中,常用
Yes /No
+主语+助动 词,而省略主动词或其它成份,但助动词应和原句的助动词
和时间概念须保持相应的一致。
—
Could I borrow your dictionary?
—
Yes, of course you can. (
句中
could
表示委婉语气,
并不是过去式,
因此答语用
can
,
其后
省略
borrow my dictionary.)
—
Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
—
I
won't. (
祈使句原含有未来的意味,再加上有
tomorrow
的限制,因此答语用
won't
,其
后省略
forget to go you
’
re your birthday party tomorrow.)
2)
同时省掉句子几个部分有时好几个句子成分都被省掉,除了对疑问句的简略回答外,也< br>出现在反意疑问句中。如:
You are a superman
,
aren
’
t you (a superman) ?
3
)在以
know, forget, remember
等动词结尾的简答句后的子句通常也可省略,以避免重复。
—
Who won the football match last night?
—
Sorry, I don
’
t know (who won the football match last night.)
4
)在以
if, when
,
though
,
as
,
as if
等 连词引导的从句中,如从句中主要动词是
be
,可将主
语和动词
be
省掉。
He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old.
The boy looked as if ( he were ) afraid of nothing.
5
)
so
,
nor/neither
用来表示“……也一样”时的省略结构
—
I am a student.
—
So am I (a student).
—
We haven't been there.
—
Neither (Nor) have we (been there).
(二)句中结构的省略
1.
简单句的省略
1
)名词所有格之后的省略
He is going to his uncle
’
s (house).
2)
含
there be
结构中的省略
(Is there) Anything wrong?
3)
独立主格结构中的分词如为
being
或
having been
时的省略
The examination (being) over, we all left the school.
4)
不定式的省略
(
1
)并列的不定式
Her job is to take care of the elders and (to) wash their clothes.
(
2
)为避免重复
,
作某些动词
hope, want
等宾语或
tell, order, ask
的宾补时,省略不定式短
语
,
只保留不定式符号
to.
The child wanted to play in the street, but her mother told her not to.
(
此句中
not to
后省略了和上文相重复的
play in the street.
)
.
(
3
)感官动词
see, hear, feel, notice, hear
或使役动词
let, make, have,
等后跟不定式作宾补时
省略
to.
I saw the girl cross the street.
I had my father repair my bike.
注意:
当感官动词与使役动词用于被动时,需恢复
to
的省略
!
如:
The girl was seen to cross the
street.
(
4
)有
had better, would rather, can
’
t but
或
Why not
等句型后面直接跟动词原形,实际上是
接省
to
的不定式。
You had better tell me the truth.
I could not but (to) laugh at him.
Why not go and ask the teacher for help?
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