英语中的省略和替代

2021年1月26日发(作者：clipart)
省略和替代





省略和替代这两种语言现象 一般出现在上下文相同的语境中，它们的共同目的都是让句子避免重复，言简
意赅。

一、省略

（一）复合句的省略



1.
状语从句由
(al)though, as if, until, once, unless, when, whether, where, while
等引导，且同时具备下列 两个条
件：
1
）主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为
it
；
2
）从句中的主要动词是
be
的某种形式。则从句中的主语和
be
动词常可省略。例如：





When (the museum is ) completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.




He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.



2.
比较状语从句的省略。例如：





I’m taller than he (is tall).





The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is).


3.
某些虚拟语气的句子可 以省略
should
。虚拟条件句有时可以省略
if
，但从句要使用倒装结构 。例如：





I suggest that he (should) study more English before going abroad.




Were I you (= If I were you), I would go with her.


4.
宾语 从句中的连接词
that
，限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常省略。例如：





I think (that) you are wrong.




She is the woman (who/ whom /that) we are talking about.
（二）并列句的省略





为使句子简洁，在无损句子完整的前提下常省略相同成分。例如：





He often regards English as easy and (he often regards) French as difficult.




I could have stayed home, but I didn’t (stay home).

（三）（简单句）习惯省略



1.
对话语境中前后省略。例如：





—
How are you?




—(I’m) Fine.



2.
介词
in, from
等在搭配中的省略。例如：





He spends his evening (in) studying Chinese.




They are busy (in) cleaning the room.




We could stop them (from) moving the heavy box.




这类词常为
waste/ succeed / difficulty/ trouble/ keep/ prevent
等。



3.
省略不定式符号
to
。
不定式作动词
make /let
以 及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略
to
，
但变成被动语态时不
能省略。例如：





The boss made the workers work all day and all night.




The workers were made to work all day and all night.




在密切联系的语境中，为避免重复 ，作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留
to
。例如：





Don’t
touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.




—
Did you invite him to the party yesterday?




—Yes, I’d tried to, but he refused to.





单项选择题考查的主要是状语从句、不定式和问句的省略。

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