外科·英文

2021年1月26日发(作者：几何平均值)
Hernia
疝
：
A hernia occurs when part of
an
organ
(usually
the
intesitnes)
sticks
through a weak point or tear in the thin
muscular
wall
that
holds
the
abdominal
organs in place. The hernia has 3 parts:
the orifice through which it herniates, the
hernial sac and its contests.
Reversaed incarceration
逆行性嵌顿
：
Some
intestinal
canal
incarcerated
can
include several ansa interstinalises or be
a
shape
of
‘W’,
in
those
sacs
the
intestinal
canal
between
incarerated
canals
can
be
left
in
peritoneal,
called
reversed incarceration.
Reducible
hernia
易
复
性
疝
：
An
uncomplicated
hernia
which
returns,
either
spontaneously
of
after
manipulation, to its original site.
Irreducible
hernia
难复性疝
：
A
hernia
that cannot be reduced without surgery,
but don’t cause serve symptoms.

Incareerated
hernia
嵌
顿
性
疝
：
An
incarcerated
hernia
is
no
longer
reducible.
The
vascular
supply
of
the
bowel
is
not
compromised.
Bowl
obstruction is common.
Strangulated
hernia
绞
窄
性
疝
：
A
strangulated
hernia
occurs
when
the
vascular
supply
of
the
bowel
is
compromised secondary to incarceration
of hernia contests.
Richter
hernia
肠管壁疝
：
The
Richter
hernia
occurs
when
only
the
antimesenteric
border
of
the
bowel
herniates through the fascial defect.
Indirect hernia
斜疝
：
An indirect inguinal
hernia
follows
the
tract
through
the
inguinal
canal.
This
results
from
a
persistent process vaginalis.
Direct
hernia
直疝
：
A
direct
inguinal
hernia usually occurs due to a defect or
weakness
in
the
transversalis
fascia
area
of
the
Hesselbach
triangle.
The
triangle
is
defined
inferiorly
by
the
inguinal ligament, laterally by the inferior
epigastric
arteries,
and
medially
by
the
conjoined tendor.
Femoral hernia
股疝
：
A femoral hernia is
a
protrusion
of
a
loop
of
the
intestine
through
a
weakening
in
the
abdominal
wall, located in the groin near the thigh.
Incisional hernia
切口疝
：
A hernia is the
protrusion
of
an
organ
through
the
wall
that
normally
contains
it.
An
incisional
hernia occurs in the abdomen in the area
of an old surgical scar. A part of an organ
in
the
abdomen,
such
as
the
bowel
or
intestines,
protrudes
through
the
weakened area of the abdominal wall.
OPSI
脾切除后凶险性感染
：
OPSI
or
Overwhelming
post-splenectomy
infection
is
a
rapidly
fatal
septicaemia
infection
due
to
the
absence
of
spleen
protection against certain bacteria.
Glisson’s
capsule~
鞘
：
Iit
is
fibrous
capsule
of
liver.
A
layer
of
connective
tissue
ensheathing
the
hepatic
artery,
prtal vein, and bile duct as these ramify
within the liver.
ERCP
内镜逆行性胰胆管造影
：
Acronym
for
endoscopic
retrograde
cholangiopancrea tography.
在内镜直视下
通过十二指肠乳头将导管插入胆管和
/
或< br>胰管进行造影。

Rectal
prolapse
直
肠
脱
垂
：
Rectal
prolapse
normally
lescribes
a
medical
condition wherein the walls of the rectum
protrude
through
the
anus
and
bence
become
visible
outside the
body.
There
are
three
chief
conditions
which
come
under
the
title
rectalprolapse:
Full-thickness
rectal
prolapse
describes
the entire rectum protruding through the
anus;
Mucosal
prolapse
described
only
the
rectal
mucosa
(not
the
entire
wall)
prolapsing;
Internal
intussusception
wherein
the
rectum
collapses
beu does
not exit the rectum.
Anotectal abscess
直肠肛管周围脓肿
：
An
anorectal
abscess
is
a
collection
of
pus in the anal or rectal region.
Anal
fistula
肛瘘
：
An
anal
fistulais
an
abnormal
connection
between
the
epithelialised surface of rectal region.
Anal
fissure
肛裂
：
An anal fissure is a
small tear or cut in the skin that lines the
anus.
Fissures
typically
cause
pain and
often bleed. Fissures are quite common,
but are often confused with other causes
of
pain
and
bleeding,
such
as
hemorrhoids.
Haemorrhoids
痔
：
Pathological
hypertrophy
and
displacement
of
anal
cushions.
Calot
’
s
triangle
胆
囊
三
角
：
Triangle
bounded by the cystic artery, cystic duct,
and
hepatic
duct:
its
dissection
early
in
cholecystectomy
safeguards
essential
structures,
should
there
be
anatomic
variations from the norm.
TIPS
门
体
分
流
术
：
Acronym
for
transjugula
intrahepatic
portosystemic
shunt.
Oddi
’
s
sphincter~
括约肌
：
An
annular
sheath
of
muscle
that
invests
the
bile
duct within the wall of the duodenum.
Cullen
’
s
sign
：
Periumbilical
darkening
of
the
skin
from
blood,
a
sign
of
intraperitoneal
haemorrhage,
especially
in ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Grey
Turner
’
s
sign
：
Local
areas
of
discoloration about the umbilicus and in
the
region
of
the
loins,
in
acute
haemorrhagic
pancreatitis
and
other
causes of retroperitoneal haemorrhage.
Liver
abscess
肝
脓
肿
：
A
condition
where
there
is
a
pus-filled
cavity
in
the
liver
secondary
to
a
bacterial
infection.
Liver
abscess
may
result
from
sepsis,
intestinal
perforation,
post-operative
infection,
appendicitis,diverticulitis,trauma(to
the
liver)
or
cholangitis.
Other
nonbacterial
causes
of
liver
abscess
include
amoebiasis,
due
to
infection
with
Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan).
Mirrizi
’
s syndrome
：
Begign obstruction
of the hepatic ducts due to spasn and/or
fibrous
csarring
of
surrounding
connective tisseu; often associated with
a
stone
in
the
systic
duct
and
chronic
cholecystitis.
Chareot
’
s
triad
夏
科
三
联
征
：
In
multiple(disseminated)
sclerosis,
the
three symptoms: nystagmus, tremor, and
scanning
speech,
combination
of
jaundice,
fever,
and
upper
abdominal
pain
that
occurs
as
a
result
of
cholangitis.
MODS
多器官功能障碍综合征
：
Multiple
organ
dysfunction
syndrome
is
the
presence
of
altered
organ
function
in
acutely ill patients such that homeostasts
cannot
be
maintained
without
intervention.
It
usually
involves
two
or
more organ systems.
Vater
’
s ampulla
胆胰壶腹
：
The dilatation
formed
by
junction
of
the
common
bile
duct
and
the
pancreatic
ducts
proximal
to their opening into the major duodenal
papilla.
Cushing
’
s
syndrome
：
It
is
ahormonal
disorder caused by prolonged exposure
of the body
’
s tissues to high levles of the
hormone
cortisol.
Sometimes
called
‘
hypercortisolism
’
,
it
is
relatively
rare
and
most
commonly
affcts
adults
aged
20 to 50. an estimated 10 to 15 of every
million people are affected each year.
PSA
：
Prostate
specific
antigen
is
an
extremely
important
prostate
cancer
maker.
Paradoxic incontinence
充盈性尿失禁
：
It is loss of urine due to chronic retension
or secondary to a flaccid bladder.
5P
signs
：
Painlessness
pulselessness
pallor paralysis paresthesia.
Throid
crisis
甲
状
腺
危
象
：
A
complication
occurring
after
thyroidectomy, or before or during other
surgincal
procedures
where
even
mild
hyperthyroidism
is
present.
It
is
characterized
by
tachycardia,
a
high
temperature,
nervousness,
and
occasionall delirium.
Peritonitis
腹
膜
炎
：
Peritonitis
is
an
inflammation(irritation) of the peritoneum,
the
tissue
that
lines
the
wall
of
the
abdomen
and
covers
the
abdominal
organs.
Tetralogy
of
fallot
：
It
is
the
most
common
cyanotic
congenital
heart
defect after infancy. It is characterized by
a large ventricular septal defect, an aorta
that overrides the left and right ventricles,
obstruction
of
the
right
ventricular
outflow
tract,
and
right
ventricular
hypertrophy.
Flail chest
：
It is associated with multiple
rib
fractures
on
the
same
side.
Flail
segment
does
not
have
continuity
with
remainder
of
thoracic
cage.
Results
in
paradoxical
chest
wall
movement
with
respirtion.
Often
associated
with
underlying
pulmonary
contusion.
Paradoxical
movement
results
in
impaired
ventilation.
The
work
of
breating
is
increased.
Ventilation
perfusion
mismath
and
arterio- venous
shunting occurs.
Beck
’
s triad
：
It is comprised of fall in the
blood
pressure,
rising
jugular
venous
pressure
and
suppressed
heart
sounds
these
findings
are
typical
of
cardiac
tamponade.
Pancost
tumor
：
It
is
a
tumor
of
the
pulmonary
apex.
Symptoms
of
miosis
and
anhidrosis(or
complete
Horner
’
s
syndrome) are seem due to pressure on
the sympathetic ganglion. In progressive
cases,
the
brachial
plexus
is
also
affected, causing pain and weakness in
the muscles of the arm and hand.
Eisenmenger syndrome
：
It is used for
the
combination
of
pulmonary
bypertension
with
reversed
shunt
through either a ven tricular septal defect,
atrial
sptal
defect
or
patent
ductus
arteriosus.
Extracorporeal
circulation
：
The
technique of mechanically circulates the
blood so the heart doesn
’
t have to. The
device
used
for
ECC
is
called
the
herart-lung
machine
or
the
cardiopulmonary
bypass
circuit.
This
device drains the venous blood from the
patient, places oxygen in the blood, and
returns
(or
pumps)
the
arterial
blood
back into the aorta for distribution to the
whole
body.
T
o
prevent
clotting
in
the
heart- lung
circuit,
strong
anticoagulaion
with heparin is needed.
Monteggia
fracture
孟
式
骨
折
：
It
consists of a fracture of the radius at the
junction
of
the
middle
and
distal
thirds
with
distal
radioulnar
joint
dislocation.
This fracture pattern may be caused by a
fall
on
an
outstretched
hand
or
from
a
direct trauma to the dorsal aspect of the
wrist.
尺骨上
1/3
骨干骨折可合并桡 骨小头
脱位，
称孟式骨折

盖式骨折：
桡骨骨干下
1/3
骨折合并尺骨小头脱位。

Enuresis
遗尿
：
means
bedwetting
at
night.
Smith
骨折
：屈曲型骨折常由于跌倒时，
腕关节屈曲、手背着地受伤引起。也可由
腕背部受到直接暴力打击发生。伤后腕部
下垂 ，局部肿胀，腕背侧皮下瘀斑，腕部
活动受限。
X
线可见典型移位，近折端向
背侧移位，远折端向掌、桡侧移位。

dislocation of the elbow< br>肘关节脱位
：
跌倒时上臂伸直，手掌着地，暴力传递至
尺、桡骨上端，尺骨鹰嘴 突出处产生杠杆
作用，使尺、桡骨近端脱向肱骨远端的后
方。可有后脱位，外侧方脱位，内侧方 脱
位以及前脱位。

The
inguinal
ligament
of
Cooper(Pectineal
ligament)
：
The
pectineal
ligament
(also
known
as
the
inguinal
ligament
of
Copper)
is
an
extension
of
the
lacunar
ligament
that
runs
on
the
pectineal
line
of
the
pubic
bone.
Cardiac
tamponade
心包填塞
：
Excess
fluid
between
the
parietal
and
pleural
layers surrounding
the heart
restrict
the
contraction
of
the
heart;
early
signs
of
Cardac Tamponade may be a narrowing
range
between
systolic
and
diastonic
blood
pressure
and
elevated
jugular
venous distention.
Cushing
response
：
in
occasion
of
intracranial
hypertenion,
T
o
maintain
an
adequate
ceredral
perfusion
pressure
and
saturation
of
blood
exygen,
the
arterial
pressure
can
be
increased,
the
bradycardia
appears,
the
rhythm
of
respiration
is
slow
companied
with
hyperpnea,
cardiac
output
can
be
increased.
Hematuria
血
尿
：
is
the
presence
of
blood in the urina; greater than three red
blood cells per high- power microsecopic
field is significant.
Colles
’

fracture
：
This
a
kind
of
extended(patern), which occurred at the
distal
radius
within
3cm
to
the
articular
surface. Far end of the fracture is dorsal
and radialis shifting, angulation. A plaster
external
fixation
is
required,
followed
with manual reduction.
Dugas sign
：
When try to put the hand of
the wounded limb to the other shouder,
the arm can
’
t close to the chest wall, or
the hand can
’
t touch the shouder. If this
happening,
it
called
Dugas
sign
is
positive, which means the shouder of the
wounded
limb
is
dis location.
在正常情况
下将手搭到对侧肩部，
其肘部可紧贴胸壁，
称 为阴性。有脱位时，患侧肘部紧贴胸壁
时，手掌搭不到健侧肩部或者手掌搭健侧
肩膀，患侧肘部 无法贴胸。

Richter
疝
:the
richter
hernia
occurs
when
only
the
antimesenteric
border
of
the
bowel
herniates
through
the
fascial
defect
嵌顿的内容物仅为部分肠壁，系膜
侧肠壁及其 系膜并未进入疝囊，肠腔并没
完全梗阻

Autonephrectomy
肾 自截
：肾结核晚期
合并输尿管狭窄，少数病人输尿管完全闭
塞，全肾广泛钙化，混有干 酪样物质，结
核菌不能随尿液流入膀胱，膀胱的继发性
结核病变反见好转和愈合症状消失

周围性肺癌
：起源于肺段支气管以下的肺
癌，位置在肺的周围部分者称为周围型肺
癌。

PSA:
Prostate-Specific

is
an
extremely
important
prostate
cancer
marke
Hemorrhoid
痔
:pathological hypertrophy
and displacement of anal cushions
直肠
下段粘 膜下河肛管皮肤下的静脉丛淤血，
扩张和屈曲所形成的静脉团

Spinal
shock
脊
髓
休
克
:
Transient
depression
or
abolition
of
reflex
activity
below
the
level
of an
acute
apinal
cord
injury or transaction
各种较重的脊髓损伤
后均可立即发生损 伤平面以下弛缓性瘫
痪，这是失去高级中枢控制的一种病理现
象，
2-4
周后 这一现象可根据脊髓实质性
损伤程度的不同而发生损伤平面以下不同
程度的痉挛性瘫痪

Traumatic
asphyxia
创
伤
性
窒
息
：
asphyxia
produced
by
a
sudden
increase in venous pressure
，
common in
those
who
have
been
hanged
and
occurring
occasionally
in
crush
injuries
严重胸部挤压伤时，由于胸部挤压瞬间受
伤者声门突然紧闭，气道和肺内空气不能
外溢，而胸腔 内压力骤升，迫使静脉血流
挤回上半身引起头部、肩部、上胸部组织
内毛细血管破裂血液外溢而 造成点状出
血，
临床上除了头颈部皮肤出现自红斑外，
肩部、上胸部和其他多处亦可有 瘀斑和出
血点；重伤者可出现窒息和心跳骤停。

原发性腹膜炎
：在集体抵抗 力降低的情况
下，并发上呼吸道感染，病原菌经血循环
到达腹腔，引起腹膜炎而腹腔内无原发病
灶，致病菌多为溶血性链球菌、大肠杆菌
或肺炎双球菌

骨髓炎
：一 种常见病，病因为化脓性细菌
感染，它涉及骨膜、密质骨、骨松质与骨
髓组织

achalasis
of
cardia
贲门失驰症
：
the
body
of
esophagus
is
absent
peristalsis,and
its
relaxation
of
carida
sphincter
is
badness.
It
is
usually
happened in woman at the age of 20-50
胸腹联合伤
：由于各种原因所致的下胸部
开放性 或闭合性损伤，同时合并腹腔内脏
器损伤和
/
或膈肌破裂

compartment
syndrome
骨筋膜室综合
症
：
It refers to pathologic developments
in a closed space in the body caused by
buildup
of
pressure.
Compartment
syndrome
may
result from a fracture, a
soft-tissue
injury,et.
The
five
Ps
（
pulselessness,
paresthesia,
painless,
pallor
and
paralysis
）
characteristic
of
compartment
syndrome
are
helpful
for
the experienced clinician
delayedu nion
骨折延迟愈合
：骨折经过
治疗，超过一般愈合时间，骨折断端仍未
出 现骨连接

strangulated
intestinal
obstr uition
绞
窄性肠梗阻
：梗阻并伴有肠壁血运障碍，
可因肠系膜血管受压 、血栓形成等引起。

Hydronepnrosis
肾积水
：尿液从肾盂排
出受阻，造成肾内压力升高，肾盏肾盂扩
张、肾实质萎缩

DAI
弥 散性轴索损伤
：惯性力所致的弥散
性脑损伤，由于脑的扭曲变形，脑内产生
剪切牵拉作 用，造成脑白质广泛性轴索损
伤。可分布于大脑半球、胼胝体、小脑或
脑干

，