-
Abstract 4
Chapter 1 Introduction 5
1.1 Research background 5
1.2 Research questions 6
1.3 Research significance 7
1.4 Organization of Thesis 7
Chapter 2 Literature review 8
2.1 study of Systemic- Functional Grammar from home and broad 8
2.1.1 Studies Abroad about Systemic-Functional Grammar 8
2.1.2 Studies in China about Systemic- Functional Grammar 9
2.2 Studies of English advertising language from home and abroad 9
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework 10
3.1 Ideational meta-function 10
3.1.1 Transitivity 10
3.1.2 Voice 11
3.2 Interpersonal Meta- function 12
3.2.1 Mood system 12
3.2.2 Modality system 13
3.2.3 Person Pronouns System 13
3.2.3.1 The First Person Pronouns 14
3.2.3.2 The Second Person Pronouns 14
3.2.3.3 The Third Person Pronouns 14
3.3 Textual Meta-function 14
Chapter 4 Analysis of English perfume advertisement with three meta- functions 16
4.1 Analysis of English Perfume language from the perspective of ideational meta-
function 16
4.1.1 Case Study of transitivity 16
4.1.2 Case Study of voice 18
4.2 Analysis of English Perfume language from the perspective of Interpersonal
meta-function 20
4.2.1 The analysis of mood 20
4.2.2 The analysis of modality 23
4.2.3 The analysis of person pronoun system 24
4.2.3.1 Case Study of First Person Pronouns 25
4.2.3.2 Case Study of Second Person Pronouns 26
4.2.3.3 Case Study of Third Person Pronouns 27
4.2.4 Summary 28
4.3 Analysis of English Perfume language from the perspective of textual meta-
function 28
Chapter 5 Conclusion 30
5.1 major findings of the thesis 30
5.2 limitation of the thesis 31
5.3 Suggestions for Further Studies 31
摘要
英语广告语篇分析始于
1980
年，迄今为止已经有三十多年 的历史了，这些研究更多的
是句法特征和修辞特征等语言学角度出发，或者是研究系统功能语法中的人际 意义。
受布拉格学派影响，韩礼德提出并完善了系统功能语法的三个元功能
:
概念功能
(
ideational
function
)
、人际功能
(interpersonal
function
)
和篇章功能
(textualfunctio n)
。
自二十一世纪以来，我国学者基于系统功能语法对旅游，房地产，服饰等广告语篇进
行了研究，但是在香水广告语方面的研究仍然有所欠缺。本论文从电视、杂志、网络< br>等媒介收集了近年来的知名香水品牌的广告宣传所用的语言，基于功能语法角度下的
三个元功能理 论做出语篇分析，旨在发现从语言学角度广告是如何实现概念功能，人
际功能和语篇功能的，以及商家是 如何通过广告的使用实现刺激消费者购买的目的的。
通过研究发现
:(1)
第二人称代 词
你
经常出现
,
同时也使用第一人称代词和第三人称代词，语篇中常用一些疑问句和祈使句，从而和消费者营造一个讨论氛围
,
这将让消费者放松以实现沟通的目的，从而人际功能得以实现。
(2)
就语篇功能而言
,
在主位推进模式
方面，香水广告的推进模式强调叙述主题，派生主位模式的应用居多，用相同的主题< br>来组织全文。
(3)
就概念功能下的及物性而言，物质过程在香水广告中使用居多，其次
是关系过程和存在过程，而言语过程、行为过程极少。对于语态而言，主动语态占主
导地位;
一般在强调香水的设计等特征时才会使用到被动语态。
Abstract
English advertising Discourse analysis arose in the 1980 and has a history of more
than 30 years, is more of a linguistic perspective, such as rhetorical and syntactic
features, or a study of interpersonal meaning in systemic functional grammar. In
influence of the Prague School, Halliday proposed and perfected three meta-
functions of systemic functional
Grammar:
ideational
function,
interpersonalfunction
(interpersonal
function),
textual
function
(textual
function).
Since 21st century, Chinese scholars have studied the
advertising discourse of tourism, real estate and apparel on the basis of systemic
functional grammar, but the research on the language of perfume advertising is still
lacking. This paper from the television, magazines, networks and other media to
collect recent years of well-known perfume brand advertising language, based on the
functional grammar of the three meta function theory to make discourse analysis, to
find out the linguistic perspective of how advertising works, And how the business is
through the use of advertising to stimulate consumer purchase purposes. According
to the study in this thesis, some major findings are got that:(1) In order to achieve
the interpersonal functions of language, the second person pronouns
frequently and both the first person pronoun and the third pronoun are used. The
imperative mood and the interrogative mood of the consumer to create a discussion
atmosphere, which will let consumers relax and achieve the purposes of
communication. (2) In textual meta-function, for thematic progression, the pattern of
thematic progression in perfume advertisements emphasizes themes. Then the
derived theme pattern is used for the most time, which is used to organize the full
text at the same time as a constant topic. (3) For the ideational function, the
material process dominates everything, and then the relationship and existential
process, which is the perfume advertising discourse in the realization of the three
major processes. In addition, the existence process also appears, but the use of
speech process and behavioral process is little. For voice, the use of active voice is in
line with people's speaking habits, which is conducive to strengthening
communication. Generally speaking, the passive voice is used to emphasize the
material and design of the products.
关键词：系统功能语法，元功能，香水广告语篇
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research background
In the modern world, everyone is greatly influenced by advertising. As a tool of
introduction and sale of goods, advertising has become a necessary means of
commodity economy in today's society. The function of the language features has
also become more and more important. Most of the space in magazines is given to
advertisements. No matter in highway billboards, streamers, window shows, floor
and counter displays, transport decorations, advertisements are seen. Actually
almost in all usable spaces, advertising is employed to put, attracting people's eyes.
Since so widely used of advertisement, the English advertising attracts many
researchers' attention and worth investigating. With the development of the
economy and society, people attached importance to their own appearance, so the
perfume has become an indispensable part of our life.
On the other hand, The present study provides a good explanation for many goods
in advertisings, such as cosmetics
，
job, clothes, real estate and video, but there are
not any references about perfume advertising language in Systemic-Functional
Grammar. Perfume is very useful in our life and advertising plays an important role,
so it is imperative to study perfume advertising language.
1.2 Research questions
The thesis mainly based on Halliday
’
s three meta-functions of language, it focus on
English perfume advertisings language. System functional grammar is considered to
be quite theoretical and practical. The three metafunctions in this system's functional
grammar are extremely abstract and can be easily used to analyze languages.
Halliday's systemic functional grammar is the most influential, which aims to provide
the basis of theoretical discourse analysis. The paper provides some examples to
prove that Halliday's SFG play a role in the English advertising discourse. The
analysis of English advertising is actually very effective. In addition, I hope to draw
some conclusions that language can help you write ads in the future from the
advertising discourse analysis. Hopefully, it will give answers to the following
questions:
1. How is the interpersonal meta-function realized in perfume advertising language
by the transitivity and voice?
2. How is ideational meta-function realized in perfume advertising language by the
mood, modality and person pronoun system?
3. How is textual meta-function realized in perfume advertising language by the
thematic system?
1.3 Research significance
This thesis will use the qualitative analysis to study the perfume advertisings and will
be based on Systemic- Functional Grammar. The materials will be searched from the
internet about the perfume official web or TV. The analysis process will include,
firstly, classifying different types of perfume advertisings; secondly, distinguish
different advertisings; thirdly, combine three meta-functions to analyze different
perfume advertisings. The main significance of the paper is to help the advertisers
know about the perfume advertising language, which attracts customers and
stimulate the purchase desire. For advertisers, they need to create attractive ads to
increase sales volume, which makes the analysis of the advertising language
particularly important for them. In order to stimulate the desire of customers, it is
necessary to analyze the Halliday
’
s three meta-functions of language influence on
the advertising language. The thesis provides a new perspective for studying
perfume advertising language, and the research will build up the ability to use
language.
1.4 Organization of Thesis
This thesis can be divided into five parts.
Chapter one gives an introduction to research background of this study as well as
the significance of the research. Also, there are some research questions proposed.
At last, it provides the organization of thesis. Chapter two gives previous studies on
system-functional grammar and advertising discourses at home and abroad. As the
main theoretical framework of this paper, the three meta-functions will be given
statement from previous studies. Chapter three is the theoretical framework, which
would be applied in this thesis. Interpersonal function will be introduced respectively
from mood system, modality and person pronoun system. Ideational meta-function
will be introduced from transitivity and voice. Textual meta-function will be
introduced from thematic system. Chapter four is the body part of this thesis. It
analyses the perfume advertising discourses from the perspective of three functions,
following the framework in the previous chapter. Respectively, from the theory of
transitivity system, voice system, mood system, modality system, and person
pronoun system, and case study are given to analyze the realization of interpersonal,
ideational and textual function in advertising discourses. Chapter five draws a
conclusion
，
summarizing major findings and limitations in the thesis, and throw out
suggestions for future studies in this field.
Chapter 2 Literature review
This part will give a brief review of the previous achievements in advertisements and
previous researches related to Systemic-Functional Grammar studies abroad and in
China.
2.1 study of Systemic-Functional Grammar from home and broad
2.1.1 Studies Abroad about Systemic-Functional Grammar
From the 1950s to the mid-1960s, Halliday explored and developed systematic
grammar theory. In foreign countries, systematic grammar theory is developing
rapidly, the team of research and practice is growing. Brasseur F (1977) proposes an
information on the semiological approach to language starting from the systemic
perspective (later to be said structuralist) which has been introduced by the Saussure.
From 1970s, being studying on Systemic- Functional Grammar, some scholars began
to focus on cognition and language. Other scholars are focus on the field of
translation, Ferdows Aghagolzadeh (2012) published The Analysis of English-Persian
Legal Translations Based on Systemic Functional Grammar Approach, indicating the
theory provides an appropriate criteria and scale for evaluating the accuracy of the
legal documents translation. Ahereh Jafarian(2015) investigates Familiarity of Iranian
ESP Teachers and ESP Course Learners with Academic Rhetoric within a Systemic
Functional Grammar based on their educational Level, Age and Gender. It is clearly
indicate that the study of translation and education has applied for the theory in the
recent years. These researches give a solid foundation on the systematic grammar
theory.
2.1.2 Studies in China about Systemic-Functional Grammar
Comparatively speaking, the domestic Systemic-Functional Grammar on started lately,
but it has begun to arouse the attention of the linguistic circles from 1980s. With the
development of advertisings industry, some scholars begin to analyze advertisings on
Systemic-Functional Grammar. Wu (2001) wrote the essay about English advertisings
on Systemic-Functional Grammar, and this paper expounds that the field of discourse,
tenor of discourse and mode of discourse have great influence on the characteristics
of advertising English texts. According to Yang(2006), she applied the systemic-
Functional Grammar for the public advertisings, It is found that public welfare
advertisers skillfully use various vocabulary and grammatical means to manipulate
the interaction and consultation between readers. The scholars have taken the
research about advertisings on Systemic-Functional Grammar in the recent years,
such as job advertisements, clothes advertisements, real estate ads and video ads.
2.2 Studies of English advertising language from home and abroad
With the rapid development of advertising industry, many scholars abroad and at
home pay more and more attention on the English advertising language. They used
different approach to study the English advertising language, such as stylistic
approach, pragmatic approach, communicative approach, semiotic approach and
Systemic- Functional Grammar approach. Pandya(1977) found that the use of mood
can shorten the distance between advertisers and customers, different moods can
produce different meanings. He makes a great contribution to the application of the
Systemic-Functional Grammar on English advertising language. In china, after the
development of the Systemic-Functional Grammar, many linguistic scholars begin to
analyze the English advertising language from the perspective.
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
The thesis analyzes English perfume advertising discourse from the perspective of
Systemic-Functional Grammar, namely, ideational meta-function, interpersonal meta-
function and textual meta-function.
3.1 Ideational meta-function
Bloor and Bloor M. (1995)argue that, When people speak, language is
employed
to
talk
about
what
goeson
around
them
and
inside
them, from describing
the events, narrating the states to concerning the entities involved. In the beginning,
ideational meta-function is involved two components: experiential function and
logical function. But later, both of them are gathered together by Halliday (1994) and
named as ideational meta-function. The thesis pays attention to the former function.
Under that circumstance, it deals with the relationship between humans and
experiential world.
3.1.1 Transitivity
Transitivity is an important perspective to analyze some sentences. It is the
subsystem of ideational meta- function, and serves the function of describing what
goes around people and inside them, which can be fulfilled by its six types of
processes, that is, material, relational, mental, behavioral, verbal and existential
processes. The material process is concerned with the actions: doing, playing,
beating, catching, running, and so on. In the process, there involved two members:
Act and Goal. The actor plays some physical actions to the object, and then the
relationship realizes the material process. The material process can transfer
information to the readers.
Yang (2001) argued that, the relational process is the process of being and it falls
into two types: attributive and identifying. This process is used to represent a
relationship between two separate entities, namely, something is said to be
something else or to be of some quality. In order to demonstrate that kind of
relationship, such verbs as
That is a relational process, and speaking simply, the relationship belongs to
attributive with the use of
relationship of which is identifying, because
identifying. Besides,
The behavioral process is between mental process and material process. It is close to
mental process but reflects an active conscious process, like looking, listening,
staring, laughing, crying and so on. The basic components of the process framework
are behaver and process. The difference between mental process and behavioral
process is that the former pays attention to the result of action while the latter is to
describe the behavior of the actor. See the two verbs
behavioral while
The verbal process expresses the process of saying, which is between the material
process and mental process, but close to the former one. The basic elements of the
process are Sayer, Receiver, Verbiage and process. Such verbs as say, tell speak,
talk, explain are always used in this kind of process. The existential process just
conveys the meaning of the existence of an entity. The commonly appearing words
are there and here. Only one participant exists in such grammatical structures, called
the existent. For example, there is an apple on the table.
The mental process is concerned as two basic components, Sensor and Phenomenon,
which is the process of sensing, such as feeling, imagining, loving, knowing can be
represented.
3.1.2 Voice
Voice system is another subsystem within ideational meta-function. Traditional
grammar shows that voice system is concerned with the subject and predicate. And
other parts of the sentence can also impact the type of voice. As is known,
considering the classification of the giver or the receiver of
act,voice
can
be
divided
into
active
voice
and
passive
voice,
and
the
choice
of
subjec
t can make the actor in active voice or in passive voice.
3.2 Interpersonal Meta-function
When people communicate with others, language will serve as a medium to build
and keep relationships with individual members and even to impact their emotions,
behavior and life.
3.2.1 Mood system
When talking about mood system, Halliday(2008:110)pointed out that in a
proposition, information is exchanged through language, and the language could be
argued about
“
something that can be affirmed or denied, and also doubted,
contradicted, insisted on, accepted with reservation, qualified, tempered, reverted
and so on.
Mood system expresses the speaker's or writer's attitude to what is said or written.
The semantic function is to carry the burden of the clause as an interactive event.
Mood system is realized by mood elements. The mood element consists of two parts:
the subject and the finite operator, which decide which mood will be used. The
subject is the entity which is often responsible for the activity in a clause. Subject is
the noun or pronoun which in person and concords with the verbs. It is a nominal
group in most cases, often appearing as personal pronouns or nominal compounds
at the first place and replaced by personal pronouns. The subject is not equal to the
actor, although the two overlap each other every now and then. Therefore,
identifying the subject doesn't depend on its position, but rely on the function.
Halliday (2008:111) explain that the finite element is
“
one of a small number of
verbal operators expressing tense (e.g. is, has) or modality (e.g. can, must).
”
Finite
element makes it possible to negotiate about the validity of an activity and enables
something to be argued about. It played a role by means of two references: the time
of speaking and the judgment of the speaker.
3.2.2 Modality system
Hu (2002) point out the term can be categorized into modalization and modulation,
namely, probability, usually, obligation and inclination. Firstly, modality expresses
how valid the information that people provided. In this process, probability
(likelihood) and usuality (frequency) are involved. The former can be expressed by
the words probably, possible, may, and so on. The latter will be expressed with the
use of sometimes, always, often, and so on. On the other hand, when people
express the confidence of something related to goods and service, the modality is
also used. When people order or command, the use of some modal operators is
obligational, such as should, must, and so on. When offer goods and services, the
degree of inclination should be represented by using will, would, may, and so on.
3.2.3 Person Pronouns System
In his masterpiece An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Halliday (2009) refers to
mood system and modality as the two main ways of realizing interpersonal function
of language. And his studies about person pronouns are more linked with cohesion
theory as one of its important research branch. However, many other scholars and
researchers hold that studies on functions of person pronouns are closely linked with
their interpersonal function and the realization of interpersonal function in a
discourse could rely on person pronouns to some extent. Linguist Carter, R.A (1987)
pointed out that the reference of personal pronouns in discourse
“
Can
”
tell us how
the author treats the characters in the discourse and
they
can
establish
a
certain
relationship
between
the
author
and
the
reader.
Personal
pronouns are made up of three parts: the first person, the second person and the
third pronoun. Grammatically speaking, the first person pronoun refers to the
speaker or writer, the second person pronoun
mainly
refers
to
the
listener,
and
the
third
person
refers
to
the
other
person
involved
in the communicative activity, and they are usually not showing their presence
around.
3.2.3.1 The First Person Pronouns
In advertising English, the first person pronouns are often applied to refer to the
entity of advertising instead of the name of company or its products, and sometimes
they are also used to include the audience. Pronouns
“
I
”
and
“
me
”
and their
corresponding forms
“
me
”
,
“
my
”
and
“
mine
”
.
“
our
”
,
“
ours
”
and
“
us
”
are often used expecting consumers to feel intimate.
3.2.3.2 The Second Person Pronouns
Comparing to the first person pronouns, the second person pronouns are mainly
applied when refer to the listeners or the potential consumers. Pronoun
“
you
”
is
important for pulling the audience of the advertisement into the its scene and
creating an intimate relationship with products. The advertiser wants to found an
intimate relationship with the audience through intimate address.
3.2.3.3 The Third Person Pronouns
In some cases, in order to strengthen humanity and kindness, the third person is
ordinary people who give suggestion to the audience to use this product or service.
Sometimes advertisers try to show the objectivity of their advertisements by
transferring information through the third person pronouns or the third party. The
person or party they choose generally enjoys public trust and influence and says high
of the products or service.
3.3 Textual Meta-function
When we interact with people, talking with them about something or getting
something done, playing ideational and interpersonal meta-functions, we construct
the message in a way that allows it to fit smoothly and fluently into the speech or
text. It is known as the textual meta- function.
In the opinion of Halliday (2000), three subsystems are involved in the textual meta-
function: thematic system, information system and cohesion system. This current
research only focuses on the thematic system. In terms of it, the center of analysis is
thematic structure and thematic progression. In terms of Thematic Progression
patterns, Zhu(1995) believes that it falls into four types: constant theme pattern,
linear theme pattern, split theme pattern, and derived theme pattern. Each theme
pattern will be shown by the following figures one by one.
The Constant Theme Pattern means that each clause shares the same theme.
Clause 1: Theme 1 Rheme 1 Clause 2: Theme 1 Rheme 2 Clause 3: Theme 1 Rheme
3
Figure 3.1 The Constant Theme Pattern
When the theme becomes the theme of subsequent clause, this circumstance
belongs to Linear Theme Pattern.
Clause 1:Theme 1+Rheme 1 Clause 2: Theme 2+Rheme 2 Clause 3: Theme
3+Rheme 3
Figure 3.2 The Linear Theme Pattern
Derived Theme Pattern depicts that theme positions are connected in sense not
necessarily in form. Chapter four will give Case analysis and discussion
Them (Cover Term) Theme1+ Rheme1 Theme2+Rheme2 Theme 3+Rheme3
Figure 3.3 The Derived Theme Pattern
Chapter 4 Analysis of English perfume advertisement with three meta-functions
4.1 Analysis of English Perfume language from the perspective of ideational meta-
function
As we all know, the ideational meta-function is decomposed into two subsystems,
namely: transitivity and voice. The discourse analysis of English perfume will be
analyzed from the point of the above two subsystems.
4.1.1 Case Study of transitivity
Transitivity is the most important concept in ideational meta-function. The transitivity
system includes six processes, that is, the material process and the psychological
process, relational process, behavior process, verbal process and existence process.
In the following, a detailed discussion is shown in order to analyze the English
perfume advertising discourse. The study analyzes the six different processes within
transitivity as an example and the detailed information will be shown. For example:
Perfume advertising
Lancome TR?SOR: (1)Love. Romance. Elegance. (2)TR?SOR is for a woman who
understands that time is precious and moments in this fast-paced world are to be
treasured. (relational process) (3)Because love is a treasure, and TR?SOR evokes
that feeling of everlasting love, it makes her as radiant and precious as the fragrance
she wears. (material process) (4)Share the emotion of everlasting love with Tr
é
sor,
the fragrance for treasured moments. (5)The elegance of rose, mugent and lilac and
the sparkle of peach and apricot blossom are just a few notes that define this
luminous fragrance. (relational process) (6)A delicate and light fragrance with a
romantic and smooth touch.
Perfume advertising
Dolce Gabbana: (1) In the sun-kissed top notes, juicy mandarin, bright neroli and
airy magnolia express its radiance. (material process) (2)The coconut essence, a
unique natural extract of the fruit
’
s white flesh, accents the creamy freshness of
the frangipani blossoming petals. (material process) (3)A silky almond milk accord
evokes the traditional sweets of Sicily. (material process) (4)Enriched with vanilla
absolute and sandalwood, it extends the exquisite sensuality of the frangipani note
into the dry down. (material process)
Perfume advertising
GABRIELLE CHANEL
：
(1)The GABRIELLE CHANEL fragrance was
created
around
four
points
of
light
from
fourwhite
flowers:
Orange
Blossom,
Ylang-
Ylang,
Jasmine
and
Grasse
Tuberose. (material process) (2)Olivier Polge crafted the
perfect white flower. (material process) (3)The only flower that could embody the
unrestrained femininity of Gabrielle Chanel herself. (material process)
Perfume advertising
Dior Eau de: (1)The new Miss Dior Eau de Parfum reveals the femininity of a sensual
floral. (material process) (2)Its heart is a floral declaration that combines the beauty
of Grasse rose with the boldness of Damascus rose, both wrapped in a ribbon of
fresh Calabrian bergamot. (relational process) (3)This handcrafted creation is woven
with rosewood from French Guiana and pink pepper from R
é
union Island for
heightened character. (4)A Miss Dior that will leave you lovestruck. (5)I refined the
florality of Miss Dior Eau de Parfum to render it sensual and suggestive. (material
process) (6)It had to burst like that feeling of falling head over heels. (material
process)
Perfume advertising
Est
é
e Lauder Pleasures Eau de Parfum Spray: (1)Created in 1995, Est
é
e Lauder
Pleasures set the trend for uplifting, airy fragrances and introduced the Sheer Floral
fragrance type. (material process) (2)Evelyn Lauder created it to have a sheer,
elusive, luminous quality. (material process) (3)It captures the clarity of flowers just
after a spring rain. (material process) (4)This wonderful fragrance has been one of
best selling fragrances for many years. (relational process) (5)
fragrance was to be, I wanted it to have an elusive, textural quality,
Lauder. (verbal process)
é
e Lauder Pleasures.
(6)For the first time, there is a fragrance that unfolds like a flower in the warmth of
the sun, surrendering its scent little by little.
In these perfume language, we can see the material process is most commonly used
in all processes. It gives a lot of product information to the consumers, so the
purpose of Advertiser is to provide product information to potential consumers to
help them express and describe the functions of an entity or action of external world.
That is material process. A relationship process is used to represent the relationship
between two separate entities, that is, something is something. For example, (1)The
elegance of rose, mugent and lilac and the sparkle of peach and apricot blossom are
just a few notes that define this luminous fragrance. (2)TR?SOR is for a woman who
understands that time is precious and moments in this fast-paced world are to be
treasured. (relational process) (3) Because love is a treasure, and TR?SOR evokes
that feeling of everlasting love, the perfume is described as love, time, which
expresses the treasure of this perfume.
The existential process only expresses the existence of the entity. Occasionally, when
the Advertiser tries to use this way tell the reader some information about the
perfume. The existence process can be changed by the material process. For
example, when we say we will put perfume on it, we can say that there will be
perfume on it. Although two processes can provide information to the reader, the
material process seems more vivid and convenient. As for the rest of verbal process,
mental process, behavior process, they rarely or simply do not take out in each
selected perfume language. Therefore, the paper will not mention their analysis.
4.1.2 Case Study of voice
As is introduced in the third chapter, the voice can
be
divided
into
passive
voice
and
active
the
passive
voice,
the
grammatical
s
ubject
of
the
verb
used
to
be
the
recipient
(not
the
source)of
the
action
denoted
by
t
he
verb.
In
the
active
voice,
the
grammatical
subject
of
the
verb
isperforming
the
act
ion
or
causing
the
happening
denoted
by
the
verb.
In
English
discourse, the passive
voice is realized by the auxiliary verb be plus the past tense of one verb. In the
following, there are some English Perfume Advertisings Discourse analyzed.
Perfume advertising
GABRIELLE CHANEL
：
(1)The GABRIELLE CHANEL fragrance was created around four
points of light from four white flowers: Orange Blossom, Ylang-Ylang, Jasmine and
Grasse Tuberose. (passive voice)
Perfume advertising
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