综合英语 unit 8-10

2021年1月26日发(作者：吉洛)
Unit 8 Five Traits of the Educated Man
Main Idea of the Text

This text is an expositive essay mainly concerned with the five traits of an educated man.
Structural analysis
This text is composed of three parts.
Part I (paragraph 1)
As
an
introduction,
this
part
raises
the
question
directly
related
to
the
topic
of
the
essay
—
the
relationship
between
learning
and
the
marks
of
an
educated
man;
the
relationship
between
learning and education; and that between education and certain traits and capacities which have to
be gained by conscious efforts.
Part II (paragraphs 2-6)
This is the body of the text, which presents a brief account of the five key traits of an educated
man.
Part III (paragraph 7)
This is the conclusion in which the writer stresses that given these five traits, one possesses the
outline of an educated man, and that the outline may be filled in by whatever knowledge, ability,
or skill that one possesses.
Text Explanation

trait
a particular quality, esp. of a person; distinguishing characteristic
人的个性
;
显著的特点
;

e.g. Anne
’
s generosity is one of her most pleasing
traits
.





One of his less attractive
traits
is criticizing his wife in public.

characteristic

adj
~ (of sb/sth) forming part of the character of a person or thing; typical




构成人或事物特征之一部分的
;
典型性的
:


He spoke with
characteristic
enthusiasm.

Such bluntness is
characteristic
of him.
他就是这么迟钝。


mark
1) sth., such as a spot or cut, on a surface that would otherwise be plain or clean.


E.g. Don
’
t you think these
marks
in the sand are some kind of message?
2) a figure or printed or written sign which shows something



E.g. Some students never use punctuation
marks
correctly.


3) a fact or action that is a sign or proof of a quality, feeling or condition.



e.g. As a
mark
of respect, they all stood up when the teacher entered the room.

Inconsiderable:
rather small, not worth considering
The word is almost always used together with the word
“
not
”
.

e.g. This is not an
inconsiderable
sum of money. I must get it back.







Do not let such an
inconsiderable
matter worry you.
Precision:
preciseness; exactness
e.g. Scientific instruments have to be made with great
precision
.




That scientist performs experiments with immense
precision
.
The quite shocking slovenliness and vulgarity of much of the spoken English, as well as not a
little
of
the
written
English,
which
one
hears
and
sees,
proves
beyond
peradventure
that
years
of
attendance
upon
schools
and
colleges
that
are
thought
to
be
respectable
have
produced no impression.


The shocking fact that much of the spoken English, as well as quite a lot of the written English,
which one hears and sees, is not arranged in a proper order, and shows a lack of fine feeling or
good judgment in the choice of what is suitable demonstrates beyond any shadow of doubt that
years
of
attending
classes
in
schools
and
colleges
which
are
considered
to
show
socially
acceptable standards have turned out no good results.

Slovenliness:
state of being not clean, neat, or orderly; state of being untidy
e.g. There are three women in this village who are characterized by
slovenliness
.
Vulgarity:
the state or quality of being indecent where the quality is spoiled, or the standard is
lowered; the state that shows a lack of good judgment in the choice of what is suitable or beautiful







e.g. His habits and manners are characteristic of a certain degree of
vulgarity
.
beyond peradventure:
beyond any shadow of doubt; undoubtedly






E.g. You have made remarkable progress
beyond peradventure
.
Attendance:
the act or fact of attending, esp. regularly; the number of people present

Attendance
at school is demanded by law.
He has a poor
attendance
record.
Respectable:
showing standards of behavior, appearance, etc. that are socially acceptable

It is not
respectable
to get drunk in the street.
I must go and put on a clean shirt and make myself look
respectable
.
with pure diction:
in a way that words are pronounced perfectly well, not mixed with any impure
or nonstandard sound.






E.g. He speaks standard English,
with pure diction
.
…
refined and gentle manners, which are themselves the expression of fixed habits of thought
and action.


…good
manners
showing
education,
delicacy
of
feeling
and
gentleness
of
behavior,
which
express or embody established habits of thought and action.

Manners make the man
A quotation from Wykeham William means
“
a person
’
s habits and behavior tells us much about
him
”

When
manners
are
superficial,
artificial,
and
forced,
no
matter
what
their
form,
they
are
bad manners.
If ways of behaving are insincere, strained or unnatural, showing a lack of true feelings, they are
impolite or poor manners, no matter how they are embodied.
Superficial:
not deep, on the surface; shallow; not thorough or complete
E.g. There is only a
superficial
resemblance between the two systems.




She has only a
superficial
knowledge of the language.
Artificial:
insincere; lacking true feelings; happenings as a result of human action.


e.g. She welcomed me with an
artificial
smile.





High import taxes give their homemade goods an
artificial
advantage in the market.

Forced:
unnatural; produced unwillingly and/ or with difficulty.
e.g. I thought their laughter was rather
forced
.



I am fed up with his
forced
manners.
When
however,
they
are
the
natural
expression
of fixed
habits
of
thought
and
action,
and
when they reveal a refined a cultivated nature, they are good manners.
When manners naturally express or convey ever fixed habits of thought and action, and when they
show a gentle and cultured nature, they are known as good manners.
Reveal:
show or allow sth. previously hidden to be seen; make known sth. previously secret or
unknown

e.g. The curtains opened,
revealing
a darkened stage.








The investigation has
revealed
some serious faults in the system.
Cultivated:
cultured; showing good education, manners, etc.
e.g. A
cultivated
person shows good education, good manners, etc.





The child has become
cultivated
, showing good education and good manners.

Instinctively:
in a way resulting from one's instinct, i.e. one's natural ability or tendency to act in
a certain way; in a manner following one's instinct
Instinctively
, she knew that she was being followed.
He ducked
迅速低下头

instinctively
as the bullet whistled past his head.
The power and habit of reflection:
The great ability and habit of thinking about things carefully and profoundly
Reflect:
~ (on/upon sth) think deeply about, or remind oneself of, past events; consider

e.g. I need time to
reflect
(on your offer/on what you offered).




She
reflected
that his argument was probably true.

induce
: (fml)
1) lead sb. to do sth., often by persuading
e.g. Nothing could
induce
her to be disloyal to her motherland.






Advertisements
induce
people to buy.
2) cause or produce
e.g. The medicine may
induce
drowsiness.






The author by his choice of words has
induced
a particular frame of mind in the reader.

Persist:
continue in a course of action or way of behaving, firmly and perhaps unreasonably, in
spite of opposition or warning
If you
persist
in causing trouble, the company may be forced to dismiss you.
Must you
persist
in misunderstanding me?
Multiply:
to greatly increase in number or amount
e.g. He has acquired a good knowledge of Chinese and English, which has
multiplied
his chances
of success.







Spending on military equipment has
multiplied
in the last five years.
By that time it is usual to settle down to life on a level of more or less contented intellectual
interest and activity.

By that time when they are in their mid- twenties it is normal for most people to live a stable and
satisfactory life, engaged in intellectual activities in which they are interested and with which they
are somewhat satisfied.
The mere visionary dreamer, however charming or however wise, lacks something which an
education requires.
No matter how charming or wise these illusionary dreamers might be, they are short of what an
education requires.
visionary:
that exists only in the mind and probably can not be fulfilled
He is a hardworking scientist; he is never a
visionary
dreamer.