语言学教程 第12章

2021年1月26日发(作者：英文翻译工具)

第
12
章

1)

functional sentence perspective

FSP
功能句子观

p299

It is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of
the information they contain.
（用所含信息来分析话语或语篇）
The principle is that the role of
each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole.(
各部分所起的作用取
决于它对全句意义的贡献
)

2)

systemic-functional grammar

系统功能语法

p306
It is developed by ay, and it is a socially priented functional linguistic approach and
one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth cenruty. It is based on two facts: 1.
Languages uses are making choices in a set of systems and trying to realize different semantic
functions in social interaction. ge is inseparable from social activities of man . Thus, it
makes actual uses of language as the object of ic-functional linguistics (SFL), as it's
name
suggests,
considers
function
and
semantics
as
the
basis
of
human
language
and
communicative activity.

It has two components: systemic grammar and functional grammar. Systemic grammar aims to
explain
the
internal
relations
in
language
as
a
system
network,
or
meaning
potential.
Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on
the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined
by the uses or functions which they serve.

（
Unlike structural approaches that privilege syntax, SFL- oriented linguists begin an analysis
with
social
context
and
then
look
at
how
language
acts
upon,
and
is
constrained
and
influenced by, this social context.
）

3)

American structuralism
美国结构主义

p317

American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics that developed at the beginning of
twentieth
century
in
a
very
different
style
from
that
of
Europe
under
the
leadership
F.
Boas..
While
linguistics in
Europe
started more
than
two
thousand
years ago,
linguistics in
America
started
at
the
end
of
the
19
th

century.
While
traditional
grammar
plays
a
dominating
role
in
Europe,
it
has
little
influence
in
America.
While
many
European
languages
have
their
own
historical traditions and cultures, English is the dominating language in America, where there is
no such a tradition as in Europe. In addition, the pioneer scholars in America were faced with
the urgent task of recording the rapidly perishing Native American Indian languages because
there was no written record of them. However, these languages were characterized by features
of vast diversity and differences which are rarely found in other parts of the world. To record and
describe these exotic languages, it is probably better not to have any presuppositions about the
nature of language in general. This explains why there was not much development in linguistic
theory during this period but a lot of discussion on descriptive procedures.
Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in
terms of meaning but in terms of distribution, and that the structure of each language should be
described without reference to the alleged universality of such categories as tense, mood and
parts of speech.
The development of Ametican Structuralism can be roughly classified into 3 stages:
Boas and Sapir Period