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China's Political System
C
hina's
political
system
here
refers
to
the
political
structure,
fundamental
laws,
rules,
regulations
and
practices
that
are
implemented
in
China's
mainland
and
regulate
the
state
power,
government,
and
the
relationships
between
the
state
and
society
in
the
People's
Republic of China since its founding in October 1949.
I. The Constitutional System
The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state.
I. Major stipulations in the Constitution in regard to China’s political system
1. Major political principles in China
(1) The Communist Party of China is the country’s sole political party in power.
The People’s Republic of China was
founded by the Communist Party of China which is the
leader of the Chinese people.
(2) The socialist system
The socialist system led by the working class and based
on the alliance of the
workers and
farmers is the fundamental system of the People’s Republic of China
(3) All rights belong to the people
All
the
power
in
the
country
belongs
to
the
people
who
exercise
their
power
through
the
National People’s Congress and local people’s congresses at all levels.
The people manage the state, economy, culture and other social affairs through a multitude of
means and forms.
(4) The fundamental task and goals of the state
T
o concentrate on the socialist modernization drive
along the
road of building socialism with
Chinese characteristics; to adhere to the socialist road, persist in the reform and opening up
program,
improve
the
socialist
system
in
all
aspects,
develop
the
market
economy,
expand
democracy, and improve the rule of law; to be self-reliance and work hard to gradually realize
the modernization of the industry, agriculture, national defense, science and technology so as
to
build
China
into
a
strong
and
democratic
socialist
country
with
a
high
degree
of
cultural
development.
(5) Democratic centralism
The organizational principle for the state organs is democratic centralism.
(6) The armed forces of the people
The armed forces of the People’s Republic of China belong to the people.
The tasks of the armed forces are to consolidate national defense, resist invasion, defend the
country, safeguard the people in their peaceful work and life, take part i
n the country’s
economic construction and strive to serves the people.
(7) To govern the country through the rule of law
All individuals, political parties and social organizations must abide by the Constitution in all
their actions and shall not be privileged to be above the Constitution or the law.
All acts in violation of the Constitution and law must be investigated.
The rule of law is practiced to build China into a socialist country with the rule of law.
(8) The system of ethnic regional autonomy
All ethnic groups are equal.
All prejudice and oppression against any ethnic group is forbidden. All behaviors harmful to
ethnic unity and aimed at ethnic separation are forbidden.
2. The position and rights of the citizen in the political life of the
country
(1) All citizens are equal before the law.
(2) The right to vote and stand for election
All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election,
regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief,
education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights
according to law.
(3) The freedom of speech and thought
All citizens enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, or assembly, of association,
of procession
and of demonstration
(4) The freedom of religious belief
Citizens enjoy the freedom of religious belief.
No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to
believe in, any religion.
(5) Inviolable freedom of the person
No citizen may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people’s procuratorate
or by decision of a people’s court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ.
Unlawful detention or deprivation or restric
tion of citizens’ freedom of the person by other
means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.
The personal dignity of citizens is inviolable, so are their residences.
(6) Freedom of corre
spondence
The freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens are protected by law.
No organization or individual may, on any ground, infringe upon citizens’ freedom and privacy
of correspondence, except in cases where, to meet the needs of state security or of criminal
investigation, public security or procuratorial organs are permitted to censor correspondence
in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.
(7) The right to criticize and make suggestions
Citizens have the right to criticize and make suggestions regarding any st
ate organ or
functionary. They have the right to make to relevant state organs complaints or charges
against, or exposures of, any state organ or functionary for violation of the law or dereliction of
duty.
(8) The right to compensation
Citizens who have suffered losses as a result of infringement of their civic rights by any state
organ or functionary have the right to compensation in accordance with law.
(9) The right to work
Citizens have the right as well as duty to work.
The state should, through
various channels, create conditions for employment, enhance
occupational safety and health, improve working conditions and, on the basis of expanded
production, increase remuneration for work and welfare benefits.
(10) The right to welfare
Citizens have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are old, ill
or disabled.
The state and society ensure the livelihood of disabled members of the armed forces, provide
pensions to the families of martyrs and give preferential treatment to the families of military
personnel.
The state and society help make arrangements for the wo
rk, livelihood and education of the
blind, deaf-mutes and other handicapped citizens.
(11) The right to receive education
Citizens have the right and duty to receive education.
(12) The freedom to engage in academic studie
s and literary creation
Citizens have the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation and
other cultural pursuits.
(13) The equality of men and women
Women enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, in political, economic, cultural, social
and family life.
(14) Both husband and wife have the duty to practice family planning.
(15) Citizens have the obligation to pay taxes in accordance with the law.
(16) Citizens have the obligation to perform military service and join the militia in
accordance with the law.
II. The interpretation and revision of the Constitution and the system of supervision of
its implementation
1. The right of interpretation of the Constitution
The right to interpret the Constitution rests with the Standing Committee of the National
People’s Congress.
2. The amendment of the Constitution
The National People’s Congress holds the right to make amendments to the Constitution.
The revision of the Constitution shall be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National
People’
s Congress or more than one-
fifth of the delegates to the National People’s Congress
and it must be approved by a two-
thirds majority of a session of the National People’s
Congress.
3. The system of supervision
The National People’s Congress has the duty
to supervise the enforcement of the Constitution.
The National People’s Congress has the right to change or withdraw interpretations to the
Constitution by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.
IV. The System of Multi-Party Cooperation and Political Consultation
I.
The essence of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation
The multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the
Communist Party of China is a basic political system in China.
The system means that the CPC is the only party in power in the People's Republic of
China while under the precondition of accepting the leadership of the CPC, the eight
other political parties participate in the discussion and management of state affairs,
in
cooperation with the CPC.
Political consultation means that under the leadership of the CPC, all parties, mass
organizations and representatives from all walks of life take part in consultations of the
country's basic policies and important issues in political, economic, cultural and social
affairs before a decision is adopted and in the discussion of major issues in the
implementation of the decisions.
Political consultation takes the organizational form of the Chinese People's Political
Consultative Conference.
Political consultation is the most important political and organization form of the
multi- party and political consultation system.
Cooperative relations between the CPC and other political parties are based on the
principle of
full sincerity and sharing weal or woe.
II. Political parties participating in the discussion and management of state
affairs
This refers to the eight political parties other than the CPC.
These parties are those established before the founding of the People's Republic of
China in 1949, which were then dedicated to the realization of a bourgeois republic in
China and supported the CPC in the latter's effort of overthrowing the rule of the
Kuomintang. They are independent in organization and enjoy political freedom,
organizational independence and legal equality under the Constitution.
1. China Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang
Officially founded on January 1, 1948, its main constituents at the time were former
Kuomintang members for democracy and other patriotic personages. Their political
stand was to overthrow the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang and realize
independence, democracy and peace in China.
Its Constitution revised in November 1988 stipulates that its political program at the
present stage is to lead all party members, unite patriots living in China and residing
abroad in favor of the unification of the motherland to strive for the unification and
rejuvenation of China, under the guidance of the basic line for the primary stage of
socialism.
Its members come from mainly four areas: those with relations with the Kuomintang,
those with relations with people of all walks of life in Taiwan, those dedicated to the
unification of the motherland and others. The party mainly draws members from
representative people and middle-level and senior intellectuals.
By the end of 1997, the party had a membership of 54,000 and He Luli is its
chairwoman.
2. China Democratic League
First established in November 1939, it took its present name in September 1944. At
the time, it was a united political organization consisting of political parties and forces
favoring the middle road and democracy.
In 1997 it adopted a constitution which stipulates that its program is to hold high the
banner of patriotism and socialism, implement the basic line for the primary stage of
socialism, safeguard stability in the society, strengthen services to national unity and
strive for the promotion of socialist modernization, establishment and improvement of
a market economy, enhancement of political restructuring and socialist spiritual
civilization, emancipation and development of productive forces, consolidation and
expansion of the united patriotic front and realization of the grand goals of socialism
with Chinese characteristics.
China Democratic League is mainly made up by middle
-level and senior intellectuals
in the fields of culture, education, science and technology. It has a membership of
157,000 and its chairman is Jiang Shusheng.
3. China Democratic National Construction Association
It was established on December 16, 1945. Its political stand at the time was to
guarantee the basic political rights and human rights of citizens, protect and
develop
national industry and commerce and oppose the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang.
Its present constitution calls for the implementation of the CPC's policy of focusing on
economic construction, acceptance of the leadership of the CPC, persisting
in the
tradition of self- education, adhering to the principle of democratic centralism and
carrying out the policy of multi-party cooperation and political consultation. Most of its
90,000 members are representative figures in the economic field. Its chairman is
Cheng Siwei.
4. China Association for the Promotion of Democracy
When it was founded on December 30, 1945, it was made up mostly by people
engaged in education and publishing and patriotic figures in industry and commerce in
Shanghai who stood for promotion of democracy and reform of the political power. It
called on the Kuomintang to return the political power to the people, the establishment
of a united and constitutional government.
Its program drawn in 1988 stands for the promotion and impro
vement of socialist
democracy, improvement of a socialist legal system, uplifting of the qualifications of
the people, development of productive forces and turning China into a prosperous,
culturally developed, democratic, strong and modern socialist country.
The association is mainly made up by representative intellectuals in the fields of
education, culture, publishing and science. It had a membership of 99,000 at the end
of 2005 and its chairman is X
u Jialu.
5. Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party
Founded in August 1930, its main political program was to oppose the dictatorial rule
of the Kuomintang and establish the power of the people.
Its present program includes the stand to accept the leadership of the CPC, adhere to
multi-party cooperation and political consultation, practice democratic centralism and
safeguard the rights and interests of party members and associated intellectuals.
It now has a membership of over 80,000 and its chairman is Jiang Zhenghua.
6. China Zhi Gong Dang
China Zhi Gong Dang was founded in San Francisco, October 1925 by overseas
Chinese organizations in North America.
According to its constitution, the party is made up mainly by the middle and upper
levels of returned overseas Chinese and their relatives. Its job is to assist the CPC and
the Chinese government, consolidate and develop political stability, safeguard the
rights and interests of party members and associated returned overseas Chinese and
their relatives, reflect their opinions and demands and practice democratic centralism.
It had a membership of nearly 16,000 at the end of 1997 and its chairman is Luo
Haocai.
7. Jiusan Society
When it was first established in May 1946, its political stand was to carry on the
tradition of democracy and science, oppose the civil war and practice democratic
politics.
The present program of Jiusan Society stipulates that organizationally, the party draws
members from representative middle and senior level intellectuals in the fields of
science, technology, higher education and medicine. It stands for the multi-party
cooperation and political consultation, democratic centralism and the safeguard of the
rights and interest of its members.
It has a membership of 88,000 and its chairman is Han Qide.
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