汉译英翻译练习本

2021年1月26日发(作者：棉纱线)
商务英语
是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语，所涉及的专业
范 围很广，并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语
翻译
要求翻译者
具备 丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识，为了提高翻译质量，翻译者必须具备一定的自
身条件。
第一，翻译者的汉语功底要好。
很多人往往忽视这一点，认为汉语是自己的母语，凭
着自己 原来的底子应付翻译中的问题，是绰绰有余的。然而在真正的翻译过程中，为
了一个词语或者一个句型， 冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。有时好不容易
想出来了也觉得不够理想。由此可见，汉语表达 能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影
响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语，打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要 的。

第二，英语语言能力要强。
全面的
语法
知识和大量的词汇量缺 一不可。如果只有大量
的词汇量，而没有较好的
英语语法
知识。翻译过程中译者的理解 肯定是错误百出，而
且牛头不对马嘴。因此我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文句子理解的准确性及汉英翻
译中英文表达的准确性。

第三，知识面要广。
商务英语翻译中要很好的做到 这一点，就要掌握商务理论和贸易
实务等理论知识及贸易实践经验。同时译者还要具有丰富的百科知识， 对天文地理、
古今中外不说通晓，也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识，译者的语言水
平即使再高，也是无法做好翻译工作的。

一、一词多义

同一个词，由于语境不同，其词义可千差万别。试看下面几个例子：

cannot obtain credit at all in the trade.
他们生意信誉已荡然无存。

have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China,London.
他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。

以上两个句子
credit
词义都有所区别。

二、词类转译

词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见 的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互
相转译。

1.
名词与动词的互相转译：

Before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will bein the custody of the
customs.
交关税前，进口货物由海关保管。
(
由于语法限制，只有用名词形式，但译成汉语时，

译作“交”
)
2 .
介词与动词的互相转译：在许多场合下，介词转译成动词时，需要依据上下文进行
引申，具 体地进行
翻译
。如：

We should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements.
建议你方与他们取得联系，洽购所需商品。

三、词义引伸

在商务英语
翻译中，有时会遇到某些词在词典上难以找到贴切具体上下文词义，如生
搬硬套， 译文往往语意不清，甚至导致误解。在这种情况下，需要根据上下文和逻辑
关系，从该词固有基本含义出 发，进一步加以引伸。例如：

The arrivals do not conform to the sample.
如果将
arrival
这个词的词义直接放入译文， 显然不能正确表达原文的意义，所以需要
进一步的引申。

四、词量增减
< br>在商务英语翻译实践中，词量增减也是很重要的一个翻译技巧。翻译过程中要根据原
文上下文意思 、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯，在翻译时有时增加原文
字面没有出现但实际内容已包含词 ，或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着词。

1.
增词

根据具 体上下文，整理提供可增加动词、形容词、名词或别词类，但在什么时候增加
什么样词，才能恰到好处， 而不超出一定界限，则需要在长期的翻译过程中实践和积
累。如：

All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.
所有现金红利，均须缴纳所得税。（根据汉语行文习惯，增加动词）

2.
减词

减词译法可以使译文言简意赅，改变翻译中逐字翻译作造成的累赘 、拖沓或不符合行
文习惯，甚至产生歧义的现象。如：

On condition that you sign this receipt, I will pay the money.
你在收据上签字，我就付款。

原文】正如合同中具体订明，有关信用证必须于装货月 前
15
天到达卖方，也就是说，
5
月份装运的货物的信用证必须不迟于
4
月
15
日到达我方手中。








【译文】
As
specifically
stipulated
in
the
contract,the
relevant
L/C
shall
reach
the
seller 15 days before the month of shipment,that is,the L/C covering the goods to be
shipped in May shall reach us no later than April 15.
【点评】本例因为涉及合同，因此语体正式，具有较强烈的规定性（
pr escriptiveness
）
和强制性（
coerciveness
）。 译文通过使用合同用语、商务术语和表达强烈义务的情态
动词“
shall
”，准确地 传达了原文的规定性含义。注意“
shall
”一词常用于合同协议
类准法律文件中， 与“
may
”相对，前者规定合同双方或一方应履行的义务，后者表
达合同双方或一方 可以享受的权利。权利可以放弃，但义务必须履行。译文以“
shall
”
译“必须” ，精确地译出了原文的强制性



【译文】公共关系的目的是为了对公众舆 论产生影响，为某一单位树立良好的形象和
声誉；建立良好的、有效的公共关系是一种长期行为，这种行 为有助于在一个单位和
它的公众群体之间形成良好的关系。







【原文】
The purpose of public relations is to influence public opinion toward building
goodwill
and
positive
reputation
for
the
organization,
and
well-executed
public
relations
is
a
long-term
activity
that
molds
good
relationships
between
an
organization and its publics.
【点评】关系代词
that
在定语从句中同时充当主语，其先行词是前面的
a
long-term
activity
。这里有两种
翻译
方法，一 是将其翻译成“它”，二是将其翻译成“这种行
为”。但若将其翻译成“它”则指代不明，有可能被误解 为指代前面所提到的“目
的”、“公共关系”、“影响”、“声誉”等概念，因此，译为“这种行为”， 使意
思更明确。







【译文】

在过去的十年间，对等贸易在国际
商业
中的应用已越来越 广泛。这种贸易方
式正逐渐成为资本项目和生产股份企业融资的一种渠道，正在逐渐成为确保投资者在< br>那些为外债所困扰并且缺乏硬通货的国家的投资中收回利润的一种渠道，正在逐渐成
为政府在大量 采购非军用物资的投标中保持竞争力的一种渠道。














【原文】
Over the last decade, the use of countertrade in international commerce
has
bec
ome
more
widespread.
The
practice
is
emerging
as
a
vehicle
for
financing
capital
projects
and
production-sharing
ventures,
for
ensuring
the
repatriation
of
profits
from
investments
in
countriesbeset
by
external
debt
and
hard
currency
shortages,
and
for
competitive
bidding
on
major
nonmilitary
government
procurements.
【点评】

原文中的
The practice
所指代的是上文中的
the
use
of counte rtrade
，因此
在译文中可以直译为“这种贸易方式”来指上文中所提到的内容。


【译文】

参与国际分工的另一更为现实的做法是采取比较优势的做法。比 较优势是指
假如一个国家生产某种产品比生产其他产品的效率高，那么它就具有生产该产品的比
较优势。










A
more
realistic
approach
toward
international
specialization
is
that
of
comparative
advantage. This concept says that a nation has a comparative advantage in an item
if it can produce it more efficiently than alternative products.
【点评】

英语语篇的衔接手段常用的有：大量使用代词指代 前文中所提到的名词，偶
尔重复使用名词本身，使用省略，使用上义词或同义词。汉语中最常用的衔接手 段是
使用名词重复和省略，偶尔也使用代词和上义词或同义词。知道了英汉两种语言的区
别就可 以在英译汉时注意汉语的特点，充分地再现原文信息。本例句中原文中的
that
指代前文中的
approach
，在
翻译
成汉语时被翻译成了“做法”。原文中的
This
concept
指代上文中提到的
comparative
advantage
，
This
concept
是
Comparative
advantage
的 上义词。汉语译文将其还原成“比较优势”，由此可见汉语里是多使用
重复名词的方式来衔接上下文的。


【原文】中山大学三个校区分别坐落在珠江之畔、南海之滨，总面积达
5 .05
平方公里。
广州南校区树木葱茏，绿草如茵；广州北校区林路蔓蔓，曲径通幽；珠海校区 依山面
海，景色宜人，均是不可多得的读书恰学的胜境。

（中山大学中文网页资料）







【译文】
Zhongshan University has three campuses which cover a total area of 5.05
square
hou
South
Campus
and
Guangzhou
North
Campus
are
located south and north of the Pearl River,while Zhuhai Campus lies to the west of
the South China three are beautiful campus with avenues of
gre
en trees and
patches of lush grass,providing pleasant environment for study and research.
【点评】作为
实用
文献的一种，事业单位的宣传广告主要为读者提供信息资料。但在
提供信息资料时，由于文 化传统和习惯使然，中国人喜欢使用描述性词语对所提供的
信息进行渲染。本例中的原文就是使用了一连 串赞美词语如“树木葱茏，绿草如茵”、
“林路蔓蔓，曲径通幽”、“依山面海，景色宜人”，“不可多 得”、“胜境”等。
如果将所有这些词语依样译出，英译文就会显得非常啰嗦，且会取得适得其反的效果 。
正因为如此，译者采用了省略与重组的
翻译
方法，除介绍三个校园的总面积与所处的
位置之外，将上面所列赞美词语进行简化式翻译：“漂亮”的校园有一条条的“林荫
道”和一片 片的“草坪”，是学习和研究的“宜人”之地。这样简化处理，既突出了
重点，也符合网络介绍性的特点 与要求。



【原文】绿源苔干有清热降压、通经脉、壮筋骨、去口臭、解热毒酒毒的功效。






【译文】
It
has been
proved
that
Lvyuan Taigan is
able to produce
certain
medical
effects,namely,to
allay
internal
heat
and
fever,to
reduce
hypertension,to
regulate
and strengthen bodily functions,to relieve halitosis and to dispel the effects of alcohol.
【点评】“通经脉 、壮筋骨”、“热毒酒毒”是中医特有的说法，是中医理论术语，
若按字面直译，恐怕西方读者会摸不着 头脑。译文使用比较通俗的“
to
regulate
and
strengthen
bodily
functions
”和“
to
relieve
halitosis
and
to
dispel
the
effects
of
alcohol
”来英译，既有效地实现了原文的信 息功能，又给读者提供了充分理解原文思
想的方便途径



【原文】鉴于你方违约造成我方不应有的损失，我方很遗憾地撤销此约，并保留对我
方损失的索赔权 。




【
译
文
】
In
view
of
the
fact
that
your
violation
of
the
contract
has
caused
us
undeserved
losses,we
re
gre
t
to
say
that
we
have
canceled
the
contract,and
we
reserve the right to claim damages.
【点评】商务信函本应措辞婉转，但如果涉及自身利益严重受损的情况，则需提出索
赔。这时利益重于 婉转礼貌。例句原文选自索赔函，期中语言平等，没有贬己尊人类
用语，其语气虽不显生硬，但也不婉转 。例句将事情的来龙去脉直接交待清楚，并提
出
己
方
的
主
张
。
译
文
很
好
地
把
握
住
了
原
文
的
强
硬
语
气
，
用
语
正
式
，
措
辞
严
厉
（
violat ion,undeserved
losses,cancel,reserve
the
right,claim
for
damages
），令人产
生一种距离感。此外，译文采用“
in
view
of
”引导一个同位语从句，还使用了套语
“
we regret to say that...
”和“
we reserve the right to claim for...
”，同样给人以拒
人于千里之外的感觉


【原文】鉴于你方违约造成我方不应有的损失，我方很遗憾地撤销此约，并保留对我
方损失的索赔权。



【
译
文
】
In
view
of
the
fact
that
your
violation
of
the
contract
has
caused
us
undeserved
losses,we
re
gre
t
to
say
that
we
have
canceled
the
contract,and
we
reserve the right to claim damages.

【原文】天香楼特聘香港六大名厨，精心为您提供中华五千年来千变万化的养颜补品、
粤式饭菜、港式点心及特价套餐，色香味俱全，丰俭由人！





【译文】
At Tian Hsiang Restaurant,we have engaged six celebrated chefs from Hong
Kong,preparing
Chinese
cuisines
of
all
kinds,including
Cantonese
delicacies
,Hong
Kong
style
Tim
Sum
or
specially
priced
set
meals---all
looking
attractive,smelling
inviting
and
tasting
less
of
your
preference
,you
can
always
find
something to your liking here.

【点评】商务
翻译
同文学翻译一样，根据行文需要而进行增益和省译是常见现象。在
增益方面，汉语 原文说“天香楼特聘香港六大名厨”毫无语言问题，但如果直译成英
文就会出现搭配不当的问题，因此， 英译文先将“天香楼”译为地点状语
At
Tian
Hsiang
Res taurant
，然后增加主语“
we
”，这样行文就通顺了。对于“香港六大名厨”，英译文做了渲染，增加了比较详细的信息，将其译为“
six
celebrated
chefs
from
Hong
Kon g
”，这对于促销的目的的实现非常有效。而对于原文中“精心为您提
供中华五千年来千变万化 的养颜补品”这种笼统而又有些夸张的表达，英译文省略不
译，这符合
商务英语
中语言 重视平实的特点。对于“色香味俱全”，英译文以“
all
looking attractive,smelling inviting and tasting delicious
”来翻译，较好地传达了原文
的意思。而“丰俭由人”则另起一句，翻译为“
Rega rdless
of
your
preference,you
can always find something to your liking here
”。



【原文】相信贵方会按期发货，因迟误势必会给我们造成很大不便和经济损失。




【
译
文
】
We
trust
you
will
see
to
it
that
the
order
is
shipped
within
the
stipulated
time,as
any
delay
would
cause
us
no
little
inconvience
and
financial
loss.
【点评】措辞婉转是商务交往中常用的修辞手法，它往往能给商务交际带来出奇制 胜
的效果。本例中，将“相信”译为“
trust
”要远比译为“
belie ve
”好，因为前者所表
示的信任感比后者强很多，同时也能给对方非常良好的感觉。“很大不 便”如果直译
就是“
gre
at inconvience
”，但本例中将其译为“
no little inconvienc e
”这一双重否定
短语。虽然绕了一个弯子，但措辞比较柔和，更容易让人接受。通过本例可以 折射
出
国
际商务领域既严格又灵活的语言运用规律，商海如战场是指激烈而无情的竞争 ，但
商务交际中的语言交流很讲究圆滑和礼节。讨伐式的或火药味十足的语言表达无助于
开展国 际商务交往。因此，作为译者，在进行汉英商务
翻译
时，应该斟酌选词，尽量
把原文中 唐突、鲁莽的词语翻译成柔和、婉转、礼貌的英语表达形式。请牢记一点：
在商务语言交际中，婉转的表 达比强硬的措辞更具威力。


【原文】如能速报你方产品最低价，我方将不胜感激。





【译文】
We
shall
be
obliged
if
you
will
quote
us
the
rock-bottom
prices
for
your
products at your earliest convenience .
（邵志洪，
2005
：
317
，有改动）

【点评】“我方将不胜感激”还可以
翻译
成“
We
shall
be
grateful/thankful
”或“
It
would be appreciated if ...
”或“
We should appreciate it if ...
”。这些都是商务信函
中常用的表 达，既非常正式，又非常有礼貌。再比如：如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，
不
胜
感
激
。
（
It
would
be
appreciated
if
samples
and/or
a
brochure
could
be
forwarded to us soon.
）



【原文】企业要重视职员的能力、 创造力、智慧潜力的充分发挥，为他们创造公平竞
争的工作环境，搞好企业人员的培训，激发企业员工的 积极性，让每个人都能人尽其
材。




【
译
文
】
Business
should
give
prominence
to
the
full
use
of
employees'
capabilities
,creativity
and
wisdom
potential
,trying
to
create
a
working
environment
with
fair
competition,doing
well
in
the
training
of
employees,
arousing
the
empolyees'
enthusiasm
about
work
and
making
the
best
possible use of every employee.
【点评】“重视”是一个常用的词语，其英语对应表达可以是
highly
regard
，
attach
importance
to
，
think
much
of
等，但这些表达都无法同“充分发挥”的英文对应语
the
full
play
搭配，因此需要另外寻找一个表达形式以便和
the
full
play
搭配起来。英
语中的
give prominence to
正好可以同
the full use of
搭配。由此可见，词语的选择要
考虑该词语的前后搭配。


【原文 】“天山”牌羊绒衫具有色泽鲜艳，手感柔滑，穿着舒适，轻便保暖等特点。
由于该产品质地优良，做工 精细，花型、款式新颖，尺码齐全，受到国外消费者的热
烈欢迎。





【
译
文
】

brand
cashmere
sweaters,characterized
by
their
bright
colors,soft
feel
and
light
weight,are
warm
and
comfortable
to

to/Because of their fine quality,excellent
workmanship
,novel designs and styles and
complete range of sizes,they have gained popularity with
consumers
abroad.
【点评】 汉语中的四字短语读起来铿锵有力，节奏优美，他们的使用是汉语的一大特
点，但汉语中的四字短语会呈 现不同的结构，如主谓结构、动宾结构、偏正结构等。
本例中的“色彩鲜艳”、“手感柔滑”、“穿着舒 适”便是主谓结构，但英译文将它
们分别译成了“
bright
colors
”、“
soft
feel
”和“
light
weight
”，这种结构属于汉语
中的偏正结构，即形容词修饰中心名词，这样翻译 是为了英语的行文需要而做的改变，
因为这里英译文“
characterized
” 之后需要接名词短语。


【原文】公司上下将齐心协力，努力使公司发展成为具有国 际竞争力的高科技企业集
团。




【译文】
The management together with the rank and our company is determined
to
make
consorted
efforts
to
foster
the
business
to
grow
into
a
high-tech
focused
conglomerate
with a competitive edge on the international market. 【点评】这里原文中有“上下”二字，到底如何
翻译
这个“上”字呢？“上”当然指
的是管理层了。人们常说的“管理人员”常被译成“
managerial
staff”，但实际上，
英语里更多见的是用
management
staff
或 干脆使用
management
更简洁明了，只是
商
务英语
翻译中可 以效法的。比如：高层管理人员（
senior/top
management
），中层管
理人员（
middle management
），基层管理人员（
junior management
）。同样，“国
际竞争力”通常被译为“
with
international
competitiveness
”。“企业集团”是
conglomerate
—
—
a
corporation
that
has
diversified
its
operations
usually
by
acquiring
enterprises
in
widely
varied
industries
。“公司上下”可以是
management
and
staff
，但最好说
the management together with the rank and file
。“发展成为”
用
foster
（比如
foster the local industry
）一词比较合适。
















【原文】他们以外商为对象，通过各种形式，调查研究国外市场的需求情况及他们 对
我出口商品的反应，从而弄清我出口商品哪些可以发展，哪些宜控制，哪些该提高质
量、增加 花色品种、改进包装装潢及如何扩大推销等，并制定计划，拟定措施，使我
国生产出更多的适销对路的出 口商品，换取更多的外汇。









【
译
文
】
Through
contacts
with
overseas
businessmen,Chinese
companies
can
conduct
overseas
market

will
help
them
to
understand
which
commodities
to
produce
and
in
what
quantity,as
well
as
which
products
to
improve
in
terms
of

will
also
find
out
how
to
increase
their
range
of
products
and
how
to
improve
the
packaging
of
their

these
will
no
doubt help promote China's export trade
【点评】任何
翻译
都 要涉及两种语言，所涉及的两种语言在表达方式上不可能完全一
样，比如，有时源语（
the
source
language
）将细节充分明示出来，但如果译语也以
同 样的明示方式传达原文信息就不简洁，此时就需要在译文中做暗示处理。对于“以
外
商
为
对
象
，
通
过
各
种
形
式
”
，
英
译
文
以
一
介
词
短
语
“
Through
contacts
with
overseas
businessmen
”就足以传达原文的含义，其中“
contacts
”一词中的复数“
-s
”
传达出了“通过各种形式”的含 义。此外，原文第一个分句的谓语部分“调查研究国
外市场的需求情况及他们对我出口商品的反应”在英 译文中以“
conduct
overseas
market
surve ys
”即可简要再现原文之含义。原文中“从而弄清”在英译文中以“
This
will help them understand ...
”既充分传达出原文的含义， 又起到承上启下的作用。对
于“如何扩大推销等，并指定计划，拟定措施”这些不太重要的信息，英译文 予以省
略。而对于原文最后一句“使我国生产出更多的适销对路的出口商品，换取更多的外
汇” ，英译文做了简化处理，将此句意译成“
All
these
will
no
doubt
help
promote
China's export trade
”

【原文】我们愿意一如既往地与各国贸易界的朋友们， 在平等互利的基础上继续真诚
合作，为我国粮油食品进出口业务和整个对外贸易事业的发展作出贡献。< br>




【译文】
We
will
continue,as
usual,to
cooperate
sincerely
with
our
friends
on
the
basis
of
equality
and
mutual
benefit,so
that
we
can
contribute
more
to
the
export
of
cereals
,oils and
foodstuffs
as well as China's foreign trade as a whole.

【点评】角色转换在
翻译
中至关重要。所谓“角色转换”是指在翻译过程中，要充分< br>考虑到译文的目标读者，然后再从目标读者阅读译文的角度来行文，这时，译文的有
些字眼就不能 以通常的方式进行表达，需要换一种方式。本例汉语原文中的“我国”
如果以通常的方式进行表达就是“
our
country
”，但如果以这种方式进行翻译就会令
读者莫名其妙 ，这里的英译文从目标读者的角度出发，以“
China
”译出，充分考虑到
译文读者 的视角，为充分传达原文信息铺平了道路。



【原文】内地的改革开放促 进了于港澳地区的经济关系，除了贸易外，还在相互的资
金、生产和技术合作与交流规模上不断扩大和深 化，使得两地经济联系突破传统的贸
易单一格局，呈现出多元化发展的趋势。



【译文】
The
open-up
policy
and
reforms
adopted
in
the
Chinese
mainland
have
spurred
its
economic
links
with
Hong
Kong
and

links
have
been
strengthened through the introduction of capital and technology transfer,which is a
breakthrough in the traditional trading relationship.

【点评】衔接对语篇的连贯起重要作用，
翻译时不可不注意句与句之间的衔接。衔接
可依靠词汇手段和句法手段来进行，词汇手段包括词语的重复 、指代、省略、替代等。
本例中汉语原文包含两层意思，第一层意思是内地的改革开放对大陆与港澳地区 经济
关系的促进，英译文以一句译出，将“
theeconomic
links”作谓语动词“
spur
”的宾
语。在翻译第二层意思时，译文承上启下，以重复 “
These
links
”的办法将第二句同
第一句密切地衔接起来，使得 译文前后贯通，过度自然。

201605
学术英语翻译作业

汉译英

选择
P1
、
P3
，或
P2
、
P4
（打印在一页纸上）

P 1
教育孩子懂礼貌、谦虚和忍让是父母的责任。 作为父母的最重要的一项责任就是向其
子女传授正直、正派、尊重他人的价值观。但是，老师和学校管理 者绝不应成为伦理
道德的旁观者。假如我们希望实现我们学校的宗旨，不仅教育学生，而且要鼓励他们< br>实现每个人的自身价值。我们就绝不能放弃把本校建设成为一个道德社会的理想。在
这里人人均须 以礼待人、容忍他人的不同意见。






English Translation
It's
parents'
duty
to
educate
children
to
be
polite,
modest
and
tolerant.
One
of
the
most
important responsibilities for parents is that imparting to their children the values of integrity,
decency and respect others. But teachers and school administrators should never be the ethical
bystander. Our school aims not only to educate students, but also encourage them to achieve
the
value
of
themselves.
If
we
want
to
achieve
our
aim,
we
can
not
give
up
the
ideal
of
building the school into a moral ideal of the society. Everyone here must be polite to others
and tolerate others' different opinions.












P 3
文学的工具是语言文字。我们第一须认识语言文字，其次须有运 用语言文字的技巧。
这事看似很容易，因为一般人日常都在运用语言文字；但实际上是极难的，因为文学
要用平常的语言文字产生不平常的效果。文学家对于语言文字的了解，必须比一般人
较精确，然 后可以运用自如。他必须懂得字的形声字的组织以及音义与组织对于读者
所产生的影响。这要包含文学、 逻辑学、文法、美学和心理各种知识。……一个人想做
出第一流文学作品，别的条件不用说，单说语文研 究一项，他必须具有深厚的修养，
他必须达到有话都可以说出而且说得好的程度。










English Translation
Language is the tool of literary. Firstly, we must know the language. And then, we need the
skill to use it. It seems to be easy for the reason that all people use language in daily life. In
fact,
it
is
quite
difficult
as
the
result
of
that
literary
needs
to
use
common
language
make
unusual effect. Litterateurs' understanding of word must be more accurate than everyman, so
they
can
have
a
perfect
command
of
it.
He
must
know
not
only
about
the
organization
of
phonological
symbol
but
also
the
effect
of
pronunciation,
meaning
and
organizations
to
readers. To achieve this goal, they need knowledge that includes literature, logic, grammar,
aesthetics
and
psychology……If
a
person
would
like
to
make
a
first
-class
literary
works,
other
conditions,
needless
to
say,
only
said
a
language
research
item.
He
must
have
a
profound culture. What's more, he has to achieve the degree that he has something to say and
his word is meaningful.








Unit 1

发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可 以确保你的想法是关联的，你
的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲你可以采 用两种提
纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。






Outlines are essential to effective outlining, you make sure that related
ideas
are
together,
that
your
thoughts
flow
from
one
to
another,
and
that
the
structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for
your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.

在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目 的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和
次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在 你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。
发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采 用准备提
纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。





In
a
preparation
outline,
you
should
state
your
specific
purpose
and
central
idea,
and
identify
main
points
and
sub--points
using
a
consistent
pattern.
The
speaking
outline
should
consist
of
brief
notes
to
help
you
while
you
deliver
the
speech.
It
should
contain
key
words
or
phrases
to
bolster
your
memory.
In
making
up
your
speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline.
Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.
当你发表学术演讲时，首 先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，
层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清 晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。
最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示 尊重，另一方面，
你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。






Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of al, get well prepared
for
it.
Then,
you
should
make
your
major
points
clear
in
your
speech,
and
your
speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and
your
language
should
be
explicit.
Don
’
t
always
read
the
notes
you
prepared
beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you
can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to
go on with your speech more smoothly.


Unit2

能 源和人类利益有着双重关系，人力历史发展长河中，由于利用能源成本低廉，人
们主要关注能源和人类安 康关系中有利的一面，然而，过去一百年来人口以空前速度
增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工 业能源需求亦急剧增长，因此，能源利
用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能 源资源加速减少，
能源供应所需投入越来越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢更加令人忧虑，原因< br>是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军
事冲突。





Energy
has
a
dual
relationship
with
human

most
of
human
history,man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy
－
well-
being
equation
thank
to
the
low
costs
involved
in
energy
r,with
the
staggering
scale
of
energy
demand
brought
forth
by
100
years
of
unprecedented
population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand
of industrial energy forms,energy entails increasingly higher costs,both external and
the one hand,energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed
and energy supply requires higher the other hand,the external costs seem
more
worrisome
because
energy
use
poses
serious
threats
to
public
health
and
safety,keeps
disrupting
the
global
ecosystem,and
may
trigger
large- scale
military
conflict.



以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原因是许多非环境
因素实际上同 环境因素相互交织在一起。比如，造成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管
理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以 及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国，过去
20
年
中由于环境影响，石油产品供应的 资金成本至少上升了
25%
，而火电和核电生产的资
金成本则上升了
40%< br>，甚至更多。

It is difficult to quantify the total contribution of all these factors to the monetary
costs
of energy
supply, in
part
because
factors not
related
to
the
environment
are
often
entwined
with
environmental
ones.
For
example,
construction
delays
have
been caused not just by regulatory constraints but also by problems of engineering,
management
and
quality
control.
Nevertheless,
in
the
US,
environmental
impacts
have increased
the
monetary
costs of supplying
petroleum
products
by at
least
25
percent
during
the
past
20
years,
and
the
costs
of generating
electricity
from
coal
and nuclear power by 40 percent or more.


Unit 3
在感恩节的周末，
24
小时内发生了
2< br>起车祸，撞死了
3
个人，使得过去两周里斯普林
菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升 到
6
人。



Two fatal wrecks in less than a 24-hour period over the Thanksgiving weekend
kolled three
people,
bringing to six
the
numbei of death in
the
past
two
weeks on
Springfield city streets.
本年度还剩下最后一个月，在斯普 林菲尔德至少有
17
人死于车祸，其中包括上周在
44
号洲际公路上撞死的来 自芝加哥的一家三口。



With
one
month
left
in
the
year,
at
least
17
people
have
been
killed
in
fatality
accidents in Springfield, including the three members of a Chicago family who died
the weekend before on interstate 44.



周日，斯普林菲尔德的一对夫妇，< br>58
岁的乔恩鲍尔和
59
岁的詹尼特。鲍尔在南格林
斯顿大道的
2400
街区被车撞死。



On Sunday, springfield husband and wife Jon Bauer, 58, and Juanita Bauer, 59,
died in the 2400 block of South Glenstone Avenue.
据警察讲述，上午十点左右，乔恩鲍尔南行的2001
现代圣达菲擦边撞上了一辆同样往
南开的
1995
年生产的克莱 斯勒斯柔斯，司机是
27
岁的查德。罗德，来自阿肯色州的
山居。



According to police ,Jon Bauer
’
s southbound 2001 Hyundai Santa Fe sideswiped a
1995
Chrysler
Cirrus
,also
heading
southbound
,
driven
by
Chadd
Rohde,27
,of
Mountain Home , Ark, at around 10:30a.m .
乔恩。鲍尔的车继续南行，撞在斯普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上，有撞上了一根公用
电线杆。



Jon
Bauer
’
s
vehicle
continued
south
and
struck
a
brick
wall
and
utility
pole
at
Springfield Nationgal Cemetry.
斯普林菲尔德消防队把这对夫妻从车里拉出来，詹特妮。鲍尔 被当场宣布死亡，乔恩。
鲍尔不省人事，被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心，之后也被宣布死亡。



The
Springfield
Fire
Department
extracted
the
couple
from
the
vehicle .Juanita
Bauer
was
pronounced
dead
at
the
scene.
Jon
Bauer,who
wan
unconscious,
was
transported
to

’
s
Regional
Medical
Center,
where
he
was
later
pronounced
dead.
警察在调查现场时交通被关闭了四小时。



Traffic was shut down for four hours as police investigated the crash.

美国的研究人员使用了一种模拟驾驶 器，观察
40
名志愿者分别在手持手机通话驾驶、
酒后驾驶以及专心驾驶的过程。结果 显示：共有三名志愿者发生追尾事故，司机当时
均在打手机状态下。研究发现：无论手机是否处于免提状 态，司机在通话状态下会放
慢车速。此外，采取刹车措施的反应速度也会减慢
9%
，二 刹车后加速的速度又会减
慢
19%
。

Using
a
driving
simulator,
some
US
researchers
studied
the
driving
of
40
people.
Some of them drove while talking on a cell phone, others navigated while drunk, and
others drove with no such distractions or impairments. The results showed that there
were
three
accidents
in
which
the
drivers
were
talking
on
cell
phones--all
of
them
involving
a
rear-ending.
The
research
has
found
that
those
talking
on
the
phone
while
driving
are
more
sluggish.
In
addition,
talking
on
the
cell
phone
can
reduce
reaction time by 9 percent in terms of braking and 19 percent in terms of picking up
speed after braking.



Unit 4
或许正是我们的男女社会观念加深了女人比男人话多这一 模式化印象，甚至导致这些
不同沟通方式的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴，她或许会被认为 是话多，
或许会为此受到批评，因为我们的文化——还有其他许多文化——如此教导女性；她
们 如果想要有女人味就必须文静，或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并更经常打
断谈话，而且健谈和频 繁打断话头的男性不会为此受到批评。研究性别对交流所产生
的作用的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方 面的这些差异进行研究，以便了解在男女
对话中为什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风 格和方式存在极大的
差异。为了能学会更好地和异性交流，我们有必要认识这些差异。



Perhaps
it
is
our
social
concept
of
what
is
feminine
and
what
is
masculine
that
reinforces
the
stereotype
that
women
talk
more
than
men,
and
even
causes
these
different
patterns
of
communication.
Maybe
a
woman
is
labeled
talkative
or
is
criticized for interrupting if she does it at all, because our culture--as well as many
other
cultures--teaches
that
women
should
be
quiet
if
they
want
to
be
“
feminine.
”

Perhaps
masculine
culture
encourages
boys
and
men
to
dominate
talk
and
to
interrupt more often, and males who talk a lot and interrupt often are not criticized
for
doing
so.
These
differences
in
the
patterns
of
communication
and
styles
of
communicating
are
studied
by
experts
who
study
the
effects
of
gender
on
communication.
They
study
these
effects
in
order
to
understand
why
misunderstandings
occur
between
men
and
women
in
conversation.
Often,
it
’
s
because their styles and patterns of conersation are so different. It is important that
we learn to recognize these differences so that we can learn to communicate better
with people of the other gender.

Deborah
T annen
在她的畅销书《你就是不明白》中指出：虽然美国男孩和女孩经
常在一起玩，但大多 数时间他们都是在各自的同性别小组里玩耍。她还指出：虽然男
孩和女孩确实在一起玩某些游戏，但他们 最喜欢的游戏常常是不一样的。
Tanen
和其
他这方面的研究人员发现，男孩（比如
8
至
12
岁的男孩）喜欢在室外而不是室内玩耍，
而且他们是在有等 级结构的大组中玩耍。这帮男孩中通常会有一个孩子头，他告诉别
的男孩做什么、怎么做。正是通过发号 施令和让其他男孩按规则游戏，男孩子们在他
们的玩伴那里获得更高度更重要的地位。








In her best-selling book You Just Don
’
t Understand,Deborah Tannen points out that,
although American boys and girls often play together, they spend most of their time
playing
in
same-sex
groups.
She
also
points
out
that
boys
and
girls
do
play
some
games together, but their favorite games are very often quite different. Tannen and
other researchers on this topic have found that young boys, say ages 8 through 12,
tend
to
play
outside
the
house
rather
than
in
the
house,
and
they
play
in
large
groups that are hiererchically srtuctured. A group of boys generally has a leader who
tells the other boys what to do and how to do it. It is by giving orders and making
the other boys play by the rules that boys achieve higher or more dominant status in
their play group.








Unit 5
当前是一个 信息即时交流的时代，要想掩盖恶行越来越难，因为眼下私人密探、走漏
政府内部消息的人、愤愤不平的 竞争对手以及那些刨根问底的记者们都会把那些贪污
腐败的官员和奸商暴露出来，由于腐化堕落会断送事 业前程，所以曝光是一种重要的
威慑力量。仅去年一年，被丑闻拉下台的就有乌克兰总理、南非副总统、 巴西执政党
领袖、肯尼亚政府的几名地位显赫的部长以及美国众议院多数党领袖。但是确保腐败
丑闻不会像色情电视剧那样重复上演，就必须进行系统的变革。








In
this
age
of
instantaneous
communications,
it
has
become
harder
to
hide
wrongdoings:corrupt
officials
and
business
people
are
now
exposed
by
private
whistleblowers, government leaks, aggrieved competitors, and investigative reporters.
Publicity is an important deterrent because corruption can terminate careers. During
the past year alone, scandals have brought down the prime minister of the Ukraine,
the deputy president of South Africa, the leader of Brazil
’
s ruling party, key Kenyan
government ministers, and the majority leader of the U.S. House of Representatives.
But
systematic
changes
are
necessary
to
ensure
that
corruption
scandals
stop
repeating themselves like prurient TV show reruns.
领导层的变革在诸如世界银行、经济合作与发展组织、联合国、透明国际以 及国际
商会的呢过和总店机构已经展开或者即将展开。改革后的新领导班子应该与非政府组
织以 及其他重要机构（如出口信贷机构、国际执法部门等）领导人携手合作，以便制
订全面的反腐战略，就近 期和中期行动达成共识。





Leadership changes have occurred or are about to occur in key entities: the World
Bank, the OECD, the UN, Transparency International, and the International Chamber
of Commerce. The resulting set of new leaders should get together with NGOs and
leaders
from
other
key
organizations,
such
as
export-credit
entities
and
internationgal law-enforcement agencies, to map out a broad anticorruption strategy
and develop a consensus for near-term and middle-term action.
Unit1
1.

他解释说，成功不过是自己对艺术的执着追求和运气罢了。（
nothing
more
than
）

Success
，
as
he
explained
，
was
nothing
more
than
a
consistent
pursuit
of
art
and
good luck.
2.
这个新产品得益于生物学与医学的交叉研究。（
at the crossroads between
）

The
new
product
has
benefited
from
research
work
at
the
crossroads
between
biological and medical studies.
3.
他的观点与那位伟大哲学家的思想惊人地相似，但他 声称从未听说过其观点。
（
echo
）

It
was
amazing
that
his
idea
well
echoed
the
great
philosopher's
belief
，
which
he
claimed not to have heard about before.
4.
队员们进行了为期一个月的紧张训 练，充分做好了准备，以应对可能发生的各种突
发情况。（
prepare...well for
）

The one-month in tense training problem prepared the team members well for the
possible emergencies.
5.
那位环保人士所做的演讲生动有力，给现场观众留下了深刻的印象。（
be impressed
with
）

The
audience
was
deeply
impressed
with
the
vigor
and
power
of
the
speech
delivered by the environmentalist.
6.
这次旅行将为你提供一个难得的体验不同生活方式的机会。（
sample
）

This
travelling
experience
will
provide
you
with
a
rare
opportunity
to
sample
a
different way of life.
7.
充分利用有限时间是适应快节奏现代生活的必备技能之一。（
use
time
to
its
fullest
potential
）

Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the required skills in adapting
to the fast-paoed modern life.
8.
机器人正在被越来越多的国家用来应对各种问题。（
bring...to bear on
）

More and more counties are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.
9.
这些学生从小就得到鼓励，去追求自己广泛的兴趣，而不受传统教育观念中“乖学
生”理念的束缚。（
boundless...beyond...boundaries
）< br>
These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless
interests well beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning.






Unit 2
1.
按照很多报告，特别是来自乡村地区的报告，形式还是很乐观的。

（
in
the
light
of
）

Things
seem
highly
optimistic
in
the
light
of
numerous
reports,
especially
from
country districts.
2.
城市化应该得到适当地控制，我赞成这样的观点

。
(in favor of )
I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly.
3.
我开始慢慢明白，我仍然热爱我所做的一切。（
dawn on
）

Something slowly began to dawn on me
—
I still loved what I did.
4.
我的电脑不能工作了，可能是一些病毒使电脑瘫痪了。（
be rendered
）

My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses.
5.
专家们正在研究所讨论的方案，他们会给出解答的。（
in
question,
come
to
an
answer
）

Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’
ll come to an answer.
6.
一个全国统一的课程从逻辑上是与以学生为中心的学习格格不入的。（< br>incompatible
with
）

A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning.
7.
许多女性获得了事业上的成功，却牺牲了她们的婚姻生活。
(at the price of)
For many women success is often achieved at the price of their marriage life.
8.
我作了多次尝试，最后才成功考入了一个重点大学。
(attempt)
Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university.
9.
很有可能明天会转晴。（
there is a chance that
）

There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.


Unit 3
1.
然而，大多数美国人对中国和中国人民是否有正确的了解，这一点并不能确定。
（
questionable
）

However,it is rather questionable whether the majority of American know the truth
about China and Chinese people.
2.
所有这些信息可以通过简单的图表来传达。（
convey
）

All this information can be conveyed by simple graphs.
3.
让我们的孩子把这一教训融入到他们对世界的看法中很重要。（
absorb
）

It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world.
4.
这是我们所有人都应该牢记在心的教训。（
heart
）

It's a lesson that all of us should take to heart.
5.
许多发明是起源于中国的，我们不应忽视这个事实。（
sight
）

We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China.
6.我们大多数人想当然地认为技术是经济发展的最闪耀的亮点。（
granted
）

Many
of
us
take
it
for
granted
that
technology
is
the
top
priority
in
economic
development.
7.
怎么能在正确的地点与合适的时间拥有恰到好处的资料？（
how was it that
）

How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?
8.
最能说明高等教育重要性的是许多大学生成为各个领域的领军人物。（
no
better
illustration
）

I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the
fact that many university graduates have become the leaders in various fields.
9.
人们要求增加工资既是为了更多的钱，也是为了他们的成功获得认可。（
as
much
…
as
）

The demand for a raise reflects as much a desire for the recognition of their success
as for more money.




Unit 4
1.
空 气质量的最新报告结果让人担忧，报告让我们看到了严峻的空气污染问题。
(present to
）

The recent report on air quality is alarming,which has presented a severe problem of
air pollution to us.
2.
他对宇宙结构的看法给不同 领域的研究均带来了巨大影响，该观点是在其最著名的
书中提出的。
(as contained in)
His
idea
on
the
structure
of
the
universe,as
contained
in
his
best-known
book,has
had great influence on various fields of study.
3.
只有给予全球性广泛关注，污染问题才可能得以解决。
(there
is
no
solution
to
…

except)
There is no solution to the pollution problem except ensuring global attention on the
issue.
4.
据报道，全球变暖趋势已对许多物种造成了威胁。
(report)
Global warming is reported to have posed a great threat to many species.
5.
这个化学反应十分剧烈 ，需在催化剂
(catalyst)
和高温作用下才能进行。
(be
made
possible by)
This
chemical
reaction,made
possible
by
the
catalyst
and
high
temperature,is
very
violent.
6.
专家正在努力解决现存问题，期待不久将会有更好的产品问世。
(except)
A
better
design
is
to
be
expected
as
experts
are
working
hard
on
the
remaining
problems.
7.
从现实的角度看，比起读大学，自主创业的机遇对他更具吸引力。
(as
seen
from
…

viewpoint)
The opportunity to start his own business is more attractive to him than entering a
college,as seen from the practical viewpoint.
8.
这一理论的提出最初是受到了爱因斯坦所发现的质能关系的启发。
(give
insight
into
…
)
Einstein’s
discovery
of the
relationship
between
mass
and
energy
gave
the
original
insight into this theory.
9.
这一理论让我们回归本文开头提出的问题：如何给科学发明下一个定义，怎样为科
学发明在现代社会中发挥的作用做出合理评价。
(return)
This conclusion makes us return to the questions that we started the essay with----
how to define scientific inventions,and hoe to give a valid evaluation as to the role
they play in modern society.

11,
这个周末你有什么特别的事情要做吗？要是没有的话，你 愿意跟我们一起去野炊、
烧烤
......
吗？



Do you have anything special to do this weekend? If not, would you like to have a
picnic,BBQ with us?
12,
你很注重自己的外表吗？为什么？



Do you care about your appearance? Why?
13,
互联网有什么样的优势和劣势？



What are the advantages and disadvantages of the internet?
14,
你跟傲慢的人相处得来吗
?
为什么？



Do you get along well with arrogant people? Why?
15,
我们通过做什么能够减少污染？不乱扔垃圾、控制车数量
......


What
can
we
do
to
reduce
pollution?
Don't
throw
rubbish
everywhere,
control
the
number of cars.
16,
国庆假期你是怎么过的？去哪了？玩得开心吗？



How did you spend the National Day holiday? Where did you go? Did you have fun?

17,
你知道她体型为什么走样了吗？因为她吃了太多的垃圾食品。



Do you know why she is out of shape?
Bec
ause she eats too much junk food.
18,
“不要以貌取人。”你同意这个观点吗？



Don't judge a person by his/her appearance, do you a
gre
e?
19,
中学生有必要使用手机吗？为什么？



Is it necessary for high school students do have a mobile phone? Why?
20,
赶时髦并不重要，重要的是要有自己的风格？你同意吗？



Following
fashion
is
not
important.
It's
important
to
have
your
own
style?do
you
agree?
1
你对生活、工作、金钱、婚前同居所持的态度是什么？



What's your attitude to life,work,money,living together before marriage? 2
2
你经常化妆吗？你经常用香水吗？为什么？在一些特殊场合我就会化妆、用香水，
比 如
......


Do
you
always
wear
makeup?
Do
you
always
wear
perfume?
Why?
I
wear
makeup,perfume on some special occasions.