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英语句子成分
定义
：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；
主要成分：
主语和谓语
次要成分：
表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
主语
：句子的主体
Students study English.
Smoking is bad for health.
What he has said is true.
从句做主语（主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
（
It
是形式主语，从句
that...tree
才
是真正主语）（主语从句）
练习：划出句中主语
The sun rises in the east.
Twenty years is a short time in history.
The poor are now living in the shelter.
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
What he needs is a book.
谓语：
动词或者动词词组
1
、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
Students study English
2
、复合谓语：
（
1
）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：
He can speak English.
He has caught a bad cold.
（
2
）由系动词加表语构成。
如：
We are students.
练习：选出下列句子中的谓语
I don't like the picture on the wall.
I usually go to school by bus.
Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
What I want to tell you is this.
We had better send for a doctor.
He is interested in music.
He can speak English well.
1
表语：
系动词后面的成分
名词作表语
I am a student.
My father is a teacher.
形容词作表语
This table is long.
You look young.
It gets cold.
It sounds interesting.
副词作表语
Everyone is here.
介词短语作表语
They are in the park.
不定式作表语
My job is to teach them English.
动名词作表语
Her job is training the nurses.
从句作表语（表语从句）
That is
why he didn’t come to school yesterday
.
系动词
：
(1)
状态
:
be
动词
(2)
持续：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度
,
主要有
keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand
.
(3)
表像：表示“看起来好像”
,
主要有
seem, appear,look
(4)
感官：
表示
“……起 来”
,
有
feel
（
摸起来
,
感觉）
,s mell
（
闻起来）
,sound
（听起来）
,taste
（尝起来
,
吃起来）
等
(5)
变化：表示主语变成什么样
,
主要有
become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run
(6)
终止：主要有
prove, turn out
（结果是
,
证明是）等
.
如：
His story proved false.
他讲的情况原来是假的
.
My intuition turned out to be correct.
我的直觉证明是对的
.
练习：划出句中表语
The speech is exciting.
They seem to know the truth.
Time is precious.
I
’
m tired today.
That remains a puzzle.
I don
’
t feel sad.
That
’
s why he came here.
宾语：
动作承受者
名
/
代词作宾语
He never forgives others.
He often helps me.
不定式作宾语
He likes to sleep in the open air.
动名词作宾语
The Americans enjoyed living in China.
从句做宾语（宾语从句）
I believe that they can finish the work in time.
We found it necessary to study English.
（
it
形式宾语，
to do
是真正宾语）
宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语
.
直接宾语指物
,
间接宾语指人
.
Please pass me the book.
（
me
是间接宾语，
the book
是直接宾语）
练习：划出句中宾语
Show your passport, please.
She didn't say anything.
How many do you want? - I want two.
They sent the injured to hospital.
They asked to see my passport.
I enjoy working with you.
2
Did you write down what he said?
I succeeded in passing the exam.
宾语补足语：
有些及物动词除了有一 个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能
使句子的意义完整，
否则就不完整。
宾 补主要用来说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足。
I found the book interesting.
I make my students intertested in my class.
She asked me to lend her a hand.
We made him monitor in our class.
We found him in trouble now.
We found it necessary to study English.
（
it
形式宾语，
to do
是真正宾语
necessary
是宾补）
练习：划出句中宾补
She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
He asks her to take the boy out of school.
She find it difficult to do the work.
They call me Lily sometimes.
I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
注：
直接宾语和宾补的区分：
前面 宾语和宾补有主谓逻辑关系，
而间接宾语和直接宾语没有
主谓逻辑关系，例如
1.
We made him monitor in our class. < br>我们选他做我们班的班长。
（宾语
him
与
monitor
是 主
谓关系
He is monitor
他是班长，所以这里
monitor
是宾补）
2.
He bought his girlfriend some flowers.
他买给他女朋友一些花。
（
宾语
his girlfriend
与
some
flowers
没有逻辑关系，不能说“他女朋友是花”所以
some flowers
是直接宾语）
定语：
用来修饰名词或代词的成分
形容词作定语
The black bike is mine.
代词作定语
What’s
your name?
名词作定语
They made some paper flowers.
介词短语作定语
The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.
不定式作短语
I have lots of homework to do
从句作定语
（定语从句）
The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.
练习：划出句中定语
He is a clever boy.
There are 54 students in our class.
Do you know Betty
’
s sister?.
There is a sleeping baby in bed.
His spoken language is good.
The girl in red is his sister.
We have a lot of work to do.
The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.
Do you know the man who spoke just now?
3
同位语：
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等 位置时
,
一个成分用来说明或解释另一个
成分。
下面例句中黑体和横线部分互 为同位语。
其中前项与后项所指内容相同
,
句法功能
（即
在句中作主谓宾等成分）也相同，并常常紧挨在一起。
We have
two children
, a boy and a girl.
我们有两个孩子
,
一男一女。（都在句中作宾语）
We young people
should respect the old.
我们年轻人应该尊敬老人。（都在句中作主语）
They
all wanted to see him.
他们都想见他
.
（都在句中作主语）
Let
’s
you and me go to work, Oliver.
咱们俩去工作吧
.
（都在句中作主语）
Are
you
two ready?
你们俩准备好了吗
?
（都在句中作主语）
The
news
that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
明天放假的消息不确
.
（都在句中作主语）（同位语从句）
练习：找出句中互为同位语的成分，并指出它们在句中的句法功能
, John's mother is a kind lady.
Word came that her husband was killed in an accident.
I am sorry to hear the news that his grandfather is dead.
状语
:
按用途可分为
时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条 件、让步、程度、方式、
伴随
等
(1).
时间状语
Shall we do the shopping today ?
(2).
地点状语
There are plenty of fish in the sea.
(3).
原因状语
I eat potatoes because I like them.
(4).
结果状语
She spoke so softly that I
couldn’t hear what she said
.
(5).
目的状语
In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.
(6).
条件状语
If he were to come, what should we say to him?
(7).
让步状语
He helped me
although he didn’t know me
.
(8).
程度状语
The lecture is very interesting.
(9).
伴随状语
My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at 10.
练习：划出句中状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ W
ith the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off
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