μm考研英语阅读unit-16

2021年1月26日发(作者：nudge)
Unit 16


The shortest answer is doing.
最简单的回答就是干。


学习内容

Part A
Text 1
Text 2
Text 3
Text 4
Part B
Part C
题




材

词

数

社会生活

437
科普知识

417
商业经济

442
文化教育

420
科普知识

653
生态环境

460

建议时间

得分统计

做题备忘







/10
/10
/10
/10
/10
/10







P
art
A

Directions
：
Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C]
or [D].
Text 1
Truth
in
advertising
is
a
concept
central
to
the
American
free
market
economic
system.
According to this theory, companies that advertise their products to mass audiences must strictly
deliver on their promises, and the quality of their goods must live up to the hype put out by the
sellers. In order to examine just how important truthful advertising is, let us consider for a moment
a world in which there was no such constraint imposed upon sellers. It would be a world where
advertisers
were
free
to
exaggerate
or
even
lie
as
they
pleased,
doing
anything
to
make
their
products look great, even when it
’
s of inferior quality.
Firstly, the unreliability of the goods in question would no doubt shatter consumer confidence.
Wary
buyers
would
shop
much
less,
thus
decreasing
the
volume
of
trade
and
leading
to
a
weakened overall economy.
Further, the
market would
find itself stagnating, the lack of growth
attributable
to
the
fact
that
everyone
is
reluctant
to
buy
products
of
which
they
are
uncertain.
Without growth, no progress is achieved.
Innovation
on
all
fronts
would
suffer
as
well.
With
consumers
constantly
on
guard
against
getting ripped off, brand loyalty, would be more important than ever; Buyers would simply stick
with products that they know to be of good quality and be very hesitant to spend their money on
“riskier,”

unfamiliar
ones.
This
would
make
entry
into
the
market
by
new
sellers
or
producers
almost impossible, even if their products were of better quality than existing ones, simply because
no one would be willing to give them a try. With new players effectively barred from the game
，
we
’
re left with the same goods in the market, day after day, year after year.
In the real world, however, truth in advertising allows American consumers to trust the boasts
of producers. Thus, brand loyalty is less of an impenetrable barrier to entry. In order to enter into
the
market,
new
sellers
or
producers
would
simply
have
to
create
a
better
product
and
then
announce the fact. Those who violate the principle of truth in advertising by making false claims
of
quality
are
punished
on
two
fronts.
The
first
is
by
the
law
and
the
second,
perhaps
more
effectively, is by the buyers themselves, who will refuse to do business with the dishonest seller in
the future. Imposed by both law and market forces, the principle of truth in advertising is a useful
tool
that
allows
for
a
more
efficient,
pliable
market
poised
for
growth
and
constantly
reinvigorating
itself
with
new
producers
and
goods.
These
producers
are
constantly
competing
against one another for the right to sing the praises of their products
—
truthfully, of course.

1.
According to paragraph 1, the author

[A]
believes truthful advertising is worthy of serious study.
[B] wholly supports the concept of truthful advertising.
[C] intends to educate the reader on the effects of truthful advertising.
[D]
considers truthful advertising the most important in economic system.
2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that
[A]
economic growth guarantees
a country’s overall development
.


[B] when growth is not occurring, shoppers will buy less goods.
[C]
customers are reluctant to buy goods which are unreliable.

[D] if an economy is experiencing growth it will be a strong one.
3. The first sentence of Paragraph 4 tells us that
[A]
truthful advertising helps avoid the negative results previously mentioned.

[B]
once exaggeration and lies are avoided, truthful advertising feasibly occurs.

[C]
because of laws, the quality of a product can live up to its producer
’s boasts.

[D] in the real economy, consumers trust the boasts of producers.
4. The author would most likely agree with the principle that
[A] the boasts of consumers must be exactly accurate, no matter what.
[B]
to protect consumers, producers must not be permitted to falsely advertise
.
[C]
to avoid stagnation in the economy, truthful advertising must be enforced.

[D] truthful advertising is the best way to avoid decline of the American economy.
5. The main point of the text is that
[A] a lack of truthful advertising laws must be avoided at all costs.
[B]
the truthful advertising laws ensure the prosperity the economy.

[C]
the American economic system functions well because of truth in advertising.

[D]
the result of a lack of truthful advertising laws in the U.S. is examinable.


Text 2
Mr. Mitsuyasu Ota, the Mayor of Hirate, in western Japan,
made this week’s news columns
after imposing a one-day-a-week ban on the use of computer equipment in the t
own’s municipal
offices.
The step was taken on the grounds that young staff “mistakenly think they are working”
when
sitting
raptly
at
their
computer
screens.
At
the
same
time,
Mr.
Ota
lamented
that
“young
people are not in the habit of writing by hand any
more”.

One of the favorite arguments brought out by the opposition in technology wars is the notion
that
a
technical
short
cut
is
simultaneously
a
kind
of
mental
impoverishment,
and
that
the
man
with the pen will think and write more effectively than the man with the Compaq.
Leaving
aside
the
question
of
whether
advanced
technology
makes
you
think
less
dynamically, the idea that there should be recognizable stylistic discrepancies between the work of
pen-pushers
and
key-
tappers
shouldn’t
in
the
least
surpr
ise
us.
Historically,
literary
styles
have
always
borne
a
strong
relationship
to
the
available
technology.
The
quill
pen,
most
obviously,
allowed its owner only a certain number of words between refills, thereby encouraging all those
lengthy
Gibbonian
sentences
bristling
with
subordinate
clauses.
The
fountain
pen
—

which
allowed you to write as many words as you wanted
—
and the manual typewriter wrought further
revolutions.
It is not particularly far- fetched, for example, to suggest that the staccato, elliptical
prose of early-20th- century Modernist masters such as Hemingway derives in part from its having
been typed, rather than written down.
But what about the computer screen? What effect does that have on the elemental patterns by
which the writer downloads the words in his or her head? Without wanting to sound like Mayor
Ota, I suspect that to a certain kind of writer it is as much a hindrance as a help. A single glance at
the average bookshop will demonstrate that novels are getting longer. There are excellent aesthetic
reasons for that, of course, but there is also a technical explanation, which is to say that computers
allow you to write more words and to write them more quickly, without the restraint of having to
alter everything by hand and then rewrite.
Every so often, as a reviewer, one stumbles with a sinking heart across one of these enormous
rambling
affairs,
which,
however
assiduous
the
attentions
of
its
editor,
betrays
its
origin
as
a
screen-abetted mental show-off. Perhaps, like the municipal
employees of Mayo Ota’s Hirate,
we
should all try banning computers one day a week.
6. According to the author, new writing instrument
[A] makes sentences lengthier and lengthier.




[B] renders prose pleasanter to read.
[C] causes stylistic differences among the users.


[D] makes writing shorter and more compact.
7. In what way is the computer a hindrance to a writer?
[A] A writer may run his writing long just for a mental show-off.
[B] A writer is less willing to rewrite his novel to make it better.
[C] Ideas are put into words before they are made clearer in the mind.
[D] The computer allows a writer to write without careful choice of words.
8.
The word “assiduous”
(Line 2, Para 5) probably means

[A] cautious.

[B] intentional.


[C] conscious.




[D] purposeless.
9.
The author’s attitude towards Mayor Ota’s ban is one of

[A] acknowledgement.
[B] opposition.



[C] neutrality.




[D] enthusiasm.
10. Which of the following statements does the author support?
[A] Frequent use of computer leads to mental impoverishment.
[B] Computer users think less effectively than pen users.
[C] Computers give a writer more freedom in expression.

[D] Frequent computer users can
’
t concentrate on what they do.

Text 3
Until recently there was much talk of the impending death of dividends. But a confluence of
events has conspired of late to make bosses and investors think again. Stock markets have sagged,
making investors notice the minimal amounts of cash they were earning from their shares.
The declining role of dividends was encouraged by the theories of academics, many of whom
instructed
today
’
s
top
managers
in
business
school.
One
Nobel-Prize- winning
theory
suggested
that
whether
or
not
a
firm
paid
a dividend
should
make
no difference
to
the
value
of
a
firm
to
investors. According to this
“
irrelevance theory
”
, every share
’
s value is based on the future cash
flows from a company; it does not matter at all whether those cash flows are paid out in dividends
or kept as cash on hand by the firm.
Anyway the bubble in American share prices in the 1990s has led some academics to ask if the
markets can be relied upon to think rationally about anything, including dividends. But in the real
world there remains one overwhelming reason why dividend policy is not irrelevant: tax. The way
dividends are taxed can have wide- ranging consequences for how a firm is run. In particular, it can
influence whether a firm finances itself primarily through equity or debt, and how it chooses to
return profits to its shareholders.
Taxes may largely explain the growing popularity of share buybacks compared with dividends
in recent years. Buybacks are, in theory, just another way to return cash to shareholders, by buying
up shares on the open market and retiring them. The reduction in the number of shares outstanding
means
that
profits
are
spread
over
a
smaller
base
of
shares,
which
should
lift
share
prices
for
investors who do not sell them back to the firm.
In most countries, tax rules allow firms to treat interest payments on debt as a tax- deductible
expense, whereas cash payments to equity holders in the form of dividends or share repurchases
come out of after-tax income. All else being equal, therefore, the tax system typically makes debt a
cheaper source of finance for a firm, at the margin, than equity.
In
recent
years,
governments
almost
everywhere
have
become
increasingly
concerned
about
the impact of taxation on companies. By and large, they have favored tax reforms that are intended
to
boost
business
activity,
such
as
cutting
marginal
tax
rates
—
though
in
practice
their
reforms
have often had unpredictable results. For example, in 1997 Britain ended all tax exemptions for
dividends, ostensibly to encourage reinvestment of profits by firms, but there is no evidence that it
achieved this aim, according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies in London.


11
. The “irrelevance theory” argues that

[A] every share
’
s value is related to the future cash flows from a firm.
[B] dividend a firm paid is relevant to tax.
[C] every share
’
s value has nothing to do with market.
[D] the value of a firm is directly related to the dividend.
12. The way that dividends are taxed influences how
[A] a firm returns profits to its workers.
[B] a firm buys up shares on the open market.
[C] a firm finances itself.
[D] a firm returns cash to its shareholders.
13
. The word “outstanding”

(Line 4, Para.4)
most probably means
[A] excellent.

[B] conspicuous.

[C] not yet paid.

[D] already issued.
14. Tax reforms in Britain are used to illustrate that
[A] governments have become increasingly concerned about the taxation.
[B] results of tax reforms are unpredictable.
[C] tax reforms have had achieved predictable aims.

[D] British government has ended all tax exemptions for dividends.
is author
’
s attitude towards dividend, according to the text?
[A] Skeptical.

[B] Puzzled.

[C] Objective.

[D] Critical.

Text 4
When
Oxford
University
mooted
the
idea
of
establishing
a
business
school
six
years
ago,
outraged Oxonians unleashed volleys of Ciceronian oratory, arguing that the groves of academe
should
be
out
of
bounds
to
commerce.
How
times
have
changed.
Frustrated
by
the
British
government
’
s
reluctance
to
let
the
university
charge
real-world
tuition
fees,
demoralized
by
mounting charges of elitism, with research and teaching stifled by inadequate state subsidies, the
dons
are
realizing
that
capitalism
might
just
be
the
key
to
their
future.
At
the
traditional
800-year-old
institution,
increasing
numbers
of
them
are
calling
for
their
university
to
be
privatized.
That
’
s
a
hugely
controversial
proposal
in
a
country
that
still
clings
fiercely
to
the
ideal
of
providing a free, state-funded education to anyone who merits it. Prime Minister Tony Blair wants
50 percent of Britain
’
s under-30s in full-time education by 2006, and given his no-new-taxes style,
universities suspect they
’
ll be responsible for finding a large proportion of the $$ 15 million that
will cost. Already Oxford is having trouble paying salaries sufficient to attract top teachers; a full
professor
gets
$$
68,400
—

roughly
half
the
salaries
of
their
U.S.
counterparts.
For
Oxford,
for
long the global epitome of top-drawer education, the question is whether the university
’
s days as a
bastion of world-class excellence might be over.
Lately the issue seems to have taken on a new urgency. Newspapers reported mini-scandal just
last
week
that
a
19-year-old
deaf
student,
Anastasia
Fedotova,
failed
to
win
place
despite
high
exam
scores.
Chancellor
of
the
Exchequer
Gordon
Brown
lambasted
the
admissions
system
as
“
more reminiscent of the old-boy network...than genuine justice in our society.
”
This highlighted
just how vulnerable Oxford remains to charges of elitism.
“
More and more people are saying the only solution is independence,
”
says classics professor
Richard Jenkyns. In the end, Oxford may be hoping for some in-between solution. Since 1998 it
has been pumping funds into a private company called ISIS Innovation, set up to commercialize
researchers
’

discoveries.
Of a
total
of
28
fledgling
spin-offs,
all
are
still
in
business.
While
big
payoffs are still a long way off,
“
that could quickly change
”
, says managing director Tim Cook,
“
if
one of them hits the jackpot.
”
More immediately, Oxford bigwigs report that permission to charge
the
full
cost
of
tuition
will
almost
certainly
be
given
in
government
report
due
this
November.
Oxford still isn
’t likely to let business interests run wild over its hallowed greensward. But it is
learning that the academic freedom it so prizes can be preserved only at a price.
16
. Which one of the following is the major reason for Oxford University
’
s lack of funding?

[A] The idea of building of a business school has been rejected by the teachers.
[B] The government is reluctant to let it charge the students high tuition fees.
[C] It has to pay sufficient salaries to attract top teachers.
[D] The government can
’
t afford the high research subsidies.
17. By citing the example of Anastasia Fedotova, the author intends to show that

[A] the university has taken on a new urgency.
[B] the university holds a strong discrimination against the disabled.
[C] the university is in favor of a network of older applicants.
[D] the university puts too much emphasis on elitism.
18
. The phrase “hits the jackpot”
(Line 6, Para.4)
probably means
[A] get out of business suddenly.
[B] be discovered accidentally by foresighted businessman.
[C] make a lot of money unexpectedly.
[D] prove to be very useful in daily life by chance.
19. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Oxford University will gradually become a private university like Harvard.
[B] Oxford University is beginning to think of commercial ways to collect money.
[C] The only solution to Oxford University
’
s problems is being independent.
[D] The British government will offer Oxford University more subsidies.
20. The text is mainly about
[A] the future orientation of Oxford University.
[B] the financial and moral problems of Oxford University and the solution.
[C] the influence of government
’
s policy on Oxford University.
[D] the purity of Oxford University in its field of academic research



Part B













































Directions: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21
-
25, choose
the most suitable one from the list [A]
—
[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two
extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.

Many
scientists
have
wondered
whether
there
is
some
quirk
in
the
way
depression
is
inherited, such that a depressed parent or grandparent is more likely to pass on a predisposition for
the disorder to female than
to male descendants. Based on studies that trace family histories of
depression, the answer to that question appears to be no. 21. _____________________ .
Simply tracing family histories, though, without also considering environmental influences,
might not offer a complete picture of how depression is inherited.
Indeed, Kenneth S. Kendler and his colleagues at the Medical College of Virginia found in a
study
of
2,
060
female
twins
that
genetics
might
contribute
to
how
women
respond
to
environmental
pressures.
The
researchers
examined
twins
with
and
without
a
family
history
of
depression; some twins in both groups had recently undergone a trauma, such as the death of a
loved one or a divorce. The investigators found that among the women who did not have a family
history
of
depression,
stressful
events
raised
their
risk
for
depression
by
only
6
percent.
22.
___________________.
A
similar
study
has
not
been
done
in
men,
leaving
open
the
question
of
whether
environmental stress and genetic risk for depression interact similarly in both sexes. But research
is
being
done
to
determine
whether
men
and
women
generally
experience
similar
amounts
and
types of stress. Studies of key hormones hint that they do not. Hormones are not new to depression
researchers.
Many
have
wondered
whether
the
gonadola
steroids
estrogen
and
progesterone
—

whose cyclic fluctuations in women regulate menstruation
—
might put women at a greater risk for
depression. There are at least two ways in which they might do so.
First, because of differences between the X and Y chromosomes, male and female brains are
exposed to different hormonal milieus. 23. _______________________.
Indeed,
animal
experiments
show
that
early
hormonal
influences
have
marked
behavioral
consequences later on, although the phenomenon is of course difficult to study in humans.
Second,
the
fact
that
post-pubertal
men
and
women
have
different
levels
of
circulating
gonadal steroids might somehow put women at higher risk for depression. Research shows girls
become
more
susceptible
to
depression
than
boys
only
after
puberty,
when
they
begin
menstruating and experience hormonal fluxes. 24. _________________________.
For
example,
Peter
J.
Schmidt
and
David
R.
Rubinow
of
the
National
Institute
of
Mental
Health
recently
reported
that
manipulations
of
estrogen
and
progesterone
did
not
affect
mood,
except in women who suffer from severe premenstrual mood changes.
It
now
appears,
however,
that
estrogen
might
set
the
stage
for
depression
indirectly
by
priming the body
’
s stress response. During stressful times, the adrenal glands
—
which sit on top
of the kidneys and are controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain
—
secrete higher levels of a
hormone called cortisol, which increases the activity of the body
’
s metabolic and immune systems,
among others. 25.__________________________.
Evidence
is
emerging
that
estrogen
might
not
only
increase
cortisol
secretion
but
also
decrease cortisol
’
s ability
to shut down its own secretion. The result might
be a stress response
that is not only more pronounced but also longer-lasting in women than in men.
[A] But the same risk rose almost 14 percent among the women who did have a family history of
depression.
In
other
words, these
women
had
seemingly
inherited
the
propensity
to
become
depressed in the wake of crises.
[B] To figure out why depression is more common among women, scientists have to study how
genetics
and
environment
divide
the
sexes
—

and
how
the
two
conspire
to
produce
the
symptoms we describe as depression.
[C]
In
the
normal
course
of
events,
stress
increases
cortisol
secretion,
but
these
elevated
levels
have
a
negative
feedback
effect
on
the
pituitary,
so
that
eortisol
levels
gradually
return
to
normal.
[D] Despite their importance, estrogen and cortisol are not the only hormones involved in female
depression, mid stress is not the only environmental influence that might hold more sway over
women than men.
[E]
These
hormonal
differences
may
affect
brain
development
so
that
men
and
women
have
different vulnerabilities
—
and different physiological reactions to environmental stresses later
in life.
[F] Even so, scientists have never been able to establish a direct relation between emotional states
and levels of estrogen mid progesterone in the blood of women.
[G] Women and men with similar heritage seem equally likely to develop the disorder.

Part C


















































Directions:

Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.

Travel
ecology
is
a
community
tourism
planning
approach
uniting
the
themes
of
social
development and ecological sustainability. 26)We argue that sustainable t
ourism and “sustainable
community
tourism
development”
have
failed
to
emphasize
the
constraints
and
opportunities
associated with the development of local social and political institutions. We contend that tourism
planning
should
help
create
equitable,
sustainable
communities
resilient
enough
to
survive
in
a
highly volatile international environment,
rather than “sustaining” tourism or specific aspects of
tourism development. 27)The term travel ecology indicates theoretical affinity with the fields of
political
ecology
and
cultural
ecology
，
as
well
as
an
attempt
to
move
away
from
sustainable
tourism models. From global political ecology
，
the approach incorporates an impact analysis of
international
economic
and
political
conditions
on
community
sustainability.
From
American
cultural ecology, the approach borrows the environmental ethics of Leopold and Muir as well as
the democratic pragmatism of John Dewey. The travel ecology approach is based upon six broadly
conceived principles: discovery, mutuality, locality, historicity, potentiality, and enhancement. We
view
these
principles
as
contributing
to
tourism
planning
theory,
rather
than
constituting
a
definitive model or process.
Discovery is the beginning of dialogue among residents, during which they discover mutual
fears
and
expectations.
28)It
is
during
this
phase
that
the
tourism
planner
must
assist
with
the
construction of goals and objectives, assist inventory development, facilitate public dialogue, and
at
times
mitigate
conflict
between
stakeholder
groups.
The
sustainable
tourism
literature
places
little emphasis on potential conflicts arising over resource distribution and use. The travel ecology
approach
recognizes
that
conflict
is
a
necessary
part
of
the
“good”
community
as
a
method
of
social learning.
Mutuality means residents engage in a common language emphasizing shared values, ideas,
and
concerns,
while
at
the
same
time
respecting
individual
perspectives.
The
travel
ecology
approach views sustainability as a matter of strengthening social networks and civic institutions.
Many
tourism
planners
fail
to
enlist
local
social
and
civic
groups
when
building
support
for
community tourism development. 29)The creation of social capital becomes important to tourism
development
not
only
for
generating
hospitality
that
helps
make
a
community
a
desirable
destination, but also for sharing scarce resources required for creating a successful product.

Locality begins with the notion that environmental awareness toward environments such as
rainforests and savannas begins with an awareness of common place environments. 30)This is not
to
advocate
an
abandonment
of
“endangered”
environments
,
only
that
awareness
of
locality
is
critical to the development of “sense of place”—
often mentioned as an aesthetic component of
sustainability. The travel ecology approach is based upon the belief that the community is both a
socially constructed experience and an ecologically grounded place. Social networks and natural
and built environments in which such networks takes place are mutually reinforcing elements of
community.


做题点拨与全文翻译

Part A

Text 1
语境词汇

r vt.(on)
履行诺言；递送，传送

2. hype n.&vt.
（天花乱坠的广告宣传）

3. impose vt.
强迫，强加；课税
vi.
利用

4. shatter vt.
毁坏，大大扰乱；砸碎

5. front n.
活动的领域或范围；前面；前线

6. rip off
欺骗；欺诈；撕掉

7.

impenetrable a.
不能穿过的，不能通过的

8. pliable a.
能适应的；柔顺的；易弯的

9. poise a.
使做好准备

10. reinvigorate vt.
使再振作，使复兴


难句突破

1
.
[According to this theory]
，
companies

(that advertise their products to mass audiences)
must
strictly
deliver on
their promises, and
the quality of their goods
must live up to
the hype (put out
by the sellers). < br>【分析】并列复合句。
and
连接两个并列分句。在前一分句中，
that引导的定语从句修饰
companies
；后一个分句中
put out
…
为过去分词短语作
the hype
的后置定语；
according to
…
作句首状语，修饰整句。

【译文】
根据这一理念，
将产品对广大观众进行宣传的各个公司都必须严格履行自己的诺言，
而且卖者在促销广告中将产品描述成 什么样，他们的产品质量就必须达到什么水准。

2.
This
would make
entry (into the market by new sellers or producers) almost impossible, [even if
their products were of better quality than existing ones], simply[because no one would be willing
to give them a try].
【分析】复合句。句子主干为“主—谓—宾—宾补”的结构；
even
if
引导让步状语从句；
because
引导原因状语从句。

【译文】
这样会使新的卖者或生产厂家几乎不可能打入市场，
即便他们的产品质量比现在市
场上 的要好也不行，原因很简单：没人愿意给他们一次机会去试一试他们的产品。


< br>本文是一篇
“观点论证型”论述文。
文章主要论述了广告宣传也应该实事求是。
第一段
提出观点：
广告宣传要实事求是，如果不实言相告的话，会产生严重的后果；第二、三段 中
用假设论证了如果进行虚假的广告宣传，
会导致消费者不再信任广告，
任何新产品的 市场都
难以打开，
那么整个市场经济都会受到影响，
就会产生严重的后果；
第 四段作者列举现实中
美国广告宣传的例子——美国广告宣传由于受到种种压力，
保持着优良的传 统，
因此促进了
整个经济的发展，从而进一步证明了自己的观点。


答案解析

1
．
【题眼】首段设题

【解析】选< br>[B]
。推理判断题。作者在第一段中
首先提出广告宣传的真实性是美国自由市场经济体系中的核心概念，
接着作者陈述了这个概念
的具体意义及其重要性。
我们可以 推断出作者是
全力支持这一理念的。因此选项
[B]
符合题意。

2
．
【题眼】段尾句设题

【解析】选
[A]
。推 理判断题。本段着重分析了
丧失顾客的信任的严重后果。
第二句中谈到首先
会引起贸易 下降以至于削弱整个经济的发展；
本
段最后一句又说如果没有了经济的发展，
也就不< br>会取得任何进步，
故选项
[A]
符合题意；
而
[B]
“
经
济不增长，人们就减少对商品的购买”将因果关
系说倒了；故不正确；
[ C]
是本段最后一句明确
提出来的，故不算推断的内容；
[D]
“如果某个< br>国家在发展，那么它将成为一个强大的国家”从
本段不能推断出，故错误。

3
．
【题眼】
段首句设题

全文翻译

[ 1]
广告宣传应实言以告是美国自由
市场经济体系中的一个核心概念。
根据这
一理念，
将产品对广大观众进行宣传的各
个公司都必须严格履行自己的诺言，
而且卖者在促销广告中将产品描述成什么样，
他们的产品质量就必须达到什么水准。
[1]为了检测诚实广告的重要性，
让我们暂且
思考一下，
如果取消强加在卖方身上的这
种约束，这个世界会变成什么样子
?
那时
的世界将是一个做广告的人可以随心 所
欲，
尽情夸大甚至撒谎的世界。
即使产品
质量低劣，
只要能够美化 自己的产品，
就
可以做任何事情。

[2]
首先，我们所谈的产品质 量不可
靠，它无疑会打击消费者对产品的信心。
审慎的购买者会减少对商品的购买，
这 样
就会缩小贸易额，进而削弱整体的经济。
进一步讲，
市场将停滞不前，
经济 缺乏增
【解析】选
[A]
。
推理判断题
。文章第四段的第
一 句话的意思是：
“在现实世界中，广告宣传实
言以告这条原则使得美国的消费者相信生产商的自我推销。
”
从本段后面的论述以及前面提到
虚假广告的消极影响得知：
由于广告必须真实这
条原则得到了贯彻执行，
消费者对市场才有了信
心，前文提到的 负面影响才得以不发生。根据这
些判断，

[A]
正确；而
[B]< br>、
[C]
、
[D]
都是对该句
话的曲解。

4
．
【解析】选
[B]
。
观点态度题。文章第三段第
一句中 提到了“
the boasts of producers
”
，但从未
提到过“
the
boasts
of
producers
”
，且原文中的
“
telling the truth
”
并不意味着
“
exactly accurate
”< br>，
故选项
[A]
为理解上的错误，不符合题意；选项
[C]
、
[D]
在原文中没有提到
。
因此选项
[B]
是最符
合题意的。

5
．
【解析】
选
[B]
。主旨大意题 。文章通过假设
从反面论证了广告宣传实事求是的重要性，
它能
够影响整个经济的运作
,
故
[B]
符合题意；
选项
[A]
并不符合实际情 况，而只是作者假设的一种情
形；选项
[C]
谈到的美国只是作者在论述时列举
的一个例子，不能概括整篇文章，故应排除；选
项
[D]
在文中没有提及。



长活力，
这都归因于大家都不愿去买他们
信不过的产品这样一个 事实。
[2]
没有经济
增长，也就不会取得任何进步。

各个领域的 创新活动也同样会受害。
由于消费者总是提防自己上当受骗，
因此
品牌的忠诚度就比以 往任何时候都更为
重要。
买家会干脆认准他们知道质量好的
产品，
而在花钱买 质量不能保证，
而且自
己又不熟悉的产品的时候，
会非常地犹豫
不决。
这样会使新的卖者或生产厂家几乎
不可能打入市场，
即便他们的产品质量比
现在市场 上的要好也不行，原因很简单：
没人愿意给他们一次机会去试一试他们
的产品。
新的生 产厂商实际上被排斥在市
场之外，
而我们日复一日、
年复一年见到
的都是同样 的产品。

[3]
然而，
在现实世界中，
广告宣传应实言
以 告这条原则使得美国的消费者相信生
产厂商的自我推销。
因此，
品牌忠诚度并
不是一道不能逾越的沟壑。
为了使产品打
入市场，
新的卖者或生产厂家只需创造出更好的产品，然后向世人宣告这一事实。
那些违背广告宣传应实言以告这一原则、
对其产品 质量进行虚假夸大的人将受到
双重惩罚。第一是受到法律制裁，第二
——
也许是更有效 的方法
——
便是由买
家对其进行惩治：
将来拒绝同不诚实的卖
者有生 意往来。
在法律及市场双重力量的
作用下，
广告宣传应实言以告这一原则将
成 为一个有利武器。
有了它，
就可以建立
效率更高、
适应性更强的市场，
经济增长
便不在话下；
有了它，
就能不断用新的生
产厂家和新的产品给市场 注入活力。
这些
生产厂家之间不断地争来争去，
就为了争
取到赞扬自己产品的 权利，
当然，
赞扬是
不能说假话的哦
!

Text 2
语境词汇

1. raptly adv.
全神贯注地

入迷地

2. lament vt.
痛惜；为?哀悼
n.
悲恸；哀歌
.
3. dynamically adv.
有力量的；动力学的

4. discrepancy n.
差异，不符合，不一致

5. bristle vi.
充满；被激怒；怒发冲冠