roger什么意思(完整版)英国文学史名词解释

2021年1月26日发(作者：构思)
1.
Anglo
-
Saxon
English
or
Old
English
盎格鲁
-
撒克逊英语或旧英语
:
The
Anglo
-
Saxon
(Old
English)
period roughly dates from the coming of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes to England (about 450 A.D.) to about 1100.
Old English contains some fifty or sixty thousand words, which were chiefly Anglo
-
Saxon with a small mixture of
early Scandinavian words, and borrowed a considerable number of Latin words.

2.
Epic
叙事诗
;
史诗
;:

long
narrative
poems
that
record
the
adventures
or
heroic
deeds
of
a
hero
in
vast
landscapes.
The
style
of
epic
is
grand
and
elevated.
e.g.
Homer’s
Iliad
and
Odyssey;
Dante’s
Divine
Comedy;
Beowulf and John Milton’s Paradise Lost


3. Alliteration: refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its
poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accent words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are
generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration. It is a regular recurring structural feature of the Old
English verse.


4
. Metaphor
隐喻
: A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar.
A metaphor does not use a connective word such as “like”, “as”, or resembles in making the comparison. Many
metaphors are implied, or suggested.


5.

Understatement
保守的陈述
:
it
is
the
opposite
of
hyperbole
or
overstatement.
It
achieves
its
effect
of
emphasizing a fact by a weaker statement, or by deliberately understating it. This quality is often regarded as a
permanent characteristic of the English.


6.

Romance
爱情小说
:
was
the
prevailing
form
of
literature
in
the
Middle
Ages.
The
romance
was
the
upper
-
class literary form. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life
and adventures of a noble hero. The essential features are:
①
It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.
②
It
exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.
③
It contains perilous adventures more or less
remote from ordinary life.
④
It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.
⑤
The central character of the
romance is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth
to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and
the king.



7.
Ballad
民谣
: it is a story told in song, usually in 4
-
line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The
subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal
-
minded families, the
conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of
the civil war, and the matters of class
struggle. e.g. The Robin Hood Ballads


8.
Allegory
寓言
:
it
is
a
figurative
narrative
or
description,
conveying
a
veiled
moral
meaning.
This
fictional
literary
narrative
acts
as
an
extended
metaphor
in
which
persons,
abstract
ideas
or
events
represent
not
only
themselves on the literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegory reading usually
involves
moral
or
spiritual
concepts
that
may
be
more
significant
than
the
actual,
literal
events
described
in
a
narrative. e.g. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress


9.
Heroic couplet
（两行相互押韵、每行分五音节的）英雄偶句诗
: it is a pair of rhymed lines of iambic
pentameter. The form was introduced into English by Chaucer, and widely used subsequently, reaching a height of
popularity in the works of

Dryden and Pope.


1.
Renaissance
文艺复兴
: in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It
first started in Italy. “Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and
getting rid of conservatism in feudalistic Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising
bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.


2.
Humanism
人道主义，人本主义，人文主义
;
人文学
;
：
is the key
-
note of the Renaissance. Humanism
reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, which saw the world opening before it. According to the
humanists,
both
man
and
world
are
hindered
only
by
external
checks
from
infinite
improvement.
Man
could
mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of
reason.


3.
Utopia: Book One: 1)
乌托邦（理想中美好的社会）
;
A picture of contemporary England: The poverty
among the poor; The greed and luxury among the rich; The eagerness for war of the rulers; The suffering of the
peasants
for
the
enclosure movement.
2) An
exposure
of
the
evil
reality
of
his
time,
the
rich
men’s
conspiracy
against the poor. Book Two: 1) More provided us a sketch of an ideal commonwealth where property was held in
common and there was no poverty. 2) More showed a principle, “From everyone according to his capacities, to
everyone
according
to
his
needs”.
3)
More
solved
the
problem
of
the
separation
of
town
and
country
by
co
-
operation
between
them.
4)
More
emphasized
the
importance
of
labor
for
every
member
of
the
Utopian
society. And the Utopians spent their spare time in study of literature, art and science.


4.
Sonnet
十四行诗
;
短诗
;
商籁体
;
:
it
is
a
poem
of
14
lines,
typically
in
rhymed
iambic
pentameter.
The
sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed by Henry Howard and was thereafter widely used
notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser.


5.
Spenserian
Stanza
（英国诗人）斯宾塞诗体
;:
this stanza is invented by Edmund Spenser, in which he
wrote The Faerie Queene. It consists of eight five
-
foot iambic lines, followed by an iambic line of six feet, rhyming
ababbcbcc.


6.
The Miracle Play
奇迹剧
: Miracle plays are simply plays based on Bible popular in England from the 13th to
the late 16th century, covering from Creation to the Last Judgment. They were first performed in the churches in
the Middle Ages, but later forbidden inside the church. So they went to the market place. People enjoyed them
very much. Miracle plays, together with other kinds of early plays, keep alive the English Dramatic tradition, and
pave the way for the flouring of drama in the English Renaissance period.


7.

The
Morality
Play
道德剧
:
is
a
kind
of
medieval
and
early
Renaissance
drama
that
presents
the
conflict
between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of
vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy, Conscience, Shame and Lust. Unlike a mystery or a miracle play, a
morality play does not necessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and
psychologically in every human being. The protagonist often has a name that represents this universality, such as
“ Everyman”, “ Mankind”, “Soul”, or “Adam” etc. Prevailing in the Middle Ages, Morality Plays contribute to the
flowering of English drama in the Renaissance England.


8.
The Interlude
: a short performance slipped into a play to enliven the audience after a solemn scene.


9.
Comedy
喜剧
;: is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to
provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of
some
incongruity
of
speech,
action,
or
character
revelation,
withintricate
plot.
In
Shakespeare’s
comedies,
the
playwright sings of youth, love and ideals of happiness. The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mold
their own fate according to their own free will. The general spirit of those comedies is optimism.


10.
Tragedy
悲剧
: the word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous
conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and
his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience.


11.

Blank
verse
无韵诗，素体诗（不押韵的五音步诗行）
: also called unrhymed poetry, has been the
dominant verse form of English drama and narrative poetry since the mid
-
sixteenth century. In 1540, from Italy,
this verse form was brought into English literature by the poet Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey), who first used it in
his translation of The Aeneid.


12.
Masques
(masks)
假面舞会
;
: are dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the