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姿势英文怎么说2018上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案解析

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2021-01-26 16:07
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姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了

2021年1月26日发(作者:迷路的英文)



2018
年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语

(回忆版:附阅读答案)

其大作文题目为:大学是硬件重要还是有名学者重要?

作文涉及内容为:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities
should spend more money in improving facilities (e.g. libraries and computer labs)
than hiring famous teachers.
作文字数要求为:
300
字左右。

passage 6
Mass
transportation
revised
the
social
and
economic
fabric
of
the
American
city
in
three
fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion


it sorted out people and land uses


and it
accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for
residential expansion


the omnibuses


horse railways


commuter trains


and electric trolleys
pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in
the premodern era. In 1850


for example


the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the
old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who
could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work


shopping


and
entertainment.
The
new
accessibility
of
land
around
the
periphery
of
almost
every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know
as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920


for example


some 250

000 new residential lots were
recorded within the borders of Chicago


most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same
period


another 550

000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area.
Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting


real estate developers added 800

000
potential
building
sites
to
the
Chicago
region
in
just
thirty
years


lots
that
could
have
housed five to six million people.











Of course


many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided


but
vacant


land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential
expansion related to the growth of mass transportation


urban sprawl was essentially unplanned.
It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or
to
future
land
users.
Those
who
purchased
and
prepared
land
for
residential
purposes


particularly
land
near
or
outside
city
borders
where
transit
lines
and
middle-class
inhabitants
were
anticipated


did
so
to
create
demand
as
much
as
to
respond
to
it.
Chicago
is
a
prime
example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population
growth.
1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?

[A] Types of mass transportation.

[B] Instability of urban life.

[C] How supply and demand determine land use.

[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion
.

2. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?

[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.

[B] To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.

[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.

[D] To contrast their rate of growth.
3. According to the passage


what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?

[A] It was expensive.

[B] It happened too slowly.

[C] It was unplanned.
[D] It created a demand for public transportation.
4. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city



[A] that is large.

[B] that is used as a model for land development.

[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.












[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.

Passage 5 Antarctica and Environment
Antarctica has actually become a kind of space station - a unique observation post for detecting
important changes in the world

s environment. Remote from major sources of pollution and the
complex geological and ecological systems that prevail elsewhere


Antarctica makes possible
scientific measurements that are often sharper and easier to interpret than those made in other
parts of the world.
Growing numbers of scientists therefore see Antarctica as a distant-early-warning sensor


where
potentially
dangerous
global
trends
may
be
spotted
before
they
show
up
to
the
north.
One
promising field of investigation is glaciology. Scholars from the United States


Switzerland


and
France are pursuing seven separate but related projects that reflect their concern for the health of
the West Antarctic Ice Sheet - a concern they believe the world at large should share.
The Transantarctic Mountain


some of them more than 14

000 feet high


divide the continent
into two very different regions. The part of the continent to the

east


of the mountains is a high
plateau covered by an ice sheet nearly two miles thick.

West


of the mountain


the half of the
continent south of the Americas is also covered by an ice sheet


but there the ice rests on rock
that is mostly well below sea level. If the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared


the western part
of the continent would be reduced to a sparse cluster of island.
While ice and snow are obviously central to many environmental experiments


others focus on
the mysterious

dry valley


of Antarctica


valleys that contain little ice or snow even in the
depths of winter. Slashed through the mountains of southern Victoria Land


these valleys once
held enormous glaciers that descended 9

000 feet from the polar plateau to the Ross Sea. Now
the glaciers are gone


perhaps a casualty of the global warming trend during the 10

000 years
since the ice age. Even the snow that falls in the dry valleys is blasted out by vicious winds that
roars down from the polar plateau to the sea. Left bare are spectacular gorges


rippled fields of
sand dunes


clusters of boulders sculptured into fantastic shapes by 100-mile-an-hour winds


and an aura of extraterrestrial desolation.
Despite the unearthly aspect of the dry valleys


some scientists believe they may carry a message
of
hope
of
the
verdant
parts
of
the
earth.
Some
scientists
believe
that
in
some
cases
the
dry
valleys may soak up pollutants faster than pollutants enter them.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
[A] Antarctica and environmental Problems
.
[B] Antarctica


Earth

s Early-Warning station.
[C] Antarctica


a Unique Observation Post.
[D] Antarctica


a Mysterious Place.











2. What would the result be if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared?
[A] The western part of the continent would be disappeared.
[B] The western part of the continent would be reduced.
[C] The western part of the continent would become scattered Islands.
[D] The western part of the continent would be reduced to a cluster of Islands.

3. Why are the Dry Valleys left bare?
[A] Vicious wind blasts the snow away.
[B] It rarely snows.
[C] Because of the global warming trend and fierce wind
.
[D] Sand dunes.
4. Which of the following is true?
[A] The

Dry Valleys


have nothing left inside.
[B] The

Dry Valleys


never held glaciers.
[C] The

Dry Valleys


may carry a message of hope for the verdant.

[D] The

Dry Valleys


are useless to scientists.
meaning of an aura of extraterrestrial desolation
我记得有一个选项中含有
bleak
这个单词,答
案应该是这个

应译为:与地球格格不入的一种荒凉隔绝的气氛或与世隔绝的一种荒凉气氛。

Passage 4
Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. The current business-book boom
was launched in 1982 by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman with

In Search of Excellence

. It has
been kept going ever since by a succession of gurus and would-be gurus who promise to distil
the essence of excellence into three (or five or seven) simple rules.

The Three Rules


is a self-conscious contribution to this type; it even includes a bibliography of

success studies

. Messrs Raynor and Mumtaz Ahmed work for a consultancy, Deloitte, that is
determined to turn itself into more of a thought-leader and less a corporate repairman. They
employ all the tricks of the success genre. They insist that their conclusions are

measurable and
actionable

-guide to behavior rather than analysis for its own sake. Success authors usually serve
up
vivid
stories
about
how
exceptional
business- people
stamped
their
personalities
on
a
company
or
rescued
it
from
a
life-threatening
crisis.
Messrs
Raynor
and
Ahmed
are
happier
chewing
the
numbers:
they
provide
detailed
appendices
on

calculating
the
elements
of
advantage


and

detailed analysis

.











The authors spent five years studying the behaviour of their 344

exceptional companies

, only
to come up at first with nothing. Every hunch(
直觉
) led to a blind alley and every hypothesis to a
dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how companies behave to how they
think that they began to make sense of their voluminous material.
Management is all about making difficult tradeoffs in conditions that are always uncertain and
ever-changing.
But
exceptional
companies
approach
these
trade-offs
with
two
simple
rules
in
mind, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better before cheaper. Companies
are more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than on
price. Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run from driving up
revenue than by driving down costs.
Most success studies suffer from two faults. There is

the halo (
光环
) effect

, whereby good
performance leads commentators to attribute all manner of virtues to anything and everything
the company does. These virtues then suddenly become vices when the company fails. Messrs
Raynor
and
Ahmed
work
hard
to
avoid
these
mistakes
by
studying
large
bodies
of
data
over
several
decades.
But
they
end
up
embracing
a
different
error:
stating
the
obvious.
Most
businesspeople will not be surprised to learn that it is better to find a profitable niche (
缝隙市场
)
and focus on boosting your revenues than to compete on price and cut your way to success. The
difficult question is how to find that profitable niche and protect it. There, The Three Rules is less
useful.
kind of business books are most likely to sell well?
A)Books on excellence
.C) Books on business rules.
B)Guides to management. D) Analyses of market trends.
does the author imply about books on success so far?
A They help businessmen on way or another.
B They are written by well- recognised experts.
C
They more or less fall into the same stereotype.

D They are based on analyses of corporate leaders.
does The Three Rules different from other success books according to the passage?
AIt focuses on the behavior of exceptional businessmen.
B
It bases its detailed analysis on large amount of data.
这一题我看答案不统一,我自己选了这个答案

C It offers practicable advice to businessmen.
D
It draws conclusion from vivid examples.

does the passage say contributes to the success of exceptional companies?
A Focus on quality and revenue.

B Management and sales promotion.











C Lower production costs and competitive prices.
D Emphasis on after-sale service and maintenance.
5. What is the author

s comment on The Three Rules?
A It can help to locate profitable niches.
B) It has little to offer to businesspeople.
这一题答案也不统一,有的答案是
D

C) It is noted for its detailed data analysis.
D) It fails to identify the keys to success.

passage 2


Deep
reading



as
opposed
to
the
often
superficial
reading
we
do
on
the
Web

is
an
endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a
significant
work
of
art.
Its
disappearance
would
jeopardize
the
intellectual
and
emotional
development of generations growing up online, as well as the preservation of a critical part of our
culture

the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers
whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to understand them.

Recent research in cognitive science and psychology has demonstrated that deep reading

slow,
immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity

is a distinctive experience,
different
in
kind
from
the
mere
decoding
of
words.
Although
deep
reading
does
not,
strictly
speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful
to
the
deep
reading
experience.
A
book

s
lack
of
hyperlinks
(
超链接
),
for
example,
frees
the
reader from making decisions

Should I click on this link or not?

allowing her to remain fully
immersed in the narrative.

That
immersion
is
supported
by
the
way
the
brain
handles
language
rich
in
detail,
indirect
reference
and
figures
of
speech:
by creating
a
mental
representation
that
draws
on
the
same
brain
regions
that
would
be
active
if
the
scene
were
unfolding
in
real
life.
The
emotional
situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the











brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing
our real-life capacity for empathy (
认同
).

None of this is likely to happen when we

re browsing through a website. Although we call the
activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do
on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they
develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less
satisfying,
even
for
the

digital
natives


to
whom
it
is
so
familiar.
Last
month,
for
example,
Britain

s National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to
16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but
only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three times less
likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The
study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly
two times less
likely
to
be
above-average
readers
than
those
who
read
daily
in
print
or
both
in
print
and
onscreen.

56. What does the author say about

deep reading

?
A) It serves as a complement to online reading.
B) It should be preserved before it is too late.
C) It is mainly suitable for reading literature.
D) It is an indispensable part of education.
57. Why does the author advocate the reading of literature?
A) It helps promote readers


intellectual and emotional growth.
B) It enables readers to appreciate the complexity of language.
C) It helps readers build up immersive reading habits.
D) It is quickly becoming an endangered practice.
58. In what way does printed-page reading differ from online reading?
A) It ensures the reader

s cognitive growth.
B) It enables the reader to be fully engaged.
C) It activates a different region of the brain.







姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了


姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了


姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了


姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了


姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了


姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了


姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了


姿势英文怎么说-我想我是疯了



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