发挥英文考研英语第15套题

2021年1月26日发(作者：星期四用英语怎么说)
第十五套题

Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1 06.8
Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of
religion.
What
gives
unity
to
the
whole
Scholastic
movement,
the
academic
practice
in
Europe
from
the
9th
to
the
17th
centuries,
are
the
common
aims,
attitudes,
and
methods
generally
accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts
but
to
integrate
the
knowledge
already
acquired
separately
by
Greek
reasoning
and
Christian
revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and
modern thought since the Renaissance.
The
basic
aim
of
the
Scholastics
determined
certain
common
attitudes,
the
most
important
of
which
was
their
conviction
of
the
fundamental
harmony
between
reason
and
revelation.
The
Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and
truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking.
Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use
of
reason
or
to
an
inaccurate
interpretation
of
the
words
of
revelation.
Because
the
Scholastics
believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of
truth
and
certainty
than
did
natural
reason.
In
apparent
conflicts
between
religious
faith
and
philosophic
reasoning,
faith
was
thus
always
the
supreme
arbiter;
the
theologians
decision
overruled
that
of
the
philosopher.
After
the
early
13th
century,
Scholastic
thought
emphasized
more
the
independence
of
philosophy
within
its
own
domain.
Nonetheless,
throughout
the
Scholastic
period,
philosophy
was
called
the
servant
of
theology,
not
only
because
the
truth
of
philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy
to understand and explain revelation.
This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so
-
called double
-
truth theory of the
Spanish
-
Arab philosopher and physician Averro
ё
s. His theory assumed that truth was accessible
to
both
philosophy
and
Islamic
theology
but
that
only
philosophy
could
attain
it
perfectly.
The
so
-
called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common
people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averro
ё
s maintained that philosophic
truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.
As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to
determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics,
such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and
were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of
the
mature
period
of
Scholasticism,
the
Italian
theologian
and
philosopher
St.
Thomas
Aquinas
worked out a balance between reason and revelation.
［
457 words
］



the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge.
［
A
］

stopped completely
［
B
］

slowed down
［
C
］

advanced rapidly
［
D
］

awaked gradually
of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?
［
A
］

They are simply identical.
［
B
］

Revelation guides reason.
［
C
］

They are occasionally contradictory.
［
D
］

Reason is used to perfect revelation.
can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that.
［
A
］

the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted
［
B
］

religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy
［
C
］

philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves
［
D
］

philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice
ёs held that.

［
A
］

Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy
［
B
］

religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy
［
C
］

real truth was inaccessible to many common people
［
D
］

imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion
of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text?
［
A
］

Relations of St. T. Aquinas
’
achievements to previous efforts.
［
B
］

How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.
［
C
］

Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation.
［
D
］

Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.
Text 2 06.5
There have been rumors. There
’
s been gossip. All Hollywood is shocked to learn that Calista
Flockhart, star of Fox
’
s hit TV show Ally McBeal, is so thin. And we in the media are falling all
over ourselves trying to figure out whether Flockhart has an eating disorder, especially now that
she
has
denied
it.
Well,
I
’
m
not
playing
the
game.
If
the
entertainment
industry
really
cared
about sending the wrong message on body image, it wouldn
’
t need so many slender celebrities in
the first place.







But the fact remains that 2 million Americans
—
most of them women and girls
—
do suffer
from
eating
disorders.
In
the
most
extreme
cases
they
literally
starve
themselves
to
death.
And
those
who
survive
are
at
greater
risk
of
developing
brittle
bones,
life
-
threatening
infections,
kidney damage and heart problems. Fortunately, doctors have learned a lot over the past decade
about what causes eating disorders and how to treat them.





The numbers are shocking. Approximately 1 in 150 teenage girls in the U. S. falls victim to
anorexia nervosa, broadly defined as the refusal to eat enough to maintain even a minimal body
weight. Not so clear is how many more suffer from bulimia, in which they binge on food, eating
perhaps
two
or
three
days
’

worth
of
meals
in
30
minutes,
then
remove
the
excess
by
taking
medicine
to
move
the
bowels
or
inducing
vomiting.
Nor
does
age
necessarily
protect
you.
Anorexia has been diagnosed in girls as young as eight. Most deaths from the condition occur in
women over 45.





Doctors used to think eating disorders were purely psychological. Now they realize there
’
s
some
problematic
biology
as
well.
In
a
study
published
in
the
Archives
of
General
Psychiatry
recently, researchers found abnormal levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, in women
who had been free of bulimia for at least a year. That may help explain why drugs have allowed a
lot of people to stop swallowing in large doses of food. Unfortunately, the pills don
’
t work as
well
for
denial
of
food.
Nor
do
they
offer
a
simple
one
-
stop
cure.
Health
-
care
workers
must
re
-
educate their patients in how to eat and think about food.






How can you tell if someone you love has an eating disorder?
“
Bulimics will often leave
evidence
around
as
if
they
want
to
get
caught.
”

Says
Tamara
Pryor,
director
of
an
eating
-
disorders clinic at the University of Kansas in Wichita. Anorexics, by contrast, are more
likely to go through long periods of denial.
［
430 words
］


6. We can infer from the first paragraph that .



［
A
］

the media has mislead the public
’
s view of celebrities



［
B
］

there is much misunderstanding about eating disorders



［
C
］

body image concerns are an indication of eating disorders



［
D
］

the entertainment industry is combating eating disorders
7. The victims of eating disorders, more often than not, will.



［
A
］

starve themselves to death


［
B
］

suffer greatly from the complications



［
C
］

puzzle doctors in the years to come


［
D
］

recover completely with no aftereffects
8. The word “binge” (Paragraph 3) most probably means.




［
A
］

eat excessively


［
B
］

refuse to eat



［
C
］

fail to digest


［
D
］

enjoy a good appetite
9. Bulimia is found to be.



［
A
］

related to the level of serotonin



［
B
］

psychological rather than biological



［
C
］

identical with anorexia nervosa in the cure



［
D
］

a leading cause of death among middle
-
aged women
10. The way to find a person with eating disorders.



［
A
］

focuses on hidden symptoms


［
B
］

varies with type of the condition



［
C
］

is oriented at the victim
’
s response


［
D
］

remains perplexing despite efforts made
Text 3 07.8
Songs can have a powerful effect on people. Play
“
Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves
”

to many baby
boomers, for example, and chances are they
’
ll run off, hands over their ears. Songs can have a
powerful
effect
among
birds,
too.
Consider
the
black
-
capped
chickadee.
When
it
sings
its
“
chick
-
a
-
dee
”

song, its flock mates come running. The song is a warning that a hawk, owl or
other
predator
is
perched
nearby,
and
the
other
chickadees
arrive
to
harass
the
enemy
until
it
leaves.
Researchers
from
the
University
of
Montana
have
discovered
that
this
warning
call
is
a
coded
signal. By varying the call, a bird communicates to other birds the size of the predator, and thus
the
scope
of
the
danger.
“This
is
so
far

the
most
finely
detailed
alarm
call
system
that
we
’
ve
found,
”

said the lead researcher, Christopher N. Templeton, who is now a doctoral student at the
University of Washington. The findings appear in the current issue of the journal Science.

Mr.
Templeton
and
his
colleagues
exposed
chickadees
to
15
different
species
of
predators
and
recorded and analyzed the calls the birds made. In addition to
“
chick
-
a
-
dee
”
, the birds make a
high
-
pitched
“
seet
”

call when they spy a predator flying in the air. Upon hearing this call, the
other
birds
either
dive
for
cover
or
remain
motionless
so
as
not
to
be
spotted.
But
it
’
s
the
“
chick
-
a
-
dee
”

call
that
the
researchers
focused
on.
“
They
change
a
number
of
different
features
about
these
calls,
”

Mr.
Templeton
said
.
“But
most
are
not
audible
to
us
except
the
number of ?dees? at the end.”

They
found
that
the
birds
varied
the
number
of
“
dee
”

sounds
depending
on
the
size
of
the
predator. More
“
dees
”
—
as many as 21 in one case
—
were sounded for smaller predators like the
Northern
pygmy
-
owl.
Because
chickadees
are
small
and
fast,
smaller,
more
agile
predators
are
more of a threat than larger ones.
The more
“
dees
”
, the more chickadees show up to harass the predator, by dive
-
bombing it or
making noises in its face.
“
The goal is to drive it out of their territory so that it is no longer a
threat,
”

Mr. Templeton said. This
“
mobbing
”

response to the calls is probably learned behavior,
he said, a way that birds teach their young about risks.
“
It
’
s a means by which adults tell the
kids in the flock,
‘
These guys are dangerous,
’
”


Mr. Templeton said.
［
416 words
］


11. It can be inferred from the article that “Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves” is.

［
A
］

Gypsie
’
s song
［
B
］

an alarm call to hint at danger
［
C
］

a bad song referring to crimes
［
D
］

a warning that the police is nearby
a black
-
capped chickadee sings its song,.

［
A
］

some predator
’
s habitat must have been nearby

［
B
］

all of its flock mates arrive to drive the enemy out
［
C
］

the song carries exact information about threat of predator
［
D
］

the song warns other species to stay out of the territory
. Templeton and his colleagues conduct their research to find.

［
A
］

the responses of birds when they hear the alarming songs
［
B
］

the way birds locate where the predator is
［
C
］

the relationship between birds
’
call pitch and predator size
［
D
］

the way adult chickadees teach their young to escape the danger
of the following is Not true about chickadees?
［
A
］

Their songs not only warn but also communicate.
［
B
］

A smaller type of hawk is more dangerous than a larger one.
［
C
］

They mob the enemy by native instinct.
［
D
］

Their calls mostly cannot be heard by human being.
of the following is Not an example of “coded signal” (Line 1, Paragraph 2)?

［
A
］

Bees perform dances to convey that the food source is not far away from the hive.
［
B
］

Parrots imitate human speech and whistle when kept in captivity.
［
C
］

Huntsmen use horns to indicate the presence of a fox in a field or to call the hunting party
together.
［
D
］

Bats and dolphins use high frequency sounds for communication and navigation.
Text 4 07.8
The
rapid house
-
price
inflation
of
recent
years
is
clearly
unsustainable,
yet
most
economists
in
most countries still cling to the hope that house prices will flatten rather than collapse. It is true
that, unlike share prices, house prices tend to be somew
hat “sticky” downwards. People have to
live
somewhere
and
owners
are
loth
to
accept
a
capital
loss.
As
long
as
they
can
afford
their
mortgage payments, they will stay put until conditions improve. The snag is that eventually some
owners have to sell
—
because of relocation, or job loss
—
and they will be forced to accept lower
prices.
Indeed, a drop in nominal prices is today more likely than after previous booms for three reasons:
homes are
more overvalued; inflation is
much lower; and many
more people have
been buying
houses as an investment. If house prices stop rising or start to fall, owner
-
occupiers will largely
stay put, but over
-
exposed investors are more likely to sell, especially if rents do not cover their
interest payments. House prices will not collapse overnight like stockmarkets. But over the next
five years, several countries are likely to experience price falls of 20% or more.
While
America
’
s
housing
market
is
still
red
hot,
others
—
in
Britain,
Australia
and
the
Netherlands
—
have already cooled. What lessons might they offer the United States? The first is
that, contrary to conventional wisdom, it does not require a trigger, such as a big rise in interest
rates or unemployment, for house prices to decline. Since 2002, the Reserve Bank of Australia has
raised rates by a modest one and a quarter percentage points and unemployment is at a 30
-
year
low,
yet
home
prices
have
fallen.
The
Federal
Reserve
’
s
gradual
increase
in
rates
by
two
percentage
-
points over the past year has done little to scare away buyers, because most still have
fixed
-
rate mortgages and long
-
term bond yields have remained unusually low.
British and Australian prices have stalled mainly because first
-
time buyers have been priced out of
the market and demand from buy
-
to
-
let investors has slumped. British first
-
timers now account
for only 29% of buyers, down from 50% in 1999. And, according to the National Association of
Estate Agents, buy
-
to
-
let purchases are running 50% lower than a
year ago. As prices become
more and more heady in America, the same will happen there.

Another
worrying
lesson
from
abroad
for
America
is
that
even
a
mere
levelling
-
off
of
house
prices can trigger a sharp slowdown in consumer spending. A modest weakening of house prices
in
America
would
hurt
consumer
spending,
because
homeowners
have
been
cashing
out
their
capital gains at a record pace. Goldman Sachs estimates that total housing
-
equity withdrawal rose
to 7.4% of personal disposable income in 2004. If prices stop rising, this
“
income
”

from capital
gains will vanish.
［
479 words
］


the first two paragraphs, we learn that.
［
A
］

economists have realistic expectations for housing market
［
B
］

owner
-
occupiers will benefit from a housing collapse
［
C
］

investors are vulnerable to house price declines
［
D
］

most countries will experience a quick slide in house prices
17. What can be inferred about the impact of interest rates on house prices?
［
A
］

Rising interest rates will calm house prices sooner or later.
［
B
］

House prices may rise despite the increase in interest rates.
［
C
］

High house prices can coexist with low interest rates.
［
D
］

House prices are sensitive to interest rates.
18. It is true of Britain and Australia that .
［
A
］

their house prices have hit record levels
［
B
］

their supply of houses could not keep up with demand
［
C
］

they have found a decline in first
-
time home buyers
［
D
］

they have the weakest growth in consumer spending
19. When house prices keep rising in America, .
［
A
］

investment will drop
［
B
］

inflation will rise

［
C
］

economic growth will slow
［
D
］

customer spending will go up
20. According to the author, the global housing market is .
［
A
］

cooling down
［
B
］

at a turning point
［
C
］

enjoying a boom

［
D
］

near to recovery

Part B 07.8
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about a park naturalist. Choose the most suitable
heading from the list A
-
F for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of
the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

［
A
］

Becoming a naturalist


［
B
］

Seeing wonder in the ordinary
［
C
］

A changing role

［
D
］

Disgusting and embarrassing moments

［
E
］

What does a park naturalist do?

［
F
］

What does it take to be a park naturalist?




I have the best job in the Wisconsin State Park System. As a park naturalist at Peninsula State
Park, I am busy writing reports, creating brochures about trees or flowers, and sometimes visiting
schools. And, of course, I make sure Peninsula
’
s feathered friends are well fed.





21.





As a park naturalist I am a writer, a teacher, a historian and, if not a social worker, at least a
mentor to young people interested in the environment. I love the diversity of my job. Every day is
different.
Most
tasks
require
creativity.
Now
that
I
am
an
experienced
naturalist,
I
have
the
freedom
to
plan
my
own
day
and
make
decisions
about
the
types
of
programs
that
we
offer
at
Peninsula.





22.






In my first naturalist job, I spent four out of five days leading school field trips and visiting
classrooms. As a state park naturalist I still work with students, but more often lead programs like
bird walks, nature crafts, outdoor skills, and trail hikes. I also find myself increasingly involved in
management
decisions.
For
example,
sometimes
the
park
naturalist
is
the
person
who
knows
where
rare
orchids
grow
or
where
ravens
nest.
When
decisions
are
made
about
cutting
trees,
building
trails,
or
creating
more
campsites,
naturalists
are
asked
to
give
the
“ecological
perspective.”







23.






Perhaps
the
grossest
thing
I
’
ve
done
as
a
naturalist
is
to
boil
animal
skulls.
Visitors
like
seeing bones and skins
—
at least after they have been cleaned up! Once, our nature center needed
more skulls. A trapper gave me muskrat, raccoon and fox skulls but I had to clean them. First, I
boiled the skin and meat off. Boy, did that stink! Then I used dissecting tools and old toothbrushes
to
clean
out
the
eyeballs.
Finally,
I
soaked
the
skulls
in
a
bleach
solution.
I
’
ve
had
some
embarrassing experiences, too. On my first hike as Peninsula
’
s new naturalist, I was so excited
that I identified a white pine tree as a red pine tree! That
’
s quite a mistake since the trees are so
easy to tell apart. White pine needles are in bundles of five and red pine needles are in bundles of
two.






24.


Not all state parks are as busy or as big as Peninsula. Not all park naturalists spend the seasons as I
do.
Nevertheless,
park
naturalists
share
certain
common
interests
and
responsibilities:
A
park
naturalist might notice that branches of a red maple growing in a field reach out to the side while
those
of
a
red
maple
in
a
thick
forest
reach
up,
and
wonder
why
the
trees
look
different.
A
naturalist makes things happen. It might be working with workers to clean up part of a river. Park
naturalists share knowledge in different ways, but all of them communicate with people. A love of
learning
—
from
other
people,
from
plants
and
animals,
from
books,
and
more
—
is
an
essential
quality.
Most
naturalists
don
’
t
work
in
places
of
rare
beauty.
Many
work
in
city
parks
or
in
places that show “wear and tear.” If you can wonder about an inchworm, a juniper bush, or a robin
and cause others to wonder, too, then you are ready to become a park naturalist.




25.





If you think you want to become a park naturalist, do the following:




Explore
your
home
landscape.
Knowing
how
people
have
shaped
the
land
where
you
live
—
and how the land has shaped them
—
will lend a comparison that will serve you well.




Start a field sketch book. Sketch what you see, where and when. The reason is not to practice
art skills (though you may discover you have a talent) but, rather, to practice observation skills.





Go to college. You will need a 4
-
year degree. There are several academic routes that lead to
the
naturalist
’
s
road.
I
have
found
ornithology,
plant
taxonomy
and
human
growth
and
development to be among my most helpful courses.




Listen and learn. A college degree is like a ticket. It lets you board the plane but is only the
beginning of the journey. Look and listen to those who have already traveled the road for ideas,
knowledge and inspiration.
［
685 words
］


Part C 06.8
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
Within
economic
theory,
there
are
in
any
case
quite
different
assumptions
about
individual
behaviour. Some neoclassical models assume that individuals
’
expectations are rational, that is,
they
draw
economically
optimal
conclusions
from
available
information.
In
other
models,
expectations are more slowly“adaptive”, or there is uncertainty about the future. Yet experimental
research shows that most people are remarkably bad at assessing their own economic best interest,
even
when
they
are
given
clear
information
and
time
to
learn.
Faced
with
a
simple
economic
dilemma, people are quite likely to make the wrong decision because of “bounded rationality”(the
effect of misleading preconceptions or emotions) or basic computational mistakes (the inability to
calculate probabilities and discount rates). Psychologists have also identified the phenomenon of
“myopic
discounting”:
our
tendency
to
prefer
a
large
reward
later
to
a
small
reward
soon—
a
preference
we
then
switch
as
the
small
reward
becomes
irresistibly
imminent.
(26)
Prospect
theorists
have
shown
that
people
are
risk
-
averse
when
choosing
between
a
certain
gain
and
a
possible
bigger
gain
—
they
will
choose
the
certain
but
smaller
gain
—
but
not
when
offered
a
choice between a certain loss and a possible bigger loss.

Most economic institutions, if they depend on credit, also depend in some measure on credibility.
But credibility can be based on credulity. (27)In late nineteenth
-
century France, Therese Humbert
enjoyed a glittering career on the basis of a chest supposedly containing a hundred million francs
in
bearer
bonds,
which
it
was
claimed
she
had
inherited
from
her
natural
father,
a
mysterious
Portuguese (later American) millionaire named Crawford. Borrowing against these securities, she
and her husband were able to buy a luxurious hotel in the avenue de la Grande Armé
e, to gain a
controlling interest in a Parisian newspaper and to engineer his election as a socialist deputy. Ten
thousand people gathered outside the house when the box was finally opened in May 1902. It was
found to contain“nothing but an old newspaper, an Italian coin and a trouser button.”


(28)Even
when
we
are
not
miscalculating
—
as
the
Humberts
’

creditors
plainly
did
—
our
economic calculations are often subordinated to our biological impulses: the desire to reproduce,
rooted(according
to
neo
-
Darwinian
theories)
in
our
“
selfish
genes
”
,
the
capacity
for
violence
against rivals for mates and sustenance
—
to say nothing of the erotic or morbid forms of behaviour
analysed
by
Freud,
which
cannot
always
be
explained by
evolutionary
biology.
Man
is
a
social
animal
whose
motivations
are
inseparable
from
his
cultural
milieu.
(29)As
Max
Weber
argued,
even the profit motive has its roots in a not wholly rational asceticism, a desire to work for its own
sake which is as much religious as economic. Under different cultural conditions, human beings
may prefer leisure to toil. Or they may win the esteem of their fellows by economically irrational
behaviour; for social status is seldom the same as mere purchasing power.
And
man
is
also
a
political
animal.
The
groups
into
which
human
beings
divide
themselves
—
kinship
groups,
tribes,
faiths,
nations,
classes
and
parties
(not
forgetting
firms)
—
satisfy
two
fundamental
needs:
the
desire
for
security
(safety,
both
physical
and
psychological,
in
numbers)
and
what
Nietzsche
called
the
will
to
power:
the
satisfaction
that
comes
from
dominating
other
weaker
groups.
No
theory
has
adequately
described
this
phenomenon, not least because individuals are plainly capable of sustaining multiple, overlapping
identities; and of tolerating the proximity of quite different groups, and indeed co
-
operating with
them. (30)Only occasionally, and for reasons which seem historically specific, are people willing
to accept an exclusive group identity. Only sometimes
—
but often enough
—
does the competition
between groups descend into violence.
［
611 words
］


答案

1.A2.B3.D4.C5.C6.C7.B8.A9.A10.B
11.C12.C13.A14.A15.B16.C17.B18.C19.D20.A
21.E22.C23.D24.F25.A
26
?研究未来的理论家们证明，人们 在既定收益和可能的更大收益之间取舍时往往规避风
险，
总会选择确定性大但数量较小的收益，
但在面对既定损失和可能更大的损失时，
却不会
如此选择。

27< br>?在
19
世纪末的法国，特莉莎·亨伯尔靠着一个小匣子而拥有风光的事业。据说这个匣
子里有一亿法郎持票人债券，
人们都说这是她从生父，
一个叫克罗福的神秘的葡萄牙百 万富
翁（后来是美国公民）那里继承的。

28
?即使我们没有像亨伯尔的债 主们一样打错算盘，我们的经济盘算也往往受制于我们的
生理冲动。


29
?正如马克思
.
韦伯所论证的那样，甚至追求利润的动机也来源于并非完全理性的禁欲 主
义，即一种为工作而工作的欲望，这种欲望既是宗教上的，也是经济上的。

30
?人们只是偶尔因为一些似乎历史特有的原因，才愿意接受一种排外的群体身份。


本单元试题详解

第一篇总体分析




本文主要论述了哲学和神学或理智和启示之间的关系。文中给出了经院哲学家和神学人
员对于二者之间关系的不同看法。考生应着重把握各种院派人士所持的不同观点。

第一段：
指出造成经院哲学运动统一性的原因是经院哲学人士共同的目标、
态度和方法。
他们主要关心的是将理性与启示的知识进行整合。





第二段：主要论述了经院派学者看待理智和启示之间关系的观点。



第三段：论述了与经院派学者的观点成鲜明对比的哲学家阿威罗伊的观点。



第四段：
总结指出，
因为相信信仰和理智之间的和谐统一关系，
经 院派哲学家一直试图确
定它们各自的范围和能力及二者间确切的关系。


试题精解

1.
对于经院哲学家来说，对新知识的追求。

［
A
］

完全停滞［
B
］

速度趋缓［
C
］

进展迅速［
D
］

逐渐苏醒

［精解］

答案
A
本题考查事实细节。 文章第一段第三句话指出了经院哲学家对新知识的态
度，
即经院哲学家主要关注的不是发现新知 识而是把希腊理学和基督教启示分别已经获得的
知识整合起来。由此可见，对于经院哲学家来说，对于新 知识的追求是停滞不前的。
［
A
］
项为正确答案。

2.
下述选项中哪一个最能阐明理智和启示之间的关系？

［
A
］

它们只是简单的相似。
［
B
］

启示引导理智。

［
C
］

二者偶尔互相矛盾。
［
D
］

理智使启示变得完美。

［精解］

答案
B
本题考 查考生对事实细节的概括能力。文章第二段就理智和启示二者的关
系作了详细的论述。
该段第一 句明确指出，
决定经院哲学家持有共同观点最重要的一点是他
们确信理智和启示二者间基本的和 谐关系。
接下来第三句作者提到，
二者表面上的对立可以
追溯到对理智的错误运用和对 启示的误解中，所以［
C
］项错误。该段后半部分内容中作者
对二者的关系进一步展开 具体论述：经院哲学家坚信启示能掌握更高层次的真理和确定性；
在宗教信仰和哲学推理表面上的冲突中 ，
信仰总是更高层次的裁决者，
神学者的决定支配着
哲学家的决定。可见［
B
］项是两者关系的恰当诠释。
［
A
］项和［
D
］项文中未提 及。

3.
根据文章的第二段可以推断出。

［
A
］

哲学作为谦卑的仆人的地位被接受了［
B
］

宗教已经成了哲学运行的障碍

［
C
］


哲学家经常引用启示来支持自己［
D
］

宗教实践中有时也会涉及到哲学家

［精解］

答案
D本题考查考生在理解细节的基础上推理引申的能力。文章的第二段主要论
述了理智和启示二者之间的 关系。该段倒数第二句提到，经院哲学思想在
13
世纪早期越来
越强调哲学的独立性， 但在整个经院哲学阶段，哲学一直被称作神学的仆人。可见，哲学的
仆人地位并没有被接受。
［
A
］项错误。该段虽然提到神学是最后的仲裁者，乃至哲学被称
为神学的奴隶，但并没 有确凿的证据说明宗教成了哲学运行的障碍，
［
B
］项属于过度引申。
该段的 最后一句话提到，神学家用哲学来理解和解释启示，这与［
D
］项相符，该段只提到
神 学家利用哲学，而［
C
］项则未涉及。

4.
阿威罗伊认为。

［
A
］

伊斯兰神学经常屈从于哲学

［
B
］

宗教真理不过是白日梦

［
C
］

对于多数普通人来说，真正的真理是很难理解的

［
D
］

不完美的表达是宗教的缺陷造成的

［精解］

答案
C本题考查文中人物的观点。专有人名
Averro
ё
s
出现在文章的第三 段。该
段一开始作者就提到，经院哲学家的态度与哲学家阿威罗伊（
Averro
ё< br>s
）所谓的双重真理
理论形成了鲜明的对比。
接着该段论述了阿威罗伊的理论，
即哲学和伊斯兰神学都可以接近
真相，
但是只有哲学能够完美地得到它。
因此 ，
所谓的神学真理对于普通人来讲不过是对事
实的不完美的想象的表达。真正的真理只有哲学才 可以接近。
他还认为，哲学上的真理，至
少在口头上，与伊斯兰神学是矛盾的。
［C
］项是该段第三句的改写。
［
A
］项将原文中的
contra dict
偷换成
subordinate to
。
［
B
］项属于断章取义，
Averro
ё
s
只认为对于普通人来说，
神学真理是想象的，但哲学是可以理解它的。
［
D< br>］论述了文章中没有的因果关系。

5.
在下述选项中，那一项最有可能是文章接下来要叙述的？

［
A
］

圣·托马斯·阿奎纳的成就和先前的努力的关系。

［
B
］

圣·托马斯·阿奎纳如何在讨论中掌握平衡。

［
C
］

在理智和启示之间的关系上的其他努力。

［
D
］

经院哲学成熟时期的突出特点。

［精解］

答案
C
本题考查考生对文章论证结构的把握。文章最后一 段首句为段落主旨句，
指出：
因为相信信仰和理智之间和谐统一的关系，
经院派哲学家 总是试图确定它们各自精确
的范围和能力。
该段接下来以时间为线索，
先谈到早期经院 哲学家不能清楚地对两者进行区
分，
总是过于自信地认为哲学推理可以为启示提供准则；
接着谈到了经院哲学成熟时期的代
表人物圣·托马斯·阿奎纳，指出他努力在二者之间找到一种平衡。 可见，整个段落的内容
都是围绕理智和启示关系上的努力而展开论述。
因此可推测下文应继续叙 述就此进行的其他
努力，因此［
C
］项为正确答案。圣·托马斯·阿奎纳只是作为经院 哲学人物的一个代表被
提到，不可能对他的个人成就做过于详尽的论述，排除［
A
］项 。
［
B
］
、
［
D
］项都与段落主
旨不一致 ，即不属于论证主旨的论据。


核心词汇或超纲词汇

(4)ar biter(2)doctrine(6)faculty(3)revelation(1)scholast ic (5)theologian

全文翻译

在宗教研究中，关于哲学 和神学，经院派学者们持有广泛的各种各样的学说。在欧洲从
9
世纪到
17
世 纪的学术实践中，赋予整个经院运动统一性的是其所有成员共同的目标、态度
以及共同接受的方法。经院学者首要关注的并不是发现新的事实而是将希腊理性和基督启示
各自获得的知识综合成一体。< br>这一关注是经院哲学和自文艺复兴以来的现代思想之间最显著
的不同特征之一。

经院派学者的基本目标决定了他们某些共同的观点态度，
其中最重要的是他们坚信理性和启
示 之间存在着基本的和谐。经院学者认为上帝是这两种知识的源泉，真理是他的主要属性，
因此他不可能在 两种表达方式上自相矛盾。
任何关于启示和理性表面上的对抗都可以追根到
对理智的错误运用或 对启示词语的不精确解释上。
因为经院派学者相信启示是上帝的直接教
诲，
因此比自然 的理性具有更高的真理性和确定性。
因此在宗教信仰和哲学理性之间的表面
冲突中，信仰一直是 终极的裁决者，神学家的决断支配着哲学家的决断。
13
世纪早期之后，
经院思想更加 强调哲学在自己领域内的独立性。
尽管如此，
在整个经院哲学阶段，
哲学一直
被称作神学的仆人，
这不仅是因为哲学的真理性居于神学真理性之下，
还因为神学家将哲学运用到了对启示的理解和解释之中。

这种经院哲学观点与阿拉伯裔西班牙哲学家阿威罗伊 所谓的双重真理理论形成了鲜明的对
比。
阿威罗伊的理论认为对于哲学和伊斯兰神学来说，真理都是可以接近的，
但是只有哲学
可以完全获得它。因此，所谓的神学真理作为一种不完 美的想象的表达方式为普通人服务，
去获得只有哲学才能接近的可靠的真理。
阿威罗伊认为哲学 真理可以与伊斯兰神学的教诲相
矛盾，至少在口头上如此。

因为相信信仰和理性间的 和谐关系，
经院派学者试图裁决它们各自精确的能力和范围。
诸如
意大利的传教士和哲 学家圣·
安瑟莫这样的早期经院哲学家并没有清楚地区分二者，
并且过
于深信理性能够 证明某些启示的教条学说。
后来，
在经院哲学的成熟阶段，
意大利神职人员
及 哲学家圣·托马斯·阿奎纳在理性和启示之间找到了一种平衡。