菲古拉大战600男子新编英国文学选读 第二版 复习资料

2021年1月26日发(作者：毛凤朝)
Chapter 8
The age of Romanticism:
1.

From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to
the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832, a new movement appeared on the literary arena.
The essence of this new movement is the glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep
veneration of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world.
2.

The political and social factors that gave rise to the romantic movement were the
three
revolution:
American
and
French
Revolution;
national
liberation
movements;
democratic movements.

3.

And
Industrial
Revolution:
brought
great
wealth
to
the
rich
and
worsened
the
living condition
of the poor; Workers organized
themselves and
gave voice to
their
distress by breaking machines, which is called Machine breaking movement(Luddite
movement)
4.

The
shift
in
literature
from
emphasis
on
reason
to
instinct
and
emotion
was
intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18
th
century.
5.

Rousseau:
the
father
of
Romanticism.
He
rejects
the
worship
of
reason.
He
maintains in the really vital problems of life, it is much safer to rely on
feelings, to
follow
our
instincts
and
emotions.
He
preaches
that
civilized
man
should
return
to
nature, praised the natural man as the noble savage and attacks the civilized man as
the depraved animals.
6.

Edmund Burke:
As a political philosopher he is
known for his
Reflection on the
Revolution
in
France
.
He
distinguished
between
two
kinds
of
beauty
—
the
sublime
and the beautiful.
7.

Thomas
Paine:
He
published
The
Rights
of
Man
in
1791
to
answer
to
Burke
’

s
Reflection. The Rights of Man asserts that man has no property in man and justifies
the radical actions of French people in the revolution, claiming that it is the right of
people to overthrown a government that opposes humanity.
8.

Characteristic features of the romantic movement:


1)

Subjectivism: romantic poets describe poetry as the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings, which express the poet
’
s interest of romantic poets is not
objective world or the action of men, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experience of
the poets themselves.
2)

Spontaneity:
Wordsworth
defines
poetry
as
the
spontaneous
overflow
of
feelings.
Romanticism
is
an
assertion
of
independence,
a
departure
from
the
neo-classis rules.
3)

Singularity
4)

Worship of nature
5)

Simplicity
6)

Melancholy
7)

It
was
an
age
of
poetry
by
which
the
poets
outpoured
their
feelings
and
emotions. Romantic poets loved to use a freer verse form.
9.

Romanticism is a term that denotes most of the writings that were written between
1798 and 1832.
Wordsworth:
1.

From 1799 to his death he was politically very conservative and lived in retirement
at Grasmere in the Lake district in the company of his sister Dorothy Wordsworth and
his friend Coleridge. In 1843 after the death of Southey he was made poet laureate.
2.

The most representative poet of English Romanticism.
3.

In

1798,

the
publication
of
Lyrical
Ballads

marked
the
break
with
the
conventional poetical tradition of the 18
th
century and the beginning of the Romantic
revival
in
England.
It
is
a
declaration
of
romanticism
and
an
important
piece
of
literary criticism in English literature.
Coleridge:
1.

3 Lake poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.
2.

Married the sister of Southey
’
s wife.
3.

Representative work:
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
, written in ballad form. The
theme is about sin and its expiation.
4.

Kubla Khan: total imagination. Collected in
Lyrical Ballads.

5.

His only play that was on the stage was
Remorse
.
6.

His
lectures
on
Shakespeare
are
still
considered
valuable
Shakespearean
critical
materials.
Byron:
1.

The long satirical epic, Don Juan, is generally considered as his masterpiece. As a
leading Romanticist, Bryon
’
s chief contribution is his creation of Byronic Hero.
2.

Childe Harold
’
s Pilgrimage made him famous overnight.
3.

Don Juan: It is about the romantic adventure of a legendary Spanish youth who has
many love affairs with various woman. The real significance of this poem lies in its
vivid description of the lives and manners of many lands. Byron
’
s fiery passion for
the liberation of the Greek people and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in
love, religion and the social relationship of his time.
4.

The Isles of Greece: a song sung by a singer at the wedding ceremony between Don
Juan
and
Haidee,
in
which
the
singer(Byron)
contrast
the
past
glory
of
the
Greek
people with their present state of enslavement by the Turks.
Shelley:
1.

His first important poem is Queen Mab, an allegorical poem in which through the
mouth
of
Queen
Mab,
the
fairy
queen,
he
attacks
kings,
priests,
and
statesmen
and
human institutions such as marriage, commerce, and religion.
2.

He
met
Godwin
in
1814
and
fell
in
love
with
his
daughter
Mary
Godwin.
Her
mother was Mary Wollstonecraft, a champion for women
’
s rights and the authoress of
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
3.

On the death of Keats, he wrote a elegiac poem Adonais.
4.

His lyrics are best known among the English poets.
5.

The most well-known is the Ode to the West Wind
6.

Song to
the Men of England:
political
lyrics
in
protest against the government
’
s
barbarous action and calling the working people to rise up to overthrown the rule of
idle class.
7.

An ode:
In ancient time, an ode is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus
to chant and to dance to; In modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings,
often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.

John Keats
1.

Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.
2.

In 1817, he abandoned his profession in surgeon and published his first collection
of poems.
3.

His best were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time of his death.
4.

On First Looking into Chapman
’
s Homer
5.

Ode to a Nightingale.
6.

Negative
Capability:
Firstly
used
by
Keats
to
critique
those
who
sought
to
categorize all experience and phenomena and turn them into a theory of knowledge.
This put Keats at the front of Romantic Movement.
Lamb:
1.

Lamb was important in English literature for his contribution to the Familiar Essay,
a
type
of
essay
which
dates
back
to
those
of
the
French
essayist
and
was
later
developed by Addison and Steele.
2.

With his sister, they wrote Tales from Shakespeare.
3.

Recollection and nostalgia play an important role in his essays.
4.

His
essays
are
full
of
long
and
curious
words
and
are
interrupted
by
frequent
exclamations and parentheses.
5.

Lamb
’

s
most
well-known
literary
work
is
Tales
from
Shakespeare.
They
were
stories retold from the plays of Shakespeare.
Chapter 9
The Victorian Age:
1.

The
English
people
were
proud
of
the
two
queens:
Queen
Elizabeth
and
Queen
Victorian.
During
their
long
reigns
England
developed
rapidly
both
politically
and
economically.
2.

Capitalism first took its shape during the reign of Queen E. And the small country
defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588.

3.

During the reign of Queen Victoria, England grew from an agricultural country into
an industrialized one and became he workshop
of the world
as well as its
financial
and political center.
4.

During this period, literature flourished.
5.

Three period of The Victorian Age:
1)

a time of social unrest
2)

The
middle
period:
a
period
of
economic
prosperity
and
religious
controversy.
3)

The last period: a period of decay of Victorian values.
6.

The first period:

1)

The
passing
of
the
first
reform
bill
made
it
possible
for
the
industrial
capitalists to gain their power in Parliament.
2)

The
Reform
of
Bill
of
1832
extend
the
right
to
vote
to
all
men
owning
property worth ten pounds or more.
3)

The second accomplishment of Reform of Bill
was to eliminate the
“
rotten
boroughs
”
and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities.