beguile-veno
1. Allusion:
A reference to a person, a place, an
event, or a literary work that a writer
expects the reader to recognize and
respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history,
geography, literature, or religion.
2.
American
Naturalism:
American
naturalism
was
a
new
and
harsher
realism.
American
naturalism
had
been
shaped
by
the
war;
by
the
social
upheavals
that
undermined the comforting faith of an
earlier age. America’s literary naturalists
dismissed
the validity of comforting
moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme
objectivity and
frankness,
presenting
characters
of
low
social
and
economic
classes
who
were
determined
by
their
environment
and
heredity.
In
presenting
the
extremes
of
life,
the
naturalists sometimes
displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of
early romanticism, but
unlike their
romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized
that the world was amoral,
that
men
and
women
had
no
free
will,
that
lives
were
controlled
by
heredity
and
environment,
that
the
destiny
of
humanity
was
misery
in
life
and
oblivion
in
death.
Although
naturalist
literature
described
the
world
with
sometimes
brutal
realism,
it
sometimes also aimed at bettering the
world through social reform.
3
American
Puritanism:
Puritanism
is
the
practices
and
beliefs of
the
Puritans. The
Puritans were
originally members of a division of the Protestant
Church. The first settlers
who became
the founding fathers of the American nation were
quite a few of them. They
were a group
of serious, religious people, advocating highly
religious and moral principles.
As the
word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their
religious beliefs and practices. They
accepted
the
doctrine
of
predestination,
original
sin
and
total
depravity,
and
limited
atonement through a
special infusion of grace form God. As a culture
heritage, Puritanism
did have a
profound influence on the early American mind.
American Puritanism also had
an
enduring influence on American literature.
4. American Realism:
in American literature, the
Civil War brought the Romantic Period
to an end. The Age of Realism came into
existence. It came as a reaction against the lie
of
romanticism and sentimentalism.
Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange
toward
a
faithful
rendering
of
the
ordinary,
a
slice
of
life
as
it
is
really
lived.
It
expresses
the
concern for commonplace and the
low
, and it offers an objective rather
than an idealistic
view of human nature
and human experience.
5.
American
Romanticism:
The
Romantic
Period
covers
the
first
half
of
the
19th
century.
A rising America with its ideals of democracy and
equality, its industrialization, its
westward expansion, and a variety of
foreign influences were among the important
factors
which made literary expansion
and expression not only possible but also
inevitable in the
period immediately
following the nation’s political independence.
Yet, romantics frequently
shared
certain
general
characteristics:
moral
enthusiasm,
faith
in
value of
individualism
and
intuitive
perception,
and
a
presumption
that
the
natural
world
was
a
source
of
goodness and man’s societies a source
of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in
American politics, art, and philosophy
until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of
the
individual suited the nation’s
revolutionary heritage and its f
rontier
egalitarianism.
6.
American
Transcendentalism:
Transcendentalists
terrors
from
the
romantic
literature of
Europe. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and
against the materialism of
Americagogopirit,
or
the
Oversoul,
as
the
most
important
thing
in
the
Universe.
They
stressed the importance
of the individual. To them, the individual was the
most important
element of society. They
offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic
of the Spirit or
God.
Nature
was,
to
them,
alive,
filled
with
God’s
over
whelming
presence.
Transcendentalism
is based on the belief that the most fundamental
truths about life and
death can be
reached only by going beyond the world of the
senses. Emerson’s Nature
has
been
called
the
“Manifesto
of
American
Transcendentalism”
an
d his
The
American
Scholar
has
been
rightly
regarded
as
America’s
“Declaration
of
Intellectual
Independence”.
7.
Dramatic monologue
: A kind of narrative
poem in which one character speaks to one
or
more
listeners
whose
replies
are
not
given
in
the
poem.
The
occasion
is
usually
a
crucial
one in the speaker’s personality as well as the
incident that is the subject of the
poem.
8.
Enlightenmen
t: With the advent of the
18th century
, in England, as in other
European
countries,
there
sprang
into
life
a
public
movement
known
as
the
Enlightenment.
The
Enlightenment on the whole, was an
expression of struggle of the then progressive
class
of
bourgeois
against
feudalism.
The
egogo
inequality,
stagnation,
prejudices
and
other
survivals of
feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of
science at the service of
mankind by
connecting them with the actual deeds and
requirements of the people.
9.
Imagism:
It’s
a
poetic
movement
of
England
and
the
U.S.
flourished
from
1909
to
movement
insists on the creation of i
mages in
poetry by “the direct treatment of
the
thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of
this movement were Ezra Pound
and Amy
Lowell.
10. Local Colorism:
Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first
made its presence felt
in
the
late
1860s
and
early
seventies
in
America.
It
may
be
defined
as
the
careful
attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior
peculiar to a geographical locality. The ultimate
aim of the local colorists is to create
the illusion of an indigenous little world with
qualities
that tell it apart from the
world outside. The social and intellectual climate
of the country
provided a stimulating
milieu for the growth of local color fiction in
America. Local colorists
concerned
themselves with presenting and interpreting the
local character of their regions.
They
tended to idealize and glorify
, but
they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful
color of local life. They formed an
important part of the realistic movement. Although
it lost
its momentum toward the end of
the 19th century, the local spirit continued to
inspire and
fertilize the imagination
of author.
11. Lost
Generation:
This term has been used
again and again to describe the people of
the
postwar
years.
It
describes
the
Americans
who
remained
in
Paris
as
a
colony
of
“ expatriates” or exiles.
It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived
in semi poverty.
It describes the
Americans who returned to their native land with
an intense awareness of
living in an
unfamiliar changing world. The young English and
American expatriates,
men
and
women,
were
caught
in
the
war
and
cut
off
from
the old
values
and
yet
unable
to
come
to
terms
with
the
new
era
when
civilization
had
gone
mad.
They
wandered
pointlessly and
restlessly, enjoying things like fishing,
swimming, bullfight and beauties of
nature,
but
they
were aware
all
the
while
that
the
world
is
crazy
and
meaningless and
futile.
Their whole life is undercut and defeated.
12.
Beat
Generation
:
the
Beat
writers
were
a
small
group
of
close
friends
first,
and
a
movement later. The term “Beat
Generation” gradually came to represent an entire
period