exploit必修五课文原文及翻译

UNIT 1

JOHN SNOW DEFEATS

“KING CHOLERA”

John Snow was a famous doctor in London

—

so

expert< /p>

，

indeed

，

that he

attended

Queen

Victoria

as

her

personal

physician

.But

he

became

inspired

when

he

thought

about

helping

ordinary people

exposed to

was the deadly disease of its r its cause nor its

cure

was

many

thousands

of

terrified

people

died

every

time

there

was

an

Snow wanted to face the

challenge

and solve this knew that cholera

would never be controlled until its cause was found.

He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed

first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it

found its

victims

.The second suggested that people

absorbed

this disease into their bodies with

their the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person

died.

John Snow

suspected

that

the

second

theory

was

correct

but

he needed

when

another outbreak hit London in 1854

，

he was ready to begin his

enquiry

.As the disease spread

quickly through poor

neighbourhoods

，

he began to gather two particular streets

，

the cholera outbreak was so

severe

that more than 500 people died in ten was determined

to find out why.

First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had gave him

a valuable clue about the cause of the of the deaths were near the water

pump

in

Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38 and 40)

．

He also noticed that some houses(such as 20

and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no had not

foreseen

this

，

so

he made further discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge

had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the seemed that

the water was to

blame

.

Next

，

John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two found that it

came from the river

polluted

by the dirty water from immediately told the astonished

people

in

Broad

Street

to

remove

the

handle

from

the

pump

so

that

it

could

not

be

afterwards the disease slowed had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a

cloud of gas.

In another part of London

，

he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were

linked to

the Broad Street outbreak.A woman

，

who had moved away from Broad Street

，

liked the

water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every she and her

daughter died of cholera after drinking the this extra evidence John Snow was able to

announce

with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.

To prevent this from happening again

，

John Snow suggested that the source of all the water

supplies

be

water

companies

were

instructed

not

to

expose

people

to

polluted

精选

water any y

“King Cholera”

was defeated.

约翰

·

斯诺战胜

“

霍乱王

”

约翰

·< /p>

斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生

——

他的确医 术精湛，以至于成了照料维多利亚女王

的私人医生。但当他一想到要帮助

(

那些

)

得了霍乱的普通百姓 时，就感到很受鼓舞。霍乱在

当时是最致命的疾病。

人们既不知 道它的病因，

也不懂如何治疗。

每次爆发霍乱时就有成千

上万惊恐的人病死。约翰

·

斯诺想面对这一挑 战，解决这一问题。他知道在找到病源之前，

霍乱疫情是无法控制的。

< br>

他对霍乱致人死地的两种推测产生了兴趣。

第一种看法 是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，

像一

股危险气体在空中到处漂浮，< /p>

直到找到病毒的受害人。

第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种

病毒引入体内的。病毒从胃部开始迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。

约翰

·

斯诺推测第二种说法是正 确的，

但需要有证据。

因此在

1854

年伦敦再次爆发霍乱

时，他就着手准备对此调研。当霍乱在贫民 区迅速蔓延时，约翰

·

斯诺开始搜集信息。他发

现特别在两条街上霍乱流行得很严重，

以至于

10

天内就有

500

多人死亡。

他决心查清原因。

他首先在地图上标注出所有死者曾 住过的确切地点。

该图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很

有价值的线 索。许多死者都住在布洛德街上的水泵附近

(

尤其是这条街上的

16

、

37

、

38

和

40

号

)

。他还发现有些住户

(

如布洛德街

20

号和

21< /p>

号及剑桥街

8

号和

9

号

)

却无人死亡。他

未预料到这种情况，于是他做了进一步调查。他发现这些人是在剑桥街

7

号的酒馆里打工。

酒馆为他们供应免费啤酒，因此他们没喝布洛德街 水泵里的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。

接下来，约翰

·

斯诺调查了这两条街上的水源。他发现水来自于河里，这条河被伦敦排

出的脏水污染了。约翰

·

斯诺立即告诉布洛 德街上惊慌失措的人们拆掉水泵的把手，这样水

泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓 解。他证明了霍乱是通过细菌传播而非气团传播。

在伦敦的另 一地区，

他从另外两例与布洛德街疾病爆发有关的死亡病例中得到了有力的

证据。

一个妇女，从布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜欢水泵的水，她让人每天从 水泵给她家送

水。她和她的女儿在喝了这些水后，都死于霍乱。利用这个额外证据，约翰

·

斯诺就可以很

有把握地宣布污染水携 带病菌。

为防止这种情况再度发生，约翰

·

斯诺建议，所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司也得到

指示 再也不能让人们接触污染水了。“霍乱王”终于被击败了。

PUZILES IN GEOGRAPHY

People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries

：

England

，

Wales< /p>

，

Scotland and Northern can

clarify

this question if you study British history.

First

there

was

was

linked

to

it

in

the

thirteenth

when

people

精选

refer to England you find Wales included as England and Wales were joined to Scotland

in

the

seventeenth

century

and

the

name

was

changed

to

“Great

Britain”

．

Happily

this

was

accomplished

without

conflict

when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales

as

y

the

English

government

tried

in

the

early

twentieth

century

to

form

the

United

Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful r

，

the southern part of

Ireland

was

unwilling

and

broke

away

to

form

its

own

only

Northern

Ireland

joined with England

，

Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to

the world in a new flag called the

Union

Jack.

To

their

credit

the

four

countries

do

work

together

in

some

areas

(eg

，

the

currency

and

international

relations)

，

but

they

still

have

very

different

institutions

.For

example

，

Northern

Ireland

，

England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different

football teams for competitions like the World Cup!

England is the largest of the four countries

，

and for

convenience

it is divided

roughly

into

three zone nearest France is called the South of England

，

the middle zone is called the

Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the find most of the population

settled

in

the

south

，

but

most

of

the

industrial

cities

in

the

Midlands

and

the

North

of

gh

，

nationwide

，

these

cities

are

not

as

large

as

those

in

China

，

they

have

world-

famous football teams and some of them even have two

！

It is a pity that the industrial cities

built in the nineteenth century do not

attract

historical

architecture

you have to go to

older but smaller towns built by the you will find out more about British history

and culture.

The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums

，

art

colle ctions

，

theatres

，< /p>

parks

，

and

is

the

centre

of

national

government

and

its

administration

.It

has

the

oldest

port

built

by

the

Romans

in

the

first

century

AD

，

the

oldest

building

begun

by

the

Anglo-

Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in

have been four sets of invaders of first invaders

，

the Romans

，

left their towns and

second

，

the

Anglo-

Saxons

，

left

their

language

and

their

third

，

the

Vikings

，

influenced the vocabulary and place-

names of the North of England

，

and the fourth

，

the

Normans

，

left castles and introduced new words for food.

If you look around the British

countryside

you will find evidence of all these

must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom

enjoyable

and worthwhile.

地理学的困惑

对于用不同词汇来描述 英格兰、

威尔士、

苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家，

人们感到很奇

怪。如果你研究英国历史，你就可以弄清楚这个问题。