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大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译

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2021-01-29 18:22
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2021年1月29日发(作者:echo是什么意思中文)


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大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译



Unit 1



Text



Two


college-age


boys,


unaware


that


making


money


usually


involves


hard


work,


are


tempted by an advertisement that promises them an easy way to earn a lot of money.


The boys soon learn that if something seems to good to be true, it probably is.



BIG BUCKS THE EASY WAY



John G. Hubbell




ought


to


look


into


this,


I


suggested


to


our


two


college-age


sons.



might


be a way to avoid the indignity of having to ask for money all the time.


them some magazines in a plastic bag someone bad hung on our doorknob. A message


printed on the bag offered leisurely, lucrative work (


of delivering more such bags.








it


pains


me,


I


said

< br>,



find


that


you


both


have


been


panhandling


so


long


that it no longer embarrasses you.



The


boys


said


they


would


look


into


the


magazine-delivery


thing.


Pleased,


I


left


town on a business trip. By midnight I was comfortably settled in a hotel room far


from home. The phone rang. It was my wife. She wanted to know how my day had gone.






She


snapped.



super!


And


it's


only


getting


started.


Another


truck


just pulled up out front.






third


one


this


evening.


The


first


delivered


four


thousand


Montgomery


Wards.


The second brought four thousand Sears, Roebucks. I don't know what this one has,


but I'm sure it will be four thousand of something. Since you are responsible, I


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thought you might like to know what's happening.



What I was being blamed for, it turned out, was a newspaper strike which made


it


necessary


to


hand-deliver


the


advertising


inserts


that


normally


are


included


with


the


Sunday


paper.


The


company


had


promised


our


boys


$$600


for


delivering


these


inserts


to 4,000 houses by Sunday morning.






Six


hundred


bucks!


His


brother


had


echoed,



we


can


do


the


job


in


two


hours!




me.


speak,


two


big


guys


are


carrying


armloads


of


paper


up


the


walk.


What


do


we


do


about


all this




do what they have to do.



At noon the following day I returned to the hotel and found an urgent message


to telephone my wife.


Her voice


was unnaturally


high and quavering. There had been


several


more


truckloads


of


ad


inserts.



for


department


stores,


dime


stores,


drugstores,


grocery


stores,


auto


stores


and


so


on.


Some


are


whole


magazine


sections.


We have hundreds of thousands, maybe millions, of pages of advertising here! They


are crammed wall-to-wall all through the house in stacks taller than your oldest


son. There's only enough room for people to walk in, take one each of the eleven


inserts, roll them together, slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a


plastic bag. We have enough plastic bags to supply every takeout restaurant in


America!


Her


voice


kept


rising,


as


if


working


its


way


out


of


the


range


of


the


human


ear.




and I'll talk to you later. Got a lunch date.



When I returned, there was another urgent call from my wife.



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you


have


a


nice


lunch


she


asked


sweetly.


I


had


had


a


marvelous


steak,


but


knew better by now than to say so.






couple


of


neighborhood


children


to


help


for


five


dollars


each.


Assembly


lines


have


been set up. In the language of diplomacy, there is 'movement.'






it's


not,


she


corrected.



very


discouraging.


They're


been


as


it


for


hours. Plastic bags have been filled and piled to the ceiling, but all this hasn't


made a dent, not a dent, in the situation! It's almost as if the inserts keep


reproducing themselves!




thing,


she


continued.



college


sons


must


learn


that


one


does


not


get the best out of employees by threatening them with bodily harm.




Obtaining an audience with son NO. 1, I snarled,


one of those kids again! Idiot! You should be offering a bonus of a dollar every


hour to the worker who fills the most bags.






won't


be


any


profit


unless


those


kids


enable


you


to


make


all


the


deliveries on time. If they don't, you two will have to remove all that paper by


yourselves. And there will be no eating or sleeping until it is removed.



There


was


a


short,


thoughtful


silence.


Then


he


said,



you


have


just


worked


a profound change in my personality.







By


the


following


evening,


there


was


much


for


my


wife


to


report.


The


bonus


program


had worked until someone demanded to see the color of cash. Then some activist on


the work force claimed that the workers had no business settling for $$5 and a few


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competitive


bonuses


while


the


bossed


collected


hundreds


of


dollars


each.


The


organizer


had


declared


that


all


the


workers


were


entitled


to


$$5


per


hour!


They


would


not work another minute until the bosses agreed.



The strike lasted less than two hours. In mediation, the parties agreed on $$2


per hour. Gradually, the huge stacks began to shrink.



As


it


turned


out,


the


job


was


completed


three


hours


before


Sunday's


7


.


deadline.


By the time I arrived home, the boys had already settled their accounts: $$150 in


labor costs, $$40 for gasoline, and a like amount



for gifts



boxes of candy for saintly neighbors who had volunteered station


wagons and help in delivery and dozen roses for their mother. This left them with


$$185


each




about


two-thirds


the


minimum


wage


for


the


91


hours


they


worked.


Still,


it


was



as


one


of


them


put


it,


to


enable


them


to



indignity


for


quite


a while.



All went well for


some weeks. Then one Saturday morning


my attention was drawn


to


the


odd


goings-on


of


our


two


youngest


sons.


They


kept


carrying


carton


after


carton


from various corners of the house out the front door to curbside. I assumed their


mother had enlisted them to remove junk for a trash pickup. Then I overheard them


discussing finances.







Investigation revealed that they were offering


library.










might as well make a little money from them. We wanted to avoid the indignity of


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having to ask you for……



一个大学男孩,不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动,被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。男孩们很 快


就明白,如果事情看起来好得不像真的,那多半确实不是真的。





轻轻松松赚大钱



“你们该看看这个, ”我向我们的两个读大学的儿子建议道。“你们若想避免因为老是向人讨钱而有


失尊严的 话,这兴许是一种办法。”我将挂在我们门把手上的、装在一个塑料袋里的几本杂志拿给他们。

< br>塑料袋上印着一条信息说,需要招聘人投递这样的袋子,这活儿既轻松又赚钱。


( “轻轻松松赚大钱!”)




“我不在乎失不失尊严,”大儿子回答说。




“我可以忍受,”他的弟弟附和道。




“看到你们俩伸手讨钱讨惯了一点也不感到尴尬的样子,真使 我痛心,”我说。




孩子们说他们可 以考虑考虑投递杂志的事。我听了很高兴,便离城出差去了。午夜时分,我已远离家


门, 在一家旅馆的房间里舒舒服服住了下来。电话铃响了,是妻子打来的。她想知道我这一天过得可好。




“好极了!”我兴高采烈地说。“你过得怎么样”我问道。




“棒极了!”她大声挖苦道。“真棒


!


而且这还仅仅是个开始。又一辆卡车刚在门前停下。”



“又一辆卡车”



“今晚第三辆了。 第一辆运来了四千份蒙哥马利


-


沃德百货公司的广告;第二辆运 来四千份西尔斯


-



伯克百货公司的广 告。我不知道这一辆装的啥,但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然这事是你促成的,我想


你 或许想了解事情的进展。”



我之所以受到指责,事情原来是 这样:由于发生了一起报业工人罢工,通常夹在星期日报纸里的广告


插页,必须派人直接 投送出去。公司答应给我们的孩子六百美金,任务是将这些广告插页在星期天早晨之


前投 递到四千户人家去。




“不费吹灰之力!”我们上大学的大儿子嚷道。




“六百块!”他的弟弟应声道,“我们两个钟点就能干完!”



“西尔斯和沃德的广告通常都是报纸那么大的四页,”妻子告 诉我说,“现在我们门廊上堆着三万二


千页广告。就在我们说话的当儿,两个大个子正各 抱着一大捆广告走过来。这么多广告,我们可怎么办”



“你 让孩子们快干,”我指示说。“他们都是大学生了。他们自己的事得由他们自己去做。”



第二天中午,我回到旅馆,看到一份紧急留言,要我马上给妻 子回电话。她的声音高得很不自然,而


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且有些颤抖。家里又运到了好几卡车的广告插页。“有百货公司的,廉价商店的,杂货店的, 食品店的,


汽车行的,等等。有些像整本杂志那么厚。我们这里有数十万页,说不定是几 百万页的广告


!


我们家整个房


子从东墙 到西墙,从南墙到北墙统统堆满了广告,一堆又一堆,比你大儿子还要高。现在只剩下一点点空

< br>间,刚够一个人走进去,从十一种插页中各取一份,卷在一起,套上橡皮筋,再塞进一只塑料袋内。我们< /p>


的塑料袋足够供应全美所有的外卖餐厅!”她越讲声音越响,


几乎 震耳欲聋。


“这么多的广告必须在星期日


早晨七点以前统统送出 去。”



“嗯,你最好让孩子们尽快地捆扎装袋,等会儿我再跟你谈。我有个午餐约会。”



我餐后回来,妻子又打来一只紧急电话。




“你午餐吃得不错吧”她用悦耳的声音问道。我吃的牛排好极 了,但这次我学乖了,还是不说为妙。




“糟透了,”我报告说。“一种什么酸溜溜的鱼,我想大概是鳗鲡吧。”



“不错嘛。你的大学生儿子已经雇了他们的弟弟妹妹和两三个 邻居的小孩帮忙,工钱一人五块,建起


了流水作业线。用外交术语来说,事情‘有进展’ 。”



“这确实令人鼓舞。”


< /p>


“不,并非如此,”她纠正说。“相反,非常叫人泄气。他们干了好几个小时了。装好的塑 料袋,一


直堆到天花板,但一切努力收效很小。这些广告宣传品简直就像是不停地自行生 产出来一样!”



“还有一件事,”她接着说,“你那上大学 的儿子必须明白,威胁雇员,说要揍他们,是不可能使他


们卖力的。”



我跟大儿子一通上话,


便咆哮道,“ 你如果再威胁那些孩子,


我就对你不客气了


!

< br>白痴


!


你应该给奖金,


对装袋最 多的工人每小时奖励一块。”



“可那要减少我们的利润啦,”他提醒道。




“那些孩子不帮你按时将所有的广告投送出去,你就什么利润 也得不到。如果他们不干,你们俩就得


亲手搬走所有的广告。而在把它们搬掉之前,你们 吃不成,也睡不成。”



电话里出现了短暂的沉默,


他在思考。


接着,


他说,“爸爸,


你刚才使我深受启迪,


令我恍然大悟。”



“那就干吧!”



“是,阁下!”



到第二天傍晚,我妻子就有许多事报告了。奖金计划行之有效 ,可后来有人对能否兑现表示怀疑,提


出把钱拿出来给大家看看。接着工人队伍里的一位 活动家声称,老板每人拿几百块钱,工人们决没有理由


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满足于每人五块外加一 点点竞争性的奖金。劳工组织人宣布,所有工人的工资都应该达到每小时五块钱


!


在老板答应之前,他们不再干活儿,一分钟也不干。




罢工持续了不到两小时。通过调解,双方达成协议,每小时两 块。渐渐地,大堆的广告开始减少。




结果,全部工作比最后限期星期日早晨七点提前三个小时完成。等我回到家里,孩子们已经结了账。

< p>
劳务支出


150


元,汽油费


40


元,还有


40


元买礼品——几盒 糖果,送给乐于助人的邻居,他们主动开出自


家的车帮助投递,还有一打玫瑰送给他们的 母亲。除去以上开支,他们每人得到


185


元——大约相当于他


们所干的


91


小时的最低工资的三分之 二。


虽然如此,


可正如一个儿子所说,


那还是“足够”他们花一阵子,


使他们“避免那种有失尊严的事。”



几个星期过去了,一切都很好。后来,一个星期六的上午,我 们两个小儿子的奇怪举动引起了我的注


意。他们不停地将一个又一个的纸箱从房屋四处的 角落里搬出,经过前门,送到人行道边。我以为他们的


妈妈在指挥他们清除破烂,好让垃 圾车运走呢。正在这时,我听到他们在议论经济问题。




“哟,我们会赚许多钱呢!”



“我们要发财啦!”



经查问发现,他们正在把我们的全部图书“出售或出租”。





“不成

!


不成!”我叫道。“不能把我们的书卖了!”




哎唷,爸,我们以为你用不着它们了呢!”



“书永远不会


'


'


不着的,”我尽力解释道。




“你肯定用不着了。你都看过了,再也不用了。没有错。既然 不用,还不如卖点钱。我们想避免那种


有失尊严的事,不再伸手向你要……”



Unit 2



Text



Is


there


anything


we


can


learn


from


deer


During


the



crisis


of


1973-1974


the writer of this essay was living in northern Minnesota and was able to observe


how


deer


survive


when


winter


arrives.


The


lessons


he


learns


about


he


way


deer


conserve


energy turn out applicable to our everyday life.



DEER AND THE ENERGY CYCLE




Some


persons


say


that


love


makes the


world


go


round.


Others


of


a


less


romantic


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and more practical turn of mind say that it isn't love; it's money. But the truth


is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the


ecological


system


and


life


becomes


possible


only


when


food


is


converted


into


energy,


which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On


this cycle all life depends.



It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating


as


much


as


they


can


during


times


of


plenty,


the


summer


and


fall,


storing


the


excess,


usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during


the hard times in winter when food is scarce. But it is probably less well known


that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter


than in summer.



A


good


case


in point


is


the


whiter-tailed


deer. Like


most


wildlife,


deer


reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of


nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who


has conceived


怀孕


in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May


or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to


meet


her


body's


needs


but


also


to


produce


milk


for


her


fawns.


The


best


milk


production


occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing,


because


milk


production


is


an


energy


consuming


process




it


requires


a


lot


of


food.


The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources.



As


the


summer


progresses


and


the


fawns


grow,


they


become


less


dependent


on


their


mother's


milk


and


more


dependent


on


growing


plants


as


food


sources.


The


adult


males


spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males and females continue


to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter.


In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is expended either in milk


production or in growing, and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full


grown males. Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when


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food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.



As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted


coat.


Hair


on


all


the


deer


becomes


darker


and


thicker.


The


change


in


the


hair


coats


is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November


or December when the weather becomes cold.



But in addition, nature provides a further safeguard to help deer survive the


winter



an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate


of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy. The deer


become somewhat slow and drowsy. The heart rate drops. Animals that hibernate


practice


energy


conservation


to


a


greater


extreme


than


deer


do.


Although


deer


don't


hibernate, they do the same thing with their seasonal rhythms in metabolism. Deer


spend more energy and store fat in the summer and fall when food is abundant, and


spend less energy and use stored fat in the winter when food is less available.



When the


in


a


cabin


on


the


edge


of


an


area


where


deer


spend


the


winter


in


northern


Minnesota,


observing the deer as


their behavior changed


from more activity in summer and fall


to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the


snow melted. It was interesting and rather amusing to listen to the advice given


on the radio:


stay warm, and turn the


thermostat


on your furnace down.


the


deer


reduce


their


activity,


grow


a


winter


coat


of


hair,


and


reduce


their


metabolism


as


they


have


for


thousands


of


years.


It


is


biologically


reasonable


for


deer


to


reduce


their cost of living to increase their chance of surviving in winter.



Not every winter is critical for deer of course. If the winter has light snow,


survival and productivity next spring will be high. But if deep snows come and the


weather


remains


cold


for


several


weeks,


then


the


deer


must


spend


more


energy


to


move


about, food will be harder to find, and they must then depend more on their fat


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reserves


to


pull


them


through.


If


such


conditions


go


on


for


too


long


some


will


die,


and


only


the


largest


and


strongest


are


likely


to


survive.


That


is


a


fundamental


rule


of life for wild, free wandering animal such as deer.



Yes, life



and death, too -- is a cycle that goes round and round, and when


animals


die


their


bodies


become


food


for


other


life


forms


to


use


by


converting


them


into energy.



And the cycle continues.



有什么是 我们能从鹿身上学到的吗在


1973-1974


年的“能源危机 ”期间,


本文作者正住在明尼苏达北


部,能够观察当冬天来临时 ,鹿如何生存。他从鹿储存能量的方法上得到的经验也能够运用到我们的日常


生活中。< /p>



鹿和能量循环



有些人说,爱情驱使世界运转;另一些并不那么罗曼蒂克而更为注重实际的人则说,不是爱情,而是

< p>
金钱。但真实情况是,能量驱使世界运转。能量是生态系统的货币,只有当食物转变为能量,能量再 用来


获取更多的食物以供生长、繁殖和生存,生命才成为可能。所有生命都维系在这一循 环上。



差不多众所周知,野生动物得以年复一年地生存下去, 主要依靠在夏秋生长旺季尽量多吃,通常将多


余的部分以脂肪的形式储存起来,然后到了 冬天食物稀少的艰难时期,就用这些储备的脂肪来维持生命。


然而,很可能鲜为人知的是 ,即使有储备的脂肪,野生动物在冬天消耗的能量比夏天要少。



一个很好的例证是白尾鹿。与大多数野生动物一样,鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季,繁殖、生

< p>
长并储存脂肪。一只成熟健壮的母鹿,在十一月份怀胎,五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿,这时,它必 须寻


找食物以获得必要的能量,这不仅是为了满足自身的需要,而且也是为了给幼鹿生产 乳汁。产乳的最佳期


也正是植物生长茂盛之时。这个时机选择得很好,因为乳汁生产是一 个消耗能量的过程——它需要大量的


食物,除非该地区具有丰富的食物资源,否则无法满 足这种消耗。



夏季一天天过去,幼鹿日渐生长,它们变得较少 依赖母鹿的乳汁,而更加依靠生长中的植物为其食物


来源。雄性成鹿在夏天生长鹿角并养 肥身体。在秋天,雄鹿和雌鹿都继续进食高质量食物,贮存体内脂肪,


以备过冬。至于雌 鹿和幼鹿,由于大量的能量用于产奶或生长,脂肪的积累速度不如完全成熟的雄鹿快。


脂 肪储备如同银行里的存款,供冬天食物来源不足时和有时由于雪深难以获得时,支取使用。



随着秋去冬来,还会发生其他变化


:

幼鹿失去皮毛上的斑纹,所有鹿身上的毛长厚,颜色变深。毛皮


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的变化通常持续到


9


月。到


11


月或


12


月天气变冷时,毛长得最厚。


< /p>


此外,


大自然还为鹿提供进一步的保护以帮助它们度过冬天——体 内生理机能作相应调节,


放慢新陈


代谢,亦即生理活动的速度, 从而降低能量的消耗。鹿变得有点动作迟缓、嗜睡。它们的心率减慢。冬眠


的动物保存能 量的习性胜过鹿。虽然鹿不冬眠,但他们随季节改变新陈代谢节奏的习性则是一样的。夏秋


间,食物充裕的时候,鹿消耗较多的能量并储存脂肪。在冬天食物匮乏时,它们则消耗较少的能量并使用


储存的脂肪。



1973-1974


年间,第一次出现“能源危机”的时候,我正与家人住在明尼苏达州北部一处鹿群过冬地


方的边缘地带。我们住在一个小屋里,观察鹿的生活习性,观察它们是如何随着冬季来临从夏秋的 活动频


繁状态而变得少动的,而到春暖雪融时,他们的活动又是如何增多起来的。



当时广播电台常告诫我们:“没有必要不开车,”“多穿衣服好保暖 ,并请调低锅炉上的恒温器。”


这些话听起来既有趣又逗笑。因为与此同时,我们一直注 视着鹿减少活动,长出越冬的厚毛,并减缓新陈


代谢。几千年来,他们一贯如此。鹿减少 生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的机会,从生物学角度来看是合


情合理的。



当然,对鹿来讲,并非每个冬天都处于危难之中。如果冬天雪下得少,存活 率和次年春天的繁殖力就


高。但如果雪积得深,天气连续数周寒冷,鹿活动起来就得花费 较多的能量,觅食会更难,这时它们就得


更多地依赖其脂肪储备度过寒冬。如果这种情况 持续太久,有些鹿就要死亡,只有体型最大最壮的,才有


可能存活。对于像鹿这样四处自 由奔走的野生动物来说,这是一条根本的生存规律。



的确,生 命——还有死亡——周而复始,循环不已。当动物死亡的时候,他们的尸体转化为能量,变


成食物,供其他生命形式使用。



如此循环,永不止息。





Unit 3



Text



Can you prove that the earth is round Go ahead and try! Will you rely on your


senses or will you have to draw on the opinions of experts



WHY DO WE BELIEVE



THAT THE EARTH IS ROUND



George Orwell



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Somewhere


or


other




I


think


it


is


in


the


preface


to


saint


Joan




Bernard


Shaw


remarks


that


we


are


more


gullible


and


superstitious


today


than


we


were


in


the


Middle


Ages,


and


as


an


example


of


modern


credulity


he


cites


the


widespread


belief


that


the


earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for


thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallows this theory because there is


something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.



Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the


question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern


knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round I am not speaking of the


few


thousand


astronomers,


geographers


and


so


forth


who


could


give


ocular


proof,


or


have a theoretical knowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading


citizen, such as you or me.



As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand by the


seashore


on


a


clear


day,


you


can


see


the


masts


and


funnels


of


invisible


ships


passing


along


the


horizon.


This


phenomenon


can


only


be


explained


by


assuming


that


the


earth's


surface


is


curved.


But


it


does


not


follow


that


the


earth


is


spherical.


Imagine


another


theory called the Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an


egg. What can I say against it



Against


the


Oval


Earth


man,


the


first


card


I


can


play


is


the


analogy


of


the


sun


and


moon.


The


Oval


Earth


man


promptly


answers


that


I


don't


know,


by


my


own


observation,


that those bodies are spherical. I only know that they are round, and they may


perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that one. Besides, he goes on,


what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun


and moon I can't answer that one either.



My second card is the earth's shadow: When cast on the moon during eclipses,


it appears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Oval


Earth


man,


that


eclipses


of


the


moon


are


caused


by


the


shadow


of


the


earth


The


answer


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is


that


I


don't


know,


but


have


taken


this


piece


of


information


blindly


from


newspaper


articles and science booklets.



Defeated in the minor exchanges, I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of


the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is


round.


The


Oval


Earth


man


covers


the


queen


with


his


king.


Have


I


tested


the


Astronomer


Royal's statement, and would I even know a way of testing it Here I bring out my


ace.


Yes,


I


do


know


one


test.


The


astronomers


can


foretell


eclipses,


and


this


suggests


that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight,


justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth.



If the Oval Earth man answers



what I believe is true



that the ancient


Egyptians, who thought the sun goes round the earth, could also predict eclipses,


then bang goes my ace. I have only one card left: navigation. People can sail ship


round


the


world,


and


reach


the


places


they


aim


at,


by


calculations


which


assume


that


the


earth


is


spherical.


I


believe


that


finishes


the


Oval


Earth


man,


though


even


then


he may possibly have some kind of counter.



It


will


be


seen


that


my


reasons


for


thinking


that


the


earth


is


round


are


rather


precarious ones. Yet this is an exceptionally elementary piece of information. On


most other questions I should have to fall back on the expert much earlier, and


would be less able to test his pronouncements. And much the greater part of our


knowledge is at this level. It does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but


on authority. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast


that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own


specialty Most people, if asked to prove that the earth is round, would not even


bother


to


produce


the


rather


weak


arguments


I


have


outlined


above.


They


would


start


off


by


saying


that



the


earth


to


be


round,


and


if pressed


further,


would


become


angry.


In


a


way


Shaw


is


right.


This


is


a


credulous


age,


and


the


burden


of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible.




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< p>
你能证明地球是圆的吗来试试看吧!你将依靠你自己的智力还是不得不引用专家的观点呢

< p>


我们为什么相信地球是圆的


< br>记得在什么地方——我想是在《圣女贞德》序言中——肖伯纳评论说,今天我们比在中世纪时更加轻


信,更加迷信。而作为现代轻信的例证,他举出地圆说这一广为传播的信念。肖伯纳说,普通人 举不出一


条理由来说明为什么相信地球是圆的。


他全盘接受这一 理论,


只是因为这一理论中有一种迎合


20

世纪心态


的东西。



当然,肖伯纳 是夸大其词了,但他说的也确实有些道理,这一问题值得进一步探讨,因为它会帮助人


们 看清现代知识的真实情况。我们究竟为什么会相信地球是圆的呢我说的不是数千位天文学家、地理学家

< p>
之类的人,他们可以用观察到的事实或用理论上的根据来证实这一点,我指的是如同你我之辈的报纸 的普


通读者。



至于“地平说”,我相 信我能够加以驳斥。如果你在天气晴朗的日子站立海边,你可以看到船桅和烟


囱沿着地平 线移动而不见船体本身。只有假设地球表面呈曲线状,这一现象才能得到解释。但不能由此推

断地球是球形的。设想另一个称做“地球卵形说”的理论吧,这一学说声称地球形如蛋状。对此,我能说


什么加以反驳呢



面对“地球卵形说”者, 我能打的第一张牌是,可以根据太阳和月亮来类推。“地球卵形说”者立即


回敬道,我无 法根据自己的观察得知那些天体是球形的。我只能得知他们是圆的,而它们完全可能呈扁平


的圆盘状。我对此无言以答。此外,他还会说,我凭什么理由认为地球一定与太阳和月亮的形状相同对此,


我同样无法解答。



我的第二张牌是地球的影子


:


月食期 间,


地球投在月亮上的影子看上去呈圆形物体状。


但“地球卵形


说”者马上要问,我怎么知道月食是由地球的影子造成的呢回答是,我并不知道,我只是 照搬报刊文章和


科普小册子上的说法而已。



小小交锋受挫,于是我打出一张王牌“Q”: 专家的看法。英国格林威治皇家天文台台 长总该是权威


了,他告诉我说地球是圆的。“地球卵形说”者用他的“K”牌压倒我的“ Q”牌。天文台台长的话我检验


过没有再说,我知道怎么个检验法吗这时候,我打出我的 “爱司”。是的,我确实知道一个检验方法。天


文学家能预报月食,这一点表明他们关于 太阳系的看法是非常可信的。因此,令我高兴的是,我接受他们


关于地球形状的论断是有 道理的。



如果“地球卵形说”者反驳道——我以为他反驳得有 理——认为太阳绕地球转的古代埃及人也能预


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言月食,那我的“爱司”牌便立刻化为乌有。我只剩下一张牌


:


航海。人们可以扬帆绕地球航行而到达他


们的目的地,其航程的 计算,就是以地球是球形的假定为依据的。我相信这一下可以彻底击败“地球卵形


说”者 了。不过即便如此,他还可能有某种回击的办法。



由此可见, 我认为地球是圆的,其根据是相当不牢靠的。然而这却是一点极其基本的知识。在别的大


多数问题上,我只得更早地依赖专家的理论,且更少有办法检验他的结论了。我们的知识,其绝大部分都


停留在这一水平上。它不是依靠推理或实验,而是依赖权威。可是,不这样,又有什么别的法子呢 知识的


范围如此广博,一旦越出其专业范围,专家也会变成一无所知。对大多数人来说, 如果要他们证明地球是


圆的话,就连我上面概述的这些相当无力的论据,他们也不愿提供 出来。他们一开始就会说


:


谁都知道地


球是圆的。要是再加追问,就会生气了。在某种程度上讲,肖伯纳是说对了,如今是一个轻信的时代。究


其缘由,部分在于,我们现今必须掌握的知识实在太多了。




Unit 4



Text



On September 11, 2001, a series of suicide attacks on the United States took


place. Foreign hijackers took control of four . airliners. Two were crashed into


the


World


Trade


Center.


The


third


aircraft


was


crashed


into


the


Pentagon.


The


fourth,


intended, it is thought, for another government target, crashed into a field,


apparently


after


passenger


resistance.


This


is


the


story


of


one


of


those


passengers



Flight 93:What I never know



Sunday, September 9, 2001, was a good day for the three of us. Emmy was just


11 weeks old and we were enjoying her enormously. After three miscarriages in two


years,


she


was


doubly


precious


to


us.


My


husband,


Jeremy,


who


was


thinking


of


changing


jobs, had gone on two interviews and felt they went well. Since Sunday was rainy,


we just lay around our house in northern New Jersey. We laughed a lot, and watched


Emmy, and then went to bed early.



The next day, September 10, was busy, with Jeremy due to fly from Newark to


California on business. I would take Emmy up to my parents’ house in Windham, New


York, and he could meet us there when he returned.



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For some reason he particularly wanted to take care of Emmy that morning. So


he fed her and bathed and dressed her. He packed up both our cars, made sure Emmy


was


tucked


into


her


car


seat,


and


kissed


her.


Then


he


stood


waving


as


we


drove


off.



When I got to Windham, Jeremy called. His flight to San Francisco had been


canceled.


He


didn’t


want


to


take


the


next


available


flight


and


get


in


at


2


.“Screw



it




he


said.


“I’m


going


to


go


home,


get


a


good


night’s


sleep,


and


get


up


early


tomorrow.” He would grab the first flight out of Newark. United Flight 93.



Tuesday


morning


found


me


in


the


kitchen,


fumbling


with


the


lid


of


the


doughnut


box, when I heard my father say something about the World Trade Center. I looked


in the living room at the TV, and saw the image of the fire poking through the


blackened holes in the tower’s silver skin. The phone rang, and my dad said i


nto


it,


“Oh,


thank


God


it’s


you.”


I


ran


into


the


living


room.


He


held


out


the


phone,


his face pale. “Jeremy,” he said


.



I grabbed the phone.


“< /p>


Jer



I said.





Hi



he said.



Listen



there are some bad men on the plane .






What do you mean





“Thes


e three guys


took over the plane. They put on


these red


headbands. They


said they had a bomb.”



I was crying now.




“I love you,” he said.




“I love you,” I said.




“only have good thoughts”



I was shaking and nauseated, but I also knew I could make myself do whatever


was necessary to help Jeremy.




“I don’t think I’m going to make it out of here,” he said. And then, “I


don’t want to die.” And he cursed.




“You’re not going to die,” I told him. “Jer, put a picture of me and Em


my


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in your head and only have really good thoughts.”




“Yeah,” he answered.




“Don’t think about anything bad,” I said.




“You’ve got to promise me you’re going to be happy,” he said. “For Emmy


to know how much I love her. And that whatever decisions you make in your life, no


matter what, I’ll support you.”




After


a


pause,


Jeremy


said


to


me,


“A


passenger


said


they’re


crashing


planes


into the World Trade Center. Is that true”




“Are they going to blow the plane up or are they going to cras


h it into


something” he almost screamed at me.




“They’re not going to the World Trade Center,” I said.




“Because the whole thing’s on fire.”



He


said


there


were


maybe


30


or


35


passengers,


herded


to


the


back.


For


some


reason,


however, no one was guarding them back there.



“What about the pilots” I asked him. “Has there been any communication”




“No.


These


guys


just


stood


up


and


yelled


and


ran


into


the


cockpit.


After


that,


we didn’t hear from the pilots.”



Just then, we saw something on TV about a plane crashing into the Pentagon,


and I thought, thank God it isn’t Jeremy’s plane.



When I told him about this new attack, Jeremy cursed again. The Pentagon was


probably the jolt that made him see clearly that his fate and that of his fellow


passengers


in


the


rear


of


the


plane


were


completely


in


their


own


hands.


“Okay,


I’m


going


to


take


a


vote,”


he


said.


“There’s


three


other


guys


as


big


as


me


and


we’re


thinking of attacking the guy with the bomb. What do you think”




“No, I didn’t see guns. I saw knives.” He joked, “I still have my butter


knife from breakfast.” There was a pause, and then he said, “I know I could take


the guy with the bomb. Do you think it’s really a bomb”



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I don’t think so. I think they’re bluffing you.”



“Okay, I’m going to do it,” Jer said




“screams in the background”




“I think you need to do it,” I told him. “You’re strong, you’re brave, I


love you.”



“Okay,


I’m


going


to


put


the


phone


down,


I’m


going


to


leave


it


here,


and


I’m


going to come right back to it,”



When my father put the phone to his ear, he heard nothing on the line for two


or three minutes. Then he heard screams off in the background. And he thought,


They’re


doing


it.


It


was


bound


to


be


noisy.


Perhaps


a


minute


and


a


half


later,


there


was another


set of screams, muffled, like people on a roller coaster. Then silence



I sat on the living room couch and all my energy seemed to have deserted me.


After


a


while,


I


got


up


and


headed


for


the


kitchen


and


almost


collided


with


my


dad,


who was coming the other way. He must have just hung up the phone. He was crying.


He gave me a hug. I watched him cry, a bit dumbfounded.



Wait, you think he’s dead” I said.



He couldn’t manage anything but to cry harder. I must have asked the same


question five times. And then, when it finally sank in, I collapsed on the floor




“searching for Jeremy”



Over


the


next


months,


I


spent


a


lot


of


time


searching


for


Jeremy.


Often


I


heard


his


voice in my head, comforting me when my pain was almost



unendurable.


I


visited


the


crash


site.


I


hungered


to


know


what


had


happened


on


Flight


93 and why Jeremy died.



Now I find that my viewpoint has changed. Not that I don’t want to know what


happened.


It’s


just


that


I’m


sure


I


will


never


really


make


sense


of


September


11.


Did


someone


declare


war


on


us


for


a


principle


Because


they


were


jealous


To


show


how


tough they were Did we in this country somehow overstep, push too hard, tread on


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ancient sensibilities The world Jeremy and I knew was never more than the rooms we


lived


in,


a


few


places


we


walked,


a


few


friends


and


family


we


loved.


Now


it’s


gone,


and no one could ever really make sense of why.



I think Jeremy always suspected he had a higher purpose. I don’t believe it


was an accident that he was on Flight 93. It wasn’t mere luck that an airline


passenger with precisely the right physical skills to abort one of the terror


missions happened to be on the only plane hijacked that day where there was an


opportunity to do that.



Jeremy was 31 when he died, had been married to me for five years and knew his


daughter


for


barely


three


months.


Yet


I consider


us


blessed.


He and


I


left


nothing


unsaid


or


undone,


and


he


managed


to


give


Emmy


and


me


everything


we


need.


And


sometimes,


when I’m


watching


and


listening,


I


can still


feel


him


near


me, leading


me


forward


into the rest of my life.



2001



9



11


日,


在美国发生了一系列自杀式的袭击事件。


外 国的劫机者控制了四架美国的航空公司的


飞机,两架撞入世界贸易中心,第三架冲进五角 大楼,而第四架据传原本要袭击另一政府目标,但显然由


于遭到乘客的反抗而坠毁于一片 田地里。本文说的便是其中一位乘客的故事。




93


次航班:我所无法理解的事



莉兹·格里克



丹·泽加特



2001



9



9

日是星期日,对我们三个人来说,是个美好的日子。埃米刚有


11

< br>周大,我们极其喜欢她。


她是我在两年内经过连续三次流产后生下的,

< p>
所以对我们更为珍贵。


我的丈夫杰里米当时正考虑换个工作,


已经面试过两次,自己感觉进行得还顺利。周日那天下雨,我们就在我们位于新泽西北部的自家屋内闲 躺


着。我们嬉笑着,照看着埃米,随后就早早就寝了。



次日,


9



10


日,我们忙碌起来,杰里米将从纽瓦克飞往加利福尼亚出差。我将带埃米北上去纽约州温


德姆我父母的家中。这样,杰里米回来时可以去那里接我们。



那天早晨,不知什么原因,他特想要照料埃米。他给她喂奶、给她洗澡、给她穿衣。他把两辆 车的行


李都装好,把埃米在汽车座椅上安置妥当,并吻了吻她。而后当我们开车离开时他 站到一边挥手告别。



我到达温德姆时,杰里米打来电话。他飞 往旧金山的航班被取消了。他不打算搭乘下一班飞机在凌晨


19


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两点到达目的地。“该 死,”他说。“我想回家,美美地睡上一夜,明天早点起身。”他将赶上第一班航


班飞离 纽瓦克。联合航空公司的第


93


次航班。




星期二早晨我正在厨房里设法打开一盒炸圈饼的盒盖时, 听到父亲在说什么世贸中心的事。我向起居


室的电视瞧去,


看见 屏幕上出现了从世贸中心大楼的银色外墙上被燻黑的洞中窜出的大火。


这时电话响了,< /p>


父亲对着话筒说道,“哦,感谢上帝,是你啊。”我跑进起居室,父亲脸色苍白地把话筒递 了过来。“是


杰里米,”他说。



我夺过话筒,说道,“杰尔。”


“你好,”他说。“听着,飞 机上有几个坏蛋。”“什么”“三个家


伙控制了飞机。


他们头上 戴着红色的束发帶,


声称带着一颗炸弹。


”我当即哭了。


“我爱你,


”他说。


“我

爱你,”我说。



“只往好处想”




我浑身颤抖,想要呕吐,可同时我很清楚,我还是可以尽一切 可能帮助杰里米的。



“我感到我是无法从这儿活着出去了,” 他说。随后他又说,“我可不想死。”接着他咒骂起来。





“你不会死的,”我对他说。“杰尔,心里就装着我和埃米吧 ,只往好处去想。”



“好,”他回答道。“不要去想那些糟糕的事,”我说。



“你得答应我,你将来要高高兴兴地生活下去,”他说。“务必让埃米知道我非常爱她。不论 你将来


作出什么决定,我都支持你。”稍停片刻,杰里米又对我说,“一位乘客说他们正 在用飞机撞击世贸中心,


这是真的吗”



我正站在起居室里看着电视上播放此事,心想:我是否该告诉他



“他们想要炸毁这架飞机呢,还是想用它去撞击什么东西”他几乎在对我大声喊叫道。< /p>



“他们不会去撞世贸中心了,”我说。“为什么”“因为整个世 贸中心都在燃烧了。”



他说约有


30



35


位乘客,都被驱赶到客舱的后部 ,但,不知怎的,却无人看管他们。



“那么驾驶员们的情况如何”我问道。“你们之间联络过没有”



“没有。那几个家伙就这么站了起来,喊叫着冲进了驾驶舱。后来就再也没有听到有关驾 驶员们的情


况。”



正在那时,我们从 电视上看到一架飞机撞进了五角大楼。心想,上帝保佑那不是杰里米的飞机。



我把新发生的这次攻击告



了杰里米, 他再次咒骂起来。


五角大楼一事可能使他受到极大震惊,使他认


清他和待在客舱后面的其他乘客的命运完全掌握在他们自己的手中。“好,我这就去进行表决,”他说。


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“另外有三个身材和我 一样高大的人,我们打算去袭击那个带炸弹的家伙。你看行吗”



“他们有枪吗”我问道。



“没有,我 没有看到枪。我见到刀子。”他开玩笑说,“我这里还有早餐用的牛油刀呢。”停了一会


儿,他说,“我想我可以制服那个带炸弹的家伙。你觉得那是一颗真的炸弹吗”





“我认为不是真的炸弹,那是在吓唬你们。” “行,我这就去干,”杰尔说。



“隐隐约约的尖叫声”



“我觉得你必 须去干,”我对他说。“你身强力壮,又勇敢,我爱你。”



“ 好,我这就把话筒搁下离开这儿,我会马上回来再拿起它的,”杰尔说。我把话筒递给父亲,跑进


盥洗室,在水池上呕吐起来。



我父亲把话筒放到耳边,有两三分钟光景什么都听不到。而后他听到隐隐约约的尖叫声。他想,他们


正干上了。这必然会引起喧闹。隔了约莫一分半钟,又传来一阵低沉的尖叫声,就像人们坐过山车 时发出


的叫声那样。随后便沉寂了下来。


我坐在起居室的长沙发上,浑身乏力。过了一会儿,我起身向厨房走去,几乎与从相反方向走来的父


亲相撞。他想必刚挂上电话,他在哭泣。他拥抱了我。我瞧着他哭着,我有点麻木了。

< p>


“等一等,你是不是认为他死了”我说。



他除了放声大哭之外再也说不出话来。我大概重复问了五次之多。接着,当我终于明白过来之 后,我


瘫倒在地上。



“寻找杰里米”



在接下的几个月里, 我花了大量时间寻觅杰里米。每当我痛楚万分之际,我常听到他在耳边安慰我的


声音。我 去了飞机坠毁的地方。我渴求了解第


93


次航班上发生的事情以 及杰里米为何而身故。




如今我发现 我已改变了看法。不是因为我不想了解到底发生了什么,而恰恰是我相信我将永远不可能


真正理解


911


事件。


是否有人出于某 种原则性的问题向我们宣战了或是他们出于妒忌或是他们想炫耀其强悍


是否我们这个国家 的人越轨了,做得过分了,伤及了人家自古而来的情感杰里米和我所熟悉的世界只不过


是 我们所居住的房子、几处散步的地方、几个朋友以及我们所热爱的家人。如今一切全完了,但却始终无

< p>
人能真正弄清这到底是怎么回事。



我觉得杰里米 一直认为他生来就肩负有崇高使命。


我也并不认为杰里米乘坐上第


93


次航班是出于偶然。


一位具有足够挫败恐怖行径体能的旅 客正好搭乘了那天被劫持的飞机中唯一一个可以有机会进行反击劫机


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者的航班,这不仅仅是一种巧合。



杰 里米去世时


31


岁,和我结婚了五年,和他的女儿相处了三个月 都不到。可我认为我们是幸福的。他


与我之间未留下任何未尽之言或未竟之事。他总是努 力给埃米和我带来我们所需的一切。有时,当我留神


观察和倾听时,我仍然能感到他就在 我的身边,在我有生之年指引我向前。



Unit 5



Text



Is it ever proper for a medical doctor to lie to his patient Should he tell a


patient he is dying These questions seem simple enough, but it is not so simple to


give a satisfactory answer to them. Now a new light is shed on them.




TO LIE OR NOT TOLIE




THE DOCTOR'S DILEMMA



Sissela Bok



Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients -- to speed recovery or to


conceal the approach of death In medicine as in law, government, and other lines


of work, the


requirements of honesty


often seem


dwarfed by greater needs: the need


to


shelter


from


brutal


news


or


to


uphold


a


promise


of


secrecy;


to


expose


corruption


or to promote the public interest.



What


should


doctors


say,


for


example,


to


a


46-year-old


man


coming


in


for


a


routine


physical


checkup


just


before


going


on


vacation


with


his


family


who,


though


he


feels


in


perfect


health,


is


found


to


have


a


form


of


cancer


that


will


cause


him


to


die


within


six


months


Is


it


best


to


tell


him


the


truth


If


he


asks,


should


the


doctors


deny


that


he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness Should they at least conceal the


truth until after the family vacation



Doctors


confront


such


choices


often


and


urgently.


At


times,


they


see


important


reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply


from self-serving ones.



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Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not


want


to


know


the


truth


about


their


condition,


and


that


informing


them


risks


destroying


their


hope,


so


that


they


may


recover


more


slowly,


or


deteriorate


faster,


perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote:


traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering


the truth for truth's sake, and that is 'as far as possible do no harm.'



Armed


with


such


a


precept,


a


number


of


doctors


may


slip


into


deceptive


practices


that they assume will


prescribe


innumerable


placebos,


sound


more


encouraging


than


the


facts


warrant,


and


distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying.



But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is


now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many


physicians,


an


overwhelming


majority


of


patients


do


want


to


be


told


the


truth,


even


about grave


illness,


and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled.


We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients


cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even


recover faster after surgery.



Not only do lies not provide the


deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make


informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to


be patient in the first place. We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can


befall patients in


the


course of


their


illness


when information


is


denied or


distorted.



Dying patients especially -- who are easies to mislead and most often kept in


the


dark


--


can


then


not


make


decisions


about


the


end


of


life:


about


whether


or


not


they


should


enter


a


hospital,


or


have


surgery;


about


where


and


with


whom


they


should


spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close


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23



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and take leave.



Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the


long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion


of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously hones with


their


patients;


it


contributes


to


the


spiral


of


lawsuits


and


of



medicine,


and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.




Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press for answers.


Patients' bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and


about


alternatives


for


treatment.


Many


doctors


go


to


great


lengths


to


provide


such


information.


Yet


even


in


hospitals


with


the


most


eloquent


bill


of


rights,


believers


in


benevolent


deception


continue


their


age-old


practices.


Colleagues


may


disapprove


but refrain from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part, day


after day, in deceiving patients, but feel powerless to take a stand.



There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but


in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in


difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. Yet


the


public


has


every


reason


to


be


wary


of


professional


deception,


for


such


practices


are


peculiarly


likely


to


become


deeply


rooted,


to


spread,


and


to


erode


trust.


Neither


in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort


in the old saying,




医生可以对病人撒谎吗医 生应该告诉病人他已经病入膏肓了吗这些问题看起来很简单,


但是要给出令


人满意的回答却并不那么简单。



撒谎还是不撒谎——医生的难题



为了 对病人有好处——为了加快病人康复或不让病人知道死亡的来临——医生到底该不该撒谎医疗

行业与法律、


政府及其他行业一样,


往往显得对诚实与否的 问题不那么看重,


要紧的倒是另外的一些事情,


譬如,应设法避 免可怕的消息造成的打击,或是应考虑恪守保密的诺言,或是需要揭露腐败行为或促进公


众利益等。



24


24



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< p>
举例说吧。一个


46


岁的男子,在与家人外出度假 之前进行常规体格检查,虽然他自我感觉良好,但


医生发现他患了某种癌症,

< p>
6


个月内就会死去。这时,医生该怎么对他讲呢是不是最好对他讲实话要是 他


问起检查结果,医生该不该否认他得了病该不该将病情的严重性缩小到最低限度该不该 将真情至少隐瞒到


他全家度假之后



医 生们常常面临这样的非常紧迫的选择。他们不时认为,为了病人自身的利益,撒谎很有必要,在他


们看来,这种谎言与利己的谎言截然不同。



研究结果 表明,大多数医生深信身患重病的人不想知道他们的真实病情,如果将真情相告,则有可能


使他们完全失去希望,结果使他们恢复得更慢或恶化得更快,甚至会自寻短见。正如一位内科医生写道:


“我们这个职业,传统上恪守一条信条,那就是:


'

< br>尽可能不造成伤害


'


,这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话< /p>


的美德”。



有了这样一个指导原则,< /p>


一些医生可能渐渐习惯于采用他们认为对病人很可能有益而“无害”的骗人


做法。他们可能开出无数帖安慰剂,说一些没有事实根据的打气的话,并歪曲严重的病情,对那些患有不


治之症和濒临死亡的病人,则尤其如此。


然而,现在开始有人提出证据,说明这种欺骗旨在给病人带来好处的说法是虚幻的。研究结果表明,


与许多医生的想法相反,绝大多数病人确实想知道真实情况,甚至是严重的病情。当他们了解到医 生没有


对他们讲真话的时候,他们感到自己被玩弄了。我们还获悉,将真实情况妥当地告 诉病人,能帮助他们与


病魔作斗争,有助于他们更好地忍受疼痛,减少用药,甚至在手术 后更快地康复。



谎言不仅不能提供鼓吹“仁慈”欺骗的人们所 希望的那种“帮助”,


它还侵犯了病人的个人自由,


使


他们不能对有关自己健康的问题作出明达的选择,包括要不要就医这一首要的选择。我们越来越意 识到,


病人发病期间,在不知病情或未被如实地告知病情的情况下,他们会遭到什么样的 不幸。



特别是濒临死亡的病人——他们最易受骗也最会被人蒙 在鼓里——因此而不能作出临终前的种种有


关抉择


:


是否要住进医院,或进行手术,在何处与何人度过所剩下的一点时间,以及如何处理完自己的事< /p>


务而后与世长辞。



谎言也伤害说谎的人 ,损害他们的诚实,并最终损害他们的信誉。谎言还伤害他们的同事。由于病人


怀疑有欺 骗行为,许多对病人十分开诚布公的医生的工作也因此受到影响。病人的不信任使医疗诉讼案增

< br>多,造成医生避免风险的“防御性诊治”增多,而这些又进而有损于整个医疗事业。



剧烈的冲突正在出现。病人开始学会催问真实情况。根据病人应享有的权利的规定, 医生应将病情和


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25



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< p>
可供选择的治疗方案通告病人。许多医生尽可能向病人提供这些情况。然而,即使在对病人的权益考 虑得


最周到的医院里,信奉“仁慈”欺骗的医生们继续他们传统的古老做法。同事们也许 不赞同,但避免公开


表示反对。护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶 痛绝,但要抵制却感到无能为力。



及时对这个问题进行公开辩 论非常必要。不仅在医疗业,而且在其他行业,从业者不断发现,自己常


处于似乎不采用 欺骗手段就无法避免严重后果的困难处境。但是公众完全有理由对职业性欺骗保持警惕,


因为这种做法特别容易变得根深蒂固,蔓延滋长,并损害信任。无论医疗界、法律界、政府机构还是社会


科学界,都不应从“不知者,不为所害”这句老话中得到丝毫慰藉。



Unit 6



Text




ever


mark


in


a


book!


Thousands


of


teachers,


librarians


and


parents


have


so


advised.


But


Mortimer


Adler


disagrees.


He


thinks


so


long


as


you


own


the


book


and


needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the


ownership


of


the


book in the


true sense of the word and make


it a part of yourself.



HOW TO MARK A BOOK



Mortimer J. Adler



You know you have to read


I


want


to


persuade


you


to


do


something


equally


important


in


the


course


of


your


reading.


I


want


to


persuade


you


to



between


the


lines.


Unless


you


do,


you


are


not


likely


to do the most efficient kind of reading.



You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends)


who


lend


you


books


expect


you


to


keep


them


clean,


and


you


should.


If


you


decide


that


I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them.




There


are


two


ways


in


which


one


can


own


a


book.


The


first


is


the


property


right


you


establish


by


paying


for


it,


just


as


you


pay


for


clothes


and


furniture.


But


this


act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when


you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of


it


is


by


writing


in


it.


An


illustration


may


make


the


point


clear.


You


buy


a


beefsteak


26


26



v1.0


可编辑可修改



and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the


beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your


bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream


to do you any good.



There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and


best-sellers -- unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not


books.) The second has a great many books -- a few of them read through, most of


them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought.


(This


person


would


probably


like


to


make


books


his


own,


but


is


restrained


by


a


false


respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many -- every


one


of


them


dog-eared


and


dilapidated,


shaken


and


loosened


by


continual


use,


marked


and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.)



Is


it


false


respect,


you


may


ask,


to


preserve


intact


a


beautifully


printed


book,


an elegantly bound edition Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first


edition of


Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is


inseparable


from


its


body.


And


the


beauty


of


a


rare


edition


or


of


a


richly


manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue. If your respect for


magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and


pay your respects to the author.



Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading First, it keeps you awake.


(And


I


don't


mean


merely


conscious;


I


mean


wide


awake.)


In


the


second


place,


reading,


if


it


is


active,


is


thinking,


and


thinking


tends


to


express


itself


in


words,


spoken


or written. The marked book is usually the thought- through book. Finally, writing


helps you remember the thoughts you


had,


or the


thoughts the author expressed.


Let


me develop these three points.



If


reading


is


to


accomplish


anything


more


than


passing


time,


it


must


be


active.


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