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2021-01-30 11:20
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2021年1月30日发(作者:疣猪)


RULES OF BASKETBALL


The


rules of basketball


are the rules and regulations that govern the play, officiating,


equipment


and


procedures


of


basketball.


Most


leagues,


including


the


National


Basketball Association, govern their own rules. In addition, the Technical Commission


of


the


International


Basketball


Federation


(FIBA)


determines


rules


for


international


play.


Original Rules


James


Naismith


published


in


1891,


his


rules


for


the


game


of



Ball


that


he


invented:


[1]


The original game played under these rules was quite different than the one


played today as there was no dribbling, dunking, or three pointers.


1.



The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.



2.



The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.



3.



A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on


which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when


running at a good speed if he tries to stop.



4.



The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be


used for holding it.



5.



No shouldering, holding, striking, pushing, or tripping in any way of an opponent.


The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second


shall disqualify him until the next basket is made or, if there was evident intent to


injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.



6.



A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules three and four and


such described in rule five



7.



If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the


opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a


foul).



8.



A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the


basket


and stays there


(without falling), providing


those defending


the


goal do


not


touch


or


disturb


the


goal.


If


the


ball


rests


on


the


edges,


and


the


opponent


moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.



9.



When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play and


played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it


straight


into


the


field.


The


thrower-in


is


allowed


five


seconds.


If


he


holds


it


longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the


umpire shall call a foul on that side.



10.



T


he umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the


referee


when


three


consecutive


fouls


have


been


made.


He


shall


have power to


disqualify people according to Rule 5.



11.



T


he referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in


bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a


goal has been made and keep account of the baskets, with any other duties that


are usually performed by a scorekeeper.



12.



T


he time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.



13.



T


he side making the most points in that time is declared the winner.



Players, substitutes, teams and teammates


Naismith's original rules did not specify how many players were to be on the court. In


1900, five players became standard, and players that were substituted were not allowed


to


re-enter


the


game.


Players


were


allowed


to


re-enter


a


game


once


from


1921,


and


twice


from


1934;


such


restrictions


on


substitutions


were


abolished


in


1945


when


substitutions became


unlimited.


Coaching


was


originally


prohibited


during the


game,


but from 1949, coaches were allowed to address players during a time-out.


Originally a player was disqualified on his second foul. This limit became four fouls in


1911 and five fouls in 1945, still the case in most forms of basketball where the normal


length


of


the


game


(before


any


overtime


periods)


is


40


minutes.


When


the


normal


length is 48 minutes (this is the case with the


National Basketball Association in the


United States and the National Basketball League in Australia, among others) a player


is accordingly disqualified on his sixth foul.


Shot clock and time limits


See also: Defensive three-second violation


The first time restriction on possession of the ball was introduced in 1933, where teams


were


required


to


advance


the


ball


over


the


center


line


within


ten


seconds


of


gaining


possession. This rule remained until 2000, when FIBA reduced the requirement to eight


seconds,


the


NBA


following


suit


in


2001.


The


NCAA


retains


the


10-second


rule


for


men's


play,


but


has


never


adopted


a


time


limit


for


women's


play.


U.S.


high


schools,


whose rules are drafted by NFHS, also use the 10-second rule for both sexes.


In


1936


the


three-second


rule


was


introduced.


This


rule


prohibits


offensive


players


from remaining near their opponents' basket for longer than three seconds (the precise


restricted


area



is


also


known


as


the


lane



or


the


key


).


A


game


central


to


this


rule's


introduction was that between the


University of Kentucky and New York University.


Kentucky coach Adolph Rupp did not take one of his referees with him, despite being


warned of discrepancies


in officiating


between


the


midwest


and


east by


Notre


Dame


coach George Keogan, and the game became especially rough. Because of this game


and others, 6'5


m) Kentucky All American center Leroy Edwards is generally


recognized as the player responsible for the 3 second rule.


While the rule was originally adopted to reduce roughness in the area between big men,


it


is


now


considered


to


prevent


tall


offensive


players


from


gaining


an


advantage


by


waiting close to the basket. When the NBA started to allow


zone defense in 2001, a


three-second rule for defensive players was also introduced.


The shot clock was first introduced by the NBA in 1954, to increase the speed of play.


Teams were then required to attempt a shot within 24 seconds of gaining possession,


and


the


shot


clock


would


be


reset


when


the


ball


touched


the


basket's


rim


or


the


backboard, or the opponents gained possession. FIBA adopted a 30-second shot clock


two


years


later,


resetting


the


clock


when


a


shot


was


attempted.


Women's


basketball


adopted


a


30-second


clock


in


1971.


The


NCAA


adopted


a


45-second


shot


clock


for


men


while


continuing


with


the


30-second


clock


for


women


in


1985.


The


men's


shot


clock


was


then


reduced


to


35


seconds


in


1993.


FIBA


reduced


the


shot


clock


to


24


seconds in 2000, and changed the clock's resetting to when the ball touched the rim of


the basket. Originally, a missed shot where the shot clock expired while the ball is in


the air constituted a violation. In 2003 the rule was changed so that the ball remains live


in this situation, as long as it touched the rim. If the ball touches the rim and slightly


bounces over the basketball hoop it will be called as a loose ball.


Fouls, free throws and violations


Dribbling was not part of the original game, but was introduced in 1901. At the time, a


player could only bounce the ball once, and could not shoot after he had dribbled. The


definition of dribbling became the


more than one bounce, and a player who had dribbled was then allowed to shoot.


Running with the ball ceased to be considered a foul in 1922, and became a violation,


meaning that the only penalty was loss of possession. Striking the ball with the fist has


also become a violation. From 1931, if a closely guarded player withheld the ball from


play for five seconds, play was stopped and resumed with a jump ball; such a situation

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