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英语阅读理解技巧
一、阅读理解的测试要点
1
.理解主旨大意;
2
.寻读具体信息;
3
.理解细节;
p>
4
.根据上下文提供的语境,推测生词词义,进而加深对文段的理解
;
5
.简单的判断和理解;
6
.理解文段的基本逻辑结构;
7
.理解作者的意图和态度;
8
.理解文段的文化信息;
9
.理解图表信息;
10
.理解指代关系。
从高考命题的实际情况看,命题者常用下述方法提问:
1
.
What is the
purpose of the text?
2
.
What does the
author mainly tell US about in the passage?
3
.
What can we
infer from the passage?
4
.
What can be
inferred from the passage?
5
.
It can be
concluded from the text that
?
6
.
What can we
learn from the text?
7
.
What is the
general idea/main idea of the text?
8.
The passage mainly focuses on
?
9. What is the
main subject discussed in the text?
10.
It can be inferred from the passage that?
11. It can be inferred from the that
the author seems to?
12. What is the
best title of the text/for the article?
13. The best title for this passage is?
14. What can we infer from the last/the
first two paragraphs?
15. The meaning
of the word/sentence in Paragraph X is related to?
16. In Paragraph X,
17.
The underlined word
18. The text is
mainly written to explain.
19. Which of
the following statements is true?
20.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the
text?
基于上述测试要点,学生在阅读过程中必须具备下列技能,才能获取和处理
信息:
1
.略读;
2
.找读;
3
.预测下文;
4
.理解大意;
5
.分清文章中的事实和观点;
6
.猜测词义;
7
.推理判断;
8
,了解重点细节;
9
。理解文章结构;
10.
理解图表信息;
11.
理解指代关系;
12.
理解逻辑关系;
13.
理解作者意图;
14.
评价阅读内容。
要具备上述技能,应该做到:
1.
学会
使用
3500
个左右的单词、
400-
500
个合成词与派生词和
400-500
个习惯用语或固定搭
配;
2.
除教
材外,
课外阅读量应累积达到
30
万词
以上,
换言之,
长度
300
词左右的文段
1000
篇;
3
.
能通过分析句子的结构理解难句和长句
(
能理解语言结构有一定难度或有一定新语言
现象的文段
)<
/p>
;
4.
能根据阅读目的和文段的不同,
调整阅读速度和阅读方法,阅读速度每分钟
70-80
词。
p>
二、文章分类分析
文章一般可分为说明文、论说文、叙述文以及广告等。
根据历
年考试的情况看,
说明文、
论说文的文长基本控制在
300
词左右。
因此,
文
章的主
旨大意多出现在第一段,
甚至第一段的前几句,
最后一段多与第一段呼应;
至于中间的部分,
多
是论据或说明文的展开部。阅读理解的问题也以如下形式出现:
1.
What is the best title for/of the passage?
2.
What can be inferred from the passage?
3. What does
the author mainly tell us about in the
text
?
4. What is
mainly discussed in the article/passage/text?
做答这
类问题时,将阅读重点放在首尾部分,中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式,一
则省时间
,二则目标明确,正答率自然也相应提高了。
示例
<
/p>
2004
年全国卷Ⅱ,
C
篇,介绍
1971
年版大众车。根据内容,是一篇说明
小文。
It’s not the flashiest
car in the world
.
Not even
close
.
But in the 1971
V
olkswagen named
Helios can
do something most car
s
can’t
:
run on solar
energy-
energy from the sun’s light and
heat!
66. What would be the
best title for the text?
A
.
The Making of
Helios
B
.
1999
American Tour on the Road
C
.
Sun-powered
Cars On the Road
D
.
Use
of Green Cars in Connection
(
一
)
阅
读理解之细节题的解题思路
主题思想只是文章的框架,作者在构思过程中,还必须对要表
达的观点或信息进行具
体的陈述,读者应能准确记住作者在陈述中谈到是何人、何处、何
事、和何时何故,这是十
分重要的。
因此,
读者必须重视人名、
日期、
事实、
数据和地点等。
对于这类细节性的问题,
多数文章都比较明显地
提供了事实和细节,
其答案必定在文章论述范围之内。
读者应该
找出
文章中为所作的选择提供依据的单词和句子,
而不能脱离原
文去获取信息,
也不能仓促地作
出没有原文根据的假设。
细读是获取事实和细节不可缺少的方法之一,它使读者能够接受信息
、记忆信息、分
析信息,从而较深入地领会一篇文章。
这类题型主要有三种形式:问句式,不完整的陈述句和排除法。
1
.问句式
A
.其发问形式主要有以下几种:
How did something happen?
Which of the following people
should(not) do it?
Which of the
following did somebody have to deal with... ?
Where should somebody do something?
B
.解题技巧
在解这类题时,
可采用
“
对号入座<
/p>
”
的办法,
即带着问题找句子,
先看文章后面的问题
(
这
常常被认为是非常有效的方法
)
,注意记忆关键的词语,如。
人物、时间、事件等,确定每
道题目的发问中心,
也,
就是说,
某个问题是针对什么提问的。
这样我们
就可以带着问题去
阅读文章,做到有的放矢。
把每个问题的发问中心反馈到原文中去。当读到有关解答发问中心的信息时,可在有
关信息下面画一直线以示突出。
如果问题的顺序没有按顺序给出,
< br>可以在原文信息下画线的
同时,把问题的题号也标出来,便于最后检查,并节约时
间。
在原文中找出对发问中心的解答信息后,可把原文信息放
到问题中去,与每一选项进
行对照,与原文信息相符的那项,即是正确的答案。
Cattle have served humanity
since prehistoric(
史前
) days
as beasts of burden and as supplier
of
leather, meat, and milk. Some of the earliest
written records concern the sale of cattle. These
valuable animals are unusual in that
they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw.
Instead they
chew with their back teeth
and gums (
齿龈
). Cows swallow
their food quickly and store it in the
fat stomach or rumen, the first of the
four compartments stomachs in their.
Questions: According to the passage,
what is the rumen?
A. The first stomach
compartment.
B. The name of the upper
jaw.
C. The stomach where digestion
(
消化
) takes place.
D. The name of the
bacteria(
细菌
) in the cow's
stomach.
带着发问中心及选择项目阅读原文。当我们读到
rumen
这个词时,可在它下面画一横
线,紧接此词下面
一句
“first of the four compartments in
their stomachs”
,正是解释
rumen
的,
可在它的下面画一虚线并可标出题号和选择项。
< br>
2
.不完整的陈述句式
A
.常见形式有:
Something can be best classified as
.
A
certain kind of person is
someone who
.
People are looking for
better ways to
.
According to the
author,“it”
was caused by
.
B
.解题技巧:
这类题的答案与原文在字面上的差异很大,有时还要找出与前句的内容在逻辑上的联
系,
因此答这类题时准确理解是关键,
一定要冷静,
仔细分析。
在做不完整的陈述式题目时
候,仍可参
考上面列举的解题步骤。第一步,阅读题目,找出问题的发问中心。第二步,带
着这些问
题来阅读文章。第三步,根据前两步的分析和判断,选择出最符合题意的答案。
3
.排除式
A
.常见形式有:
Which of the following are NOT
mentioned in the passage?
Which of the
following is TRUE?
Which of the
following is NOT listed in ... ?
Which
of the following is NOT included in the passage?
B
.解题技巧:
做这类题时,首先要仔细阅读题后的选项,牢记各个选项所阐述的不同内容,然后阅
读原文。
凡是原文中的信息与选择项内容相同的,
我们可以在这
些信息下面划线,
以作为排
除的内容。
如果基本选项的内容在原文找不到相应的信息,
那么该选项即为该题的答案。
这
类题与前两种题型不同,
后者答案应包括在原文
内容中,
即与所述的事实具有直接或间接的
联系,
而前者的答案是被排除在原文内容之外的,
因此在答题时要将与原文内容有关
的三个
选项排除,剩下的一个才是答案。
Life on Land
Life on land
probably began about 430 million years ago, though
it has existed in the water
for perhaps
as long as 3000 million years. When we think of
the first life on land, we probably
think of strange animals coming out of
the oceans, but, in fact ,no animals could have
been living
if plants had not been on
land first. Plants had to be on land before
animals arrived. They supplied
the
first land animals with the surrounding and food
necessary, since they--the plants are the only
form of life that is able to get and
store energy
.
The first
plants to exist out of the water were probably
certain kinds of algae (
海藻
)
which
were followed by other plants
that grew close to the ground and needed water in
which to
reproduce.
Which of
the following is TRUE?
A. Algae have
existed for more than 430 million years.
B. It is impossible that algae might be
the earliest plant on land.
C. Plants
get food from animals in the oceans.
D.
Evolution began after animals appeared on land.
这是一道事实询问题。需要把短文第一段首句
“Life on land probably began about 430
million years
ago”
和短文第二段首句
“The first
plants to
exist out of the water were
probably certa
in kinds of algae”
联系起来考虑,
正确答案为
A
。
B
、
C
、<
/p>
D
三项与短文内容均不符,应排除。
(
二
p>
)
阅读理解之准确找出主题句
阅读理解的技巧中非常重要的一点
是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。
段落的构成有
其内在的规律,
其中心思想往往是通过段落中的主题句来体现的。
因此了
解并掌握这些规律,迅速找出主题句,从而抓住中心思想对于提高阅读理解能力
大有益处。
这些规律主要是通过主题句在段落中所处的不同的
位置体现的。
因此同学们首先应对以
下四种段型有所了解,然后
通过一系列有意识的训练掌握它们。
1
.首句是主题句的规律
①给予例证、解释或说明的段落;
②下定义的段落;
③对两个或两个以上的事物作比较或对比的段落;
④表明原因和结果
(
往往结果交代在前
)
的段落。
主题句是首
句的段落总是用演绎法撰写,
遵循从一般到个别或特殊的写作程序,
即以概
述开段,
随之辅以细说。
这
样的段落在文章中出现得最多,
据专门研究阅读理论与技巧的专
家们统计,概率达到
70%
。请看下例:
People who talk and sing to plants
have no mental problems at all, according to an
agricultural expert.
Braymar. The reason is quite simple.
When we sing or talk to plants, we
exhale(
呼出
)
CO
2
which
plants
need to survive (continue to live)and grow better.
Plants absorb (take in) CO
2
through their
pores(
小孔
) during
the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people
to survive. Singing and
talking have
good effect on plants, however, only during the
daytime. Singing or talking at
bedtime
will not help plants to grow better or grow
faster.
本段的首句是主题句,
其后的句子或是解释说
明
“
对植物说话或唱歌有益于植物
”<
/p>
,
或是
为这一主题思想提供论据。
本段的结尾句呼应主题句,
在给予主题思想又一论据的同时,
幽
默地收尾。
2
.段落尾句是主题句的规律
(1)
阐述一个不常见的或难以令人接受的观点的段落。
(2)
旨在说服读者相信甚至信服其论点的段落。
尾句是主题句的段落总是用归纳法撰写的,
< br>其程序是先表述细节或交代论据,
最后作出
概括性的结论
,
以总结性的句子收尾。
这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般,
由特殊性到共
性。请看下例:
If you hadn't known them, you would
have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They
were
both tall and wore long and fair
hair. They both walked with a steady stride
(
坚定的步伐
). They
both spoke in a deep voice that made
them selves seem much older than they really were.
Both of
them wore dark clothes as a
rule, and they liked light coloured ties. But that
was all the likeness
they had. In other
things they were sharply different. Joe was
considerate and helpful, and
everyone
liked him. Jim, however, was very selfish and
often flared into terrible anger
(
勃然大怒
)
at little
things that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim
were on the surface, they were really very
different in nature.
这段文字从乔与
吉姆两个人相像和不同的细节叙述,
最后一句作了归纳总结:
这
两人表
面相似,但实质极不相同。
3
.段落中间句是主题句的规律
p>
表述某种观点的段落的主题句往往处于段落的中间。
这样段落先以一
句或几句为主题句
的出现作铺垫,
或是交代一个细节或论据。<
/p>
在主题句出场后,
仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节
< br>或继续给予例证。
这类段落包括几个层次:
引题
—
主题思想
—
解释或<
/p>
“
提问
”—
回答
问题或继
续给予例证。
这样段落的撰写总是遵循这条规律:
p>
先归纳后演绎。给出一两个例证之后,
作
出
概括性的总结,然后根据这一结论再给予例证来证实其论点。请看下例:
When you throw a ball up into the air
as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where
it
seems to pause for a moment, and
then it comes down. When a bullet
(
子弹
) is shot straight up, it
will travel much faster and higher than
a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes
up must
come down. We have al-ways
thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to
a height of
seventeen miles and then
travel far and long. Y
et it does not
stay up forever. Finally, like
every-
thing else, the plane must come down.
本
段文字中间划线的这句话是主题句。
其行文顺序与写作方法与上述的发展程序完全吻
p>
合。
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