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2021-02-06 01:59
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2021年2月6日发(作者:儒家学说)










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Exercise8


I. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:


?



1.


Pragmatics


___ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to


effect successful communication.


?



2. What essentially distinguishes


semantics__


__ and pragmatics is whether in


the study of meaning the context of use is considered.


?



3. The notion of


context


____ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.


?



4. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of


communication, it becomes an


utterance_


____.


5. The meaning of a sentence is


abstract


, and decontextualized.


6.


Constatives


(表述句)


were statements that either state or describe, and were thus


verifiable.


7.


Performatives


(施为句)


were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a


state, and were not verifiable.


8. A


locutionary


(发话的)


act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the


act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.


9. An


illocutionary


(行事的)


act is the act of expressing the


speaker’s intention; it


is the act performed in saying something.


?



10. A


commissive_


___ is to commit the speaker himself to some future course


of action.


?



11. An


expressive_


___ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing


state.


?



12. There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle: the maxim of


quantity__


__, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of


manner.


13. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to


observe is called the


_ Cooperative


Principle proposed by Grice.


14. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an _



utterance


is concrete and context-dependent.



15. A _


_ perlocutionary


(取效的)


act is the act performed by or resulting from


saying something.


16.


_ Directives


(指示句)


are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do


something.


17. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same


__


illocutionary


point, but they differ in their strength or force.


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18. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first


of all be willing to _


cooperate;


; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on


with the talk. The general principle is called the __


Cooperative Principle


___.


19. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be


__


relevant



III. Choose the best answer.


?



20. _C____ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude the


Cooperative Principle.


A. John Austin B. John Firth C. Paul Grice D. William James


?



21. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way


speakers interpret sentences is called __B___.


A. semantics B. pragmatics C. sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics


?



22. _B____ proposed that speech acts can be analyzed on three levels.


A. Austin B. SearleC. Sapir D. Chomsky


?



23. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the _C____.


A. declarations B. directivesC. commissives D. expressives


?



24. The illocutionary point


(言外之意)


of the ___B__ is to express the


psychological state specified in the utterance.


A. declarations B. expressives C. commissives D. directives


?



25. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim


of



____C_.


- X: Who was that you were with last night?


- Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?


A. quality B. Quantity C. relation D. manner


?



26. The violation of one or more of the conversational _D____ (of the CP) can,


when the listener folly understands the speaker, create conversational


implicature, and humor sometimes.


A. standards B. Principles C. levels D. maxims


?



27. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to __D___.


A. breakdown of conversation B. confusion of one's intention


C. hostility between speakers and the listeners D. conversational implicatures


?



28. Speech Act Theory was proposed by __B___.


A. Saussure B. Austin C. Chomsky D. Grimm


?



29. The maxim of quantity requires: __D___.


A. contribute as informative as required B. do not contribute more than is required


C. do not say what has little evidence D. both A and B


?



30. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the


speaker to some future course of action are called __A___.


A. commissives B. directivesC. expressives D. declaratives


?



31. __A___ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.


A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relation D. Concept


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?



32. The meaning of language was considered as something __C___ in


traditional semantics.


A. contextual B. behaviouristic C. intrinsic D. logical


?



33. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the


study of meaning D_____ is considered.


A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context


?



34. A sentence is a __B___ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often


studied in isolation.


A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual


?



35. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of


communication, it becomes a(n) _C____.


A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive


?



36. Which of the following is true? B


A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.


B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.


C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.


D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.


?



37. Speech act theory did not come into being until ____A_.


A. in the late 50’s of the 20th century B. in the middle of 60’s of the 20th century



C. in the late 1960’s of the 20th century D.


in the early 21st century.


?



38. __C___ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is


the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.


A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A


performative act


?



39. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but


they differ _C____.


A. in their illocutionary acts B. in their intentions expressed


C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about


?



40. __B___ is advanced by Geoffrey Leech.


A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle


C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle


?



41. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted,


__D___ might arise.


A. impoliteness B. contradictions C. mutual understanding D. conversational


implicatures


IV. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F].


?



42. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use


sentences to effect successful communication. F


?



43. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and


inherent. F


?



44. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the


context of language use was left unconsidered. T


?



45. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the


study of meaning the context of use is considered. T


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?



46. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a


sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. F


?



47. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F


?



48. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. F


?



49. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences. F


?



50. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.


F


?



51. Speech


act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century. T



?



52. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. T


?



53. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. F



?



_T_ 54. If the context of use is considered, the study is being carried out in the


area of pragmatics.


?



F__ 55. A locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention.


F: (An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention.)


?



56. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is


making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be


true. T


?



T 57. The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which


it is uttered.


?



_T_ 58. While conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they


do not always observe its maxims strictly.


?



F__59. Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.


F: (Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of directives.)


?



T__ 60. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly


(公然


地)


violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational


implicatures arise.


?



_


T_


61. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the


illocutionary act because this kind of speech is identical with the speaker's


intention.


?



__ 62. Stylistics covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in


particular the study of linguistic communication.


F


: (Pragmatics covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in


particular the study of linguistic communication.)


?



63. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying


meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be considered as a kind of


meaning study.


T


?



T_


_64. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the


abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply


in a context.


V. Define the terms below:


?



65. pragmatics



66. context


?



67. utterance meaning


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