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Exercise8
I. Fill in each blank below with one
word which begins with the letter given:
?
1.
Pragmatics
___ is the study of how
speakers of a language use sentences to
effect successful communication.
?
2. What
essentially distinguishes
semantics__
__ and pragmatics
is whether in
the study of meaning the
context of use is considered.
?
3. The notion
of
context
____ is essential
to the pragmatic study of language.
?
4. If we think
of a sentence as what people actually utter in the
course of
communication, it becomes
an
utterance_
____.
5. The meaning of a sentence is
abstract
, and
decontextualized.
6.
Constatives
(表述句)
were statements that either state or describe, and
were thus
verifiable.
7.
Performatives
(施为句)
were
sentences that did not state a fact or describe a
state, and were not verifiable.
8. A
locutionary
(发话的)
act is the act of uttering words, phrases,
clauses. It is the
act of conveying
literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and
phonology.
9. An
illocutionary
(行事的)
act is the
act of expressing the
speaker’s
intention; it
is the act performed in
saying something.
?
10. A
commissive_
___ is to commit
the speaker himself to some future course
of action.
?
11. An
expressive_
___ is to express
feelings or attitude towards an existing
state.
?
12. There are four maxims under the
Cooperative Principle: the maxim of
quantity__
__, the maxim of
quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of
manner.
13. In making
conversation, the general principle that all
participants are expected to
observe is
called the
_ Cooperative
Principle proposed by Grice.
14. While
the meaning of a sentence is abstract and
decontextualized, that of an _
utterance
is concrete and
context-dependent.
15. A
_
_
perlocutionary
(取效的)
act is
the act performed by or resulting from
saying something.
16.
_
Directives
(指示句)
are attempts
by the speaker to get the hearer to do
something.
17. All the acts
that belong to the same category share the same
purpose or the same
__
illocutionary
point, but
they differ in their strength or force.
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18. The idea
of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the
participants must first
of all be
willing to _
cooperate;
;
otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on
with the talk. The general principle is
called the __
Cooperative Principle
___.
19. The maxim of
relation requires that what the conversation
participants say must be
__
relevant
III. Choose the
best answer.
?
20. _C____ found that natural language
had its own logic and conclude the
Cooperative Principle.
A.
John Austin B. John Firth C. Paul Grice D.
William James
?
21. The branch of linguistics that
studies how context influences the way
speakers interpret sentences is called
__B___.
A. semantics B. pragmatics C.
sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics
?
22. _B____
proposed that speech acts can be analyzed on three
levels.
A. Austin B. SearleC. Sapir
D. Chomsky
?
23.
Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most
typical of the _C____.
A. declarations
B. directivesC. commissives D. expressives
?
24. The
illocutionary point
(言外之意)
of
the ___B__ is to express the
psychological state specified in the
utterance.
A. declarations B.
expressives C. commissives D. directives
?
25. Y's
utterance in the following conversation exchange
violates the maxim
of
____C_.
- X: Who was that
you were with last night?
- Y: Did you
know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality B. Quantity C. relation
D. manner
?
26.
The violation of one or more of the conversational
_D____ (of the CP) can,
when the
listener folly understands the speaker, create
conversational
implicature, and humor
sometimes.
A. standards B. Principles
C. levels D. maxims
?
27. Most of the violations of the
maxims of the CP give rise to __D___.
A. breakdown of conversation
B. confusion of one's intention
C.
hostility between speakers and the listeners D.
conversational implicatures
?
28. Speech Act
Theory was proposed by __B___.
A.
Saussure B. Austin C. Chomsky D. Grimm
?
29. The maxim
of quantity requires: __D___.
A.
contribute as informative as required B. do not
contribute more than is required
C. do
not say what has little evidence D. both A and
B
?
30. According
to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is
to commit the
speaker to some future
course of action are called __A___.
A.
commissives B. directivesC. expressives D.
declaratives
?
31. __A___ does not study meaning in
isolation, but in context.
A.
Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relation
D. Concept
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?
32. The meaning of language was
considered as something __C___ in
traditional semantics.
A.
contextual B. behaviouristic C. intrinsic
D. logical
?
33.
What essentially distinguishes semantics and
pragmatics is whether in the
study of
meaning D_____ is considered.
A.
reference B. speech act C. practical usage D.
context
?
34. A
sentence is a __B___ concept, and the meaning of a
sentence is often
studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental
D. conceptual
?
35. If we think of a sentence as what
people actually utter in the course of
communication, it becomes a(n) _C____.
A. constative B. directive C.
utterance D. expressive
?
36. Which of the following is true? B
A. Utterances usually do not take the
form of sentences.
B. Some utterances
cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of
sentences.
D. All utterances can be
restored to complete sentences.
?
37. Speech act
theory did not come into being until ____A_.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20th century
B. in the middle of 60’s of the 20th
century
C. in the late
1960’s of the 20th century D.
in the
early 21st century.
?
38. __C___ is the act performed by or
resulting from saying something; it is
the consequence of, or the change
brought about by the utterance.
A. A
locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A
perlocutionary act D. A
performative
act
?
39. All the
acts that belong to the same category share the
same purpose, but
they differ _C____.
A. in their illocutionary acts B. in
their intentions expressed
C. in their
strength or force D. in their effect brought
about
?
40.
__B___ is advanced by Geoffrey Leech.
A. Cooperative Principle B.
Politeness Principle
C. The General
Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency
Principle
?
41.
When any of the maxims under the cooperative
principle is flouted,
__D___ might
arise.
A. impoliteness B.
contradictions C. mutual understanding D.
conversational
implicatures
IV. Decide whether the following
statements are true [T] or false [F].
?
42. Both
semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a
language use
sentences to effect
successful communication. F
?
43. Pragmatics
treats the meaning of language as something
intrinsic and
inherent. F
?
44. It would be
impossible to give an adequate description of
meaning if the
context of language use
was left unconsidered. T
?
45. What essentially distinguishes
semantics and pragmatics is whether in the
study of meaning the context of use is
considered. T
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?
46. The major difference between a
sentence and an utterance is that a
sentence is not uttered while an
utterance is. F
?
47. The meaning of a sentence is
abstract, but context-dependent. F
?
48. The meaning
of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore
stable. F
?
49.
Utterances always take the form of complete
sentences. F
?
50. Speech act theory was originated
with the British philosopher John Searle.
F
?
51. Speech
act theory
started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
T
?
52. Austin made the distinction between
a constative and a performative. T
?
53.
Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the
speaker’s intention. F
?
_T_ 54. If the
context of use is considered, the study is being
carried out in the
area of pragmatics.
?
F__ 55. A
locutionary act is the act of expressing the
speaker's intention.
F: (An
illocutionary act is the act of expressing the
speaker's intention.)
?
56. When performing an illocutionary
act of representative, the speaker is
making a statement or giving a
description which he himself believes to be
true. T
?
T 57. The utterance meaning of the
sentence varies with the context in which
it is uttered.
?
_T_ 58. While conversation participants
nearly always observe the CP, they
do
not always observe its maxims strictly.
?
F__59.
Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are
instances of commissives.
F: (Inviting,
suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of
directives.)
?
T__ 60. Only when a maxim under
Cooperative Principle is blatantly
(公然
p>
地)
violated and the hearer
knows that it is being violated do conversational
implicatures arise.
?
_
T_
61. Of the
three speech acts, linguists are most interested
in the
illocutionary act because this
kind of speech is identical with the speaker's
intention.
?
__ 62. Stylistics covers the study of
language use in relation to context, and in
particular the study of linguistic
communication.
F
:
(Pragmatics covers the study of language use in
relation to context, and in
particular
the study of linguistic communication.)
?
63. As the
process of communication is essentially a process
of conveying
meaning in a certain
context, pragmatics can also be considered as a
kind of
meaning study.
T
?
T_
_64. Utterance is based on
sentence meaning; it is the realization of the
abstract meaning of a sentence in a
real situation of communication or simply
in a context.
V. Define the
terms below:
?
65. pragmatics
66. context
?
67. utterance meaning
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